• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the vegetation characteristics of ridges (Gyeongsusan-Seonunsan-Gaeipalsan) in the Seonunsan Provincial Park and to establish reference information for the management of the park in the future. We designated 62 plots with the area of $100m^2$ were installed and analyzed them to investigate the vegetation characteristics. The results of community classification based on TWINSPAN showed seven categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Quercus dentata-Deciduous broad-leaved Community, Quercus variabilis-Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata Community, Pinus densiflora Community, Deciduous broad-leaved Community-I, Carpinus tschonoskii-Castanea crenata-Quercus aliena Community, Deciduous broad-leaved Community-II, and Carpinus tschonoskii-Carpinus laxiflora Community. In the vegetation of Seonunsan Provincial Park, coniferous trees such as Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora have been gradually losing their population as part of ecological succession to deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp., Carpinus tschonoskii, and Carpinus laxiflora. Moreover, Carpinus turczaninowii, Mallotus japonicus, and others were identified as vegetation reflecting the geographical characteristics of the region neighboring the west coast. The estimated age is 30-60 years, and the oldest tree Pinus densiflora is 63-years old. The index of diversity ($100m^2$) was 0.7942 for Carpinus tschonoskii-Carpinus laxiflora Community, 0.8406 for Carpinus tschonoskii-Castanea crenata-Quercus aliena Community, 0.8543 for Quercus dentata-Deciduous broad-leaved Community, 0.9434 for Quercus variabilis-Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata Community, 0.9520 for Deciduous broad-leaved Community-I, 0.9633 for Pinus densiflora Community, and 1.0340 for Deciduous broad-leaved Community-II in the ascending order.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.133-157
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• 1994

This study was executed to find out the succession stage and the ecological niche of Lindera erythrocarpa Markino. Four sites were selected by field investigation. They are Jeondungsa and Jeongsusa of Kanghwa Island, Mt. Suri of Anyang and Mt. Gaya of Chungcheongnamdo. They located in the region which have the similar temperature with Seoul region or lower average temperature for winter than that of adjacent Seoul. In the four sites, L, erythrocarpa was appeard in canopy layer at L. erythrocarpa community in Jeondungsa, L. erythrocarpa-Q. serrata, Z. serrata-L. erythrocarpa community in Jeongsusa, Castanea crenata-L, erythrocarpa community, L. erythrocarpa-Q. serrata community in Mt. Gaya and in the rest of the sites, it lives in subtree and shrub layer. And in the four sites but Jeongsusa area, it correspond with Chang(1991)'s study that L. erythrocarpa is dominant species in the site impacted by human. L. erythrocarpa lives with Quercus spp. such as Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica and Carpinus laxiflora but it's presumably a passing phenomena.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1993

To increase the production of mushrooms and the economic efficiency of mushroom cultivation, the pinchips(PC) and sawdusts(SD) of three Korean oak species were tested as cultivating media for Lentinus edodes with varing the composition of the media. The results are as follows. 1. Organic acids(tannic acid and citric acid), which were added in the PC medium to enrich the quality of mushrooms, did not increase the growths of the mycelia and the quality. 2. The mushrooms were able to be harvrested from six months after beginning the cultivation. No significant differences were found among the qualities of the mushrooms produced by various treatments. 3. The production rate of mushroom was relatively high with, 28.4~29.3% (700~730gr./2,500gr pack). The net profit estimated was about 1,450 won per pack.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.411-431
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• 1992

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the vegetation around andong dam area, kyong-buk, korea$(36^{\circ}\;35^{\prime}\;N, \;128^{\circ}\;47^{\prime}\;E)$ by methods of the ZM school of phytosociology. The investigations were carried out in the plot. The homogeneous part of forest and grass communities was analyzed by recording the combined scale of cover-abundance and sociability of all species found in the plot. The community data obtained were classified into two associations and seven communities; festuco onvinae-pinetum densiflorae assoc. nov., quercetum variabili-serratae, quercus acutissima community, larix leptolepis, populus tomentiglandulosa, acer canadensis, prunus spp. afforestations, robinia pseudo-acacia-commelina communis community and acer palmatum cv. afforestation. The grass vegetation was divided into six associations and seventeen communities; lactuco indicae- humuletum japonicae, eragrostio ferruginei-plantaginetum asiaticae, polygonetum thunbergii, phragmitetum japonicae, eragrostio ferruginei-plantaginetum asiaticae, polygonetum thunbergii, phragmitetum japonicae, artemisio-potentilletum chinesis, eleusinetum indicae, amorpha freticosa, artemisia princeps, achyranthes fauriei and other fourteen communities. amoung the above vegetationship of the vegetation units with their environments was outlined.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.177-185
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• 1995

To investigate vegetation structure and succession of forest in the Deokyusan National Park, field survey was performed from July to September, 1992 and the results were as follows; The forest vegetation of Deokyusan National Park was classified into four communities by the factor of altitude. The successional trends of tree species by DCA ordination seem to be from Pinus densiflora to Carpinus laxiflora and Betula schmiatii and also, Quercus spp. through Cornus walter and Platycarya strobilacea to Q. mongolica, Abies holophylla and Taxus cuspidata. The diversity indices seemed to be affected by the factors of altitude. Especially, evenness showed several difference according to altitude. Comparing vegetation structure of lower layer for the recess system and one others, more number of species and species diversity were observed.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.24-30
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to determine the drying time from green to oven dry and estimate the moisture content of wood, such as red lauan (Shorea Spp.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Birch (Betula platyphylla), and oak (Quercus aliena), at various thickness, paralleled to fiber, of specimen for M.C. by oven dry method (100-105$^{\circ}C$). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The drying time from green to oven dry decreases as the thickness of specimen for M.C. becomes to be thined, and that time at 10mm thickness are 14 hrs, for birch wood and 24 hrs, for oak wood. 2. The relative formulae between thickness (X) of specimen for M.C. and drying lime (Y) from 12% to oven dry are showed in Fig. 3. 3. The M.C. based on the weight of specimen for M.C. at t% can be obtained from the formula (2), and the drying time to 1% are shorter than that time to oven dry by approximately three times.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.319-329
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• 2017

We investigated the host preference of Ricania app. at different developmental stages to select the effective control methods. Ricania spp. at different developmental stages preferred different host plants. During the nymphal period, individuals moved to the bottom due to environmental factors such as wind and rain, rather than inhabiting trees, and fed on various plants ranging from 1 year-old herbaceous plants to shrubs. Especially, at Palbong Mt. in Gonju, Ricania spp. nymphs preferred Symplocos chinensis f. pilosa, Celastrus orbiculatus, Euonymus alatus, Kalopanax septemlobus, Aralia elata, Styrax japonicas, Rubus parvifolius, Ru. coreanus, Ru. crataegifolius, Quercus acutissima, Cornus officinalis, Lespedeza bicolor, Albizia julibrissin, L. maximowiczii, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Rh. indicum. At Yongbong Mt. in Hongseong, Ricania spp. adults preferred herbaceous plants, such as Helianthus annuus, Solanum nigrum, and Oenothera biennis rather than trees during the pre-oviposition stage. Subsequently, as the oviposition season began, Ricania spp. adults were rarely found in H. annuus, S. nigrum, or O. biennis and appeared to migrate to the perennial trees and shrubs hosts to lay eggs. At Palbong Mt., the main laying hosts of Ricania spp. adults were Weigela subsessilis, Ailanthus altissima, Q. aliena, Boehmeria platanifolia, Diospyros lotus, Ziziphus jujubae var. inermis, St. japonicus, Prunus mume, P. serrulata var. spontanea, Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, Ru. crataegifolius, Salix koreensis, Ru. yedoense f. poukhanense, and Co. controversa. The degree of egg laying, number of egg masses and adult Ricania spp. were significantly higher in sunlit areas than in shaded areas, in addition, the lower the altitude, the more adults were present. This study contributes toward the development of traps that can attract and control Ricania spp. and reduce the density of Ricania spp. that disturb the ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.24-38
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the Ecobridge district which connects green corridor from Central park to Pulkoksan and to establish of ecological space through analysis of avifauna community, plant community structure. In the results of analysis of avifauna, 3 species 23 individuals(Pica pica, Parus major, [asser montanus) in Ecobridge district, 5 species 37 individuals(Peca pica, Parus major, Passer montanus, Oriolus chinensis, Hirundo rustica) in Central park forest. There were 15 species 72 individuals in Pulkoksan. The plant community structure were classified of three types. As divided types were artificial forest(Pinus rigida, P. koraiensis, etc.) natural forest(Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima, Q. spp.) and semi-natural forest, which have shown the successional trends from the artificial forest to Quercus spp. community. The Ecobridge district was used as the space for the passers-by owing to its the simple vegetation. Species diversity was appeared that there was the order of Ecobridge district$\longrightarrow$Central park forest$\longrightarrow$Pulkoksan forest. Similarity index was calculated 20~23% between Ecobridge district$\longrightarrow$Central park, Pulkoksan forest. Therefore the highest species diversity and multistratum vegetation structure of Pulkoksan were the most suitable for the establishment to ecological space in the district.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2015

To fulfill the need for reuse indigenous tree to mitigate the elimination of nature forests due to road construction, one representative method for this reuse is to transplant them and re-establish in similar conditions. In order to investigate the transplant and establishment of indigenous tree, a correlation and regression analysis was conducted by species and tree size. Data were collected for 6 years(2008~2013) in 7 construction sites in cooperation with the Korea Expressway Corporation. Regarding the transplanted indigenous trees status, the success rate of transplant was 15,519(69%) of 22,521. The tree most transplanted was Pinus densiflora(15,562), followed by Quercus spp.(6,156), Prunus sargentii(235), and P. thunbergii(154). P. densiflora and P. thunbergii belong to the conifer group while Quercus spp., Prunus sargentii belong to the broadleaf group. As a result of a contrast test, the conifer group had a significantly lower success rate of transplant than the broadleaf group. In the relation of root collar diameter and success rate of transplant, there was the tendency that the larger the root collar diameter, the lower the success rate of transplant. This study demonstrated that there is a strong negative correlation between the two factors(r=-0.730, p>0.000). The predicted regression equation of the success rate of transplant was Y= -0.811X+88.627(X: root collar diameter, Y: success rate of transplant) and the $R^2$ value for the linear equation was 0.532.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.7-17
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to analyze vegetation type and stand structure of the red pine (Pinus densiflora) in Kangwon northern region for stable and sustainable management forests. The pine forests in study sites were classified into 3 communities, 5 groups, and 2 subgroups, total 7 vegetation units. Species with constance degree of more than 61% were P. densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Lindera obtusiloba, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Atractylodes japonica, Rhododendron mucronulatum, and Carex humilis. They were showing different characteristics by pattern according to their growing district. In the importance value (I.V.) analysis of each layer, P. densiflora showed highly in tree layer while in other layers Quercus spp. was high. Especially, young P. densiflora tree hardly appeared in the herb layer, but broad-leaved trees and shrub species showed high I.V.. Furthermore, the annual ring growth of P. densiflora was reduced while that of Q. spp. increased. According to analysis of stand structures and annual ring growths, it is considered that appropriate silvicultual practice methods should be employed to remove rival broad-leaved species for maintenance of sustainable red pine forests considering the characteristics of each stand.