• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.27-40
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• 1991

For the establishment of district planning in natural parks, vegetationin the most significant point. Consequently, district plan should be made basically under phytosociological investigations. The purpose of this paper is to conserve vegetation in the district planning at natural park(Nam Han San Sung provincial natural park). The result of vegetation survey are as follows : As an actual vegetation 13 communities are recognized. Those are Quercus mongolica-Carpinus laxiflora community, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii community, Quercus serrate community, Betula platyphylla var. Japonica community, Quercus dentata community, Quercus mongolica-Pnuus densiflora community, Quercus acutissima community, Robinia pseudo-acacia community, Alnus hirsuta community, Castanea crenata community, Quercus variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus rigida community, weed community on cultivated land(Form land), Larix leptolepis reforested land, cut over area and non-vegetation area. The grade of vegetation naturalness was divided into five degrees by characteristics of actual vegetation. I intended to make zoning plan for protection of vegetation with a special attention to the grade of vegetation naturalness and I discussed the necessity of the improvement of existing district plan. District plan was proposed as Fig. 5.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.45-48
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• 1980

Effects of habitat and substrate quality on decomposition rate of litters of Larix kaempferi and Quercus serrata were estimated in Kwangnung forest. The amount of organic matter under the canopy of Quercus serrata stand was higher than that under the canopy of Larix kaempferi. The loss constant of litters in the Larix kaempferi stand was higher than that in the Quercus serrata stand.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.43-53
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• 2024

This study attempted to elucidate the ecological niches and influencing environmental factors of Quercus variabilis and Quercus acutissima, which are representative deciduous broad-leaved trees in Korean forests, taxonomically close and genetically similar, under climate change conditions. Under climate change conditions induced by increased CO₂ and temperature, soil moisture and nutrient environments were manipulated in four gradients. At the end of the growing, plants were harvested to measure growth responses, calculate ecological niches, and compare them with those of the control. Eperimental plants were grown for 180 days in a glass greenhouse designed with four gradients each for soil moisture and nutrient environments under climate change conditions induced by increased CO₂ and temperature. After harvesting, growth responses of leaf traits were measured, ecological niches were calculated, and these were compared with those of the control groups. Furthermore, the responses of the two species' populations were interpreted using principal component analysis(PCA) based on leaf trait measurements. As a result, under climate change conditions, the ecological niche breadth for moisture environment was broader for Quercus variabilis than Quercus acutissima, whereas for the nutrient environment, Quercus acutissima exhibited a broader niche breadth than Quercus variabilis. And the rate of change in ecological niche breadth due to climate change decreased for Quercus variabilis in both moisture and nutrient environments, while for Quercus acutissima, it increased in the moisture environment but decreased in the nutrient environment. Additionally, in terms of group responses, both Quercus variabilis and Quercus acutissima expanded their ecological niches under climate change conditions in both soil moisture and nutrient conditions, with Quercus acutissima exhibiting a broader niche than Quercus variabilis under nutrient conditions. These results indicate that the changes in leaf morphological characteristics and the responses of individuals reflecting them vary not only under climate change conditions but also depending on environmental factors.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2018

Water status of intact plants has been optically estimated by measuring reflectance at the wavelengths 1,450 nm and 1,900 nm based on their signal strengths. Although another water band at 970 nm is considered to have very small signals, the band apparently lies within the detection range of inexpensive spectrometer and plain charge-coupled device (CCD) camera used in wild fire studies. However measurement of the reflectance at 970 nm has been rarely applied to estimate the water status of dead plant materials such as fallen branch, twig, and leaf. To test the possibility of applying water reflectance at 970 nm to estimate the water content (WC) in leaf litter, the reflectance in various WC values were measured in the leaf litter of three Quercus species (Q aliena, Q aliena, Q mongolica, and Quercus variabilis). The results showed that the WC in the leaf litter can be determined by reflectance water index (WI) in the three Quercus species ($WC=1,450{\times}WI-1,378.8$, r=0.865). However, there was no interaction effect in the relationship between WI and WC among the litter of the three Quercus species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.415-420
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• 2001

Eighteen kinds of medicinal edible herbs, which are nontoxic and has been widely used in traditional folk medicine, were extracted and antimicrobial activity of the extracts was investigated against various foodborne pathogens or food poisoning microorganisms. Among them, the ethanol extract of Quercus mongolica showed the strongest antimicrobial activities against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and followed by Quercus aliena and Quercus dentata, respectively. Thus, further study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of Quercus species extracts. The plants were extracted with ethanol, methanol and water, respectively. The ethanol, methanol, and water extracts of Quercus mongolica leaf showed 10~21 mm inhibition zone against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria at two thousand $\mu\textrm{g}$ per disc, but little antimicrobial activity was observed against fungi and yeast. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the ethanol extract of Quercus mongolica leaf was 250$\mu\textrm{g}$/mL against Bacillus cereus. Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 62.5~125 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1972

As part of the study of the structure and the successional trends of our temperate forests, a quantitative survey was made of the relatively well conserved forest stands on Mt. Kwanak, Seoul. Three community types were observed; the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, the Pinus densiflora community, and the Quercus mongolica community. Evidence suggests that the dominance of Pinus densiflora and quercus mongolica will continue in the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, however, in the Pinus densiflora community the dominant species, Pinus densiflora, is now being replaced by Quercus mongolica. The trend toward an increased in Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus cordita, and Acer mono is observed in the Quercus mongolica community. An analysis of the overall composition of the forest reveals that the upper story is mostly occupied by Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora, the shrub layer by Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Lespedeza maximowiczii, and the herb layer by Spodiopogon cotulifer and Artemisia keiskeana. Quercus mongolica may cover most part of the forest, gradually excluding Pinus densiflora. Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus coradata, and Acer mono are increasing in importance with the potentiality of developing into major canopy components. With the diversification of the physical habitat Cephalotaxus koreana and Magnolia sieboldii, the species which had almost completely been eliminated form the forest through the severe interferences, have reappeared.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.181-193
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• 2022

The study was conducted to provide basic data for stable forest management according to climate change by identifying the ecological characteristics of Mt. Dalma warm temperate forest. 30 survey plots were established for vegetation structure analysis, and communities which classified by applying TWINSPAN analysis and DCA analysis techniques. Four plant communities were subdivided into Quercus acuta-Eurya japonica community, Quercus acuta community, Quercus salicina-Camellia japonica community, and Quercus acuta-Camellia japonica community. The tree layers were dominated by Quercus acuta and Quercus salicina, and the subtree layers were dominated by Camellia japonica and Eurya japonica, and the Sasa borealis. The species diversity index were in the range of 0.849 to 0.969, and the degree of Evenness index were 0.514 to 0.569, and the similarity index were 59.57 to 75.47%. The species composition in the community indicated that the deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous trees have already been eliminated in competition with evergreen broad-leaved trees. Tree species with good cold resistance such as Quercus acuta and Quercus salicina were dominant species under current climatic conditions, but the dominant species might be changed to more shade-tolerance evergreen broad-leaved through the succession.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.24
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• pp.37-42
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was a biota research and analysis for Close-to-nature stream restoration planning of Shinchun. The summary of this study is as follows; 1) The vascular plants in research area recorded of 45 species and insect fauna recorded of 34 species of 8 orders. As a result of table of community classification, the communities were two group; Quercus variabilis community(I), Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis-Quercus dentata community(II). 2) As a result of analysis on correlation of tree species, the level of significance in positive correlation between Quercus dentata and Corylus heterophyll aindicated 1% and between Pinus densiflora and Lespedeza bicolor also indicated 1%. 3) As a result of DBH analysis, it is expected that Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata will dominateover other species in competition and its succession continuously maintains from now on in community I. In community II, it is assumed that there is a high possibility of changing into community of Quercus such as Quercus mongolica, Quercus dentata, and Quercus variabilis. 4) As a result of analysis on insect fauna, insect fauna consists of 94% of whole species as 32 species, 23 families, 8 orders. And 7 species, 7 families 4 orders was found in highly urbanized area, the vicinity of Sang-Dong bridge. 5) As mentioned above, Based on A biota fundamental research, Close-to-nature stream restoration planning were full of suggestions: i) Designating ecosystem preservation area, ii) Making Close-to-nature stream revetments, iii) Making pool-and-riffle, vi) Making decks for observation and walks for nature experience, v) Creating wetland biotope. Through these methods, it is necessary to promote bio-diversity and lead people to the space for eco-learning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.47-56
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze forest vegetation of the Jangtaesan, Haetaesan, Ahnpyoungsan and Gubongsan in Daejeon. Employing the releve method of Braun-Blanquet, 76 plots were sampled. The communities were classified into Quercus mongolica community, Quercus variabilis community, and Pinus densiflora community. Average coverage rate was 85% in tree layer, 44% in subtree layer, 37% in shrub layer, 25% in herb layer, respectively. The importance values were 58.76 in Pinus densiftora, 44.86 in Quercus monegolica, 44.06 in Quercus variabilis, 33.00 in Quercus serrata, 18.73 in Rhus trichocarpa, 18.07 in Prunus sargentii. DBH range of most Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis was between 5cm and 20cm. Therefore, Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis will be dominant species in the study area for several more decades. Quercus mongolica community was distributed mainly on the north and east slope in a high-altitude and relative good nutrition condition. Querucus variabilis community was distributed mainly on the south slope in a middle-altitude and medium nutrition condition. Pinus densiflora community was distributed mainly in a low-altitude and poor nutrition condition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 1992

Vegetational data obtained from 50 quadrats of Mt. Jungwangsan area were analysed by applying two multivariate methods : two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN) for classification and detrended canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA) for ordination. DCCA technique allowed to extract the ordination axes that could be related to 15 environmental factors. The forest vegetation in Mt. Jungwangsan was classified into Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Quencus mongolica-Kalopanax pictus, Quercus mongolica-Carpinus cordata, Quercus mongolica-Cornus controversa, Betula costata, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Ulmus laciniata communities according to the TWINSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant species of forest vegetation and soil condition in Mt. Jungwangsan were investigated by analyzing elevation and soil nutrition gradient. Ulmus laciniata, Betula costata, and Fraxinus mandshurica forest were distributed in a ravine of the low elevation and in the good nutrition area of $Mg^{{+}{+}}$, total nitrogen, and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$, Quercus mongolica groups in the high elevation and in the poor nutrition area. Quercus mongolica-Kalopanax pictus forest of Quercus mongolica groups was distributed in the high elevation and in the good nutrition area of $Ca^{{+}{+}}$, C.E.C., $Mg^{{+}{+}}$, and total nitrogen, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii forest in the low elevation and poor nutrition area. Quercus mongolica-Carpinus cordata forest and Quercus mongolica-Cornus controversa forest were distributed in the medium elevation and medium nutrition area. The two dominant factors influencing community distribution were elevation and topography.