• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.769-781
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• 2019

Dynamic displacement response of civil structures is an important index for in-construction and in-service structural condition assessment. However, accurately measuring the displacement of large-scale civil structures such as high-rise buildings still remains as a challenging task. In order to cope with this problem, a vision-based system with the use of industrial digital camera and image processing has been developed for long-distance, remote, and real-time monitoring of dynamic displacement of supertall structures. Instead of acquiring image signals, the proposed system traces only the coordinates of the target points, therefore enabling real-time monitoring and display of displacement responses in a relatively high sampling rate. This study addresses the in-situ experimental verification of the developed vision-based system on the Canton Tower of 600 m high. To facilitate the verification, a GPS system is used to calibrate/verify the structural displacement responses measured by the vision-based system. Meanwhile, an accelerometer deployed in the vicinity of the target point also provides frequency-domain information for comparison. Special attention has been given on understanding the influence of the surrounding light on the monitoring results. For this purpose, the experimental tests are conducted in daytime and nighttime through placing the vision-based system outside the tower (in a brilliant environment) and inside the tower (in a dark environment), respectively. The results indicate that the displacement response time histories monitored by the vision-based system not only match well with those acquired by the GPS receiver, but also have higher fidelity and are less noise-corrupted. In addition, the low-order modal frequencies of the building identified with use of the data obtained from the vision-based system are all in good agreement with those obtained from the accelerometer, the GPS receiver and an elaborate finite element model. Especially, the vision-based system placed at the bottom of the enclosed elevator shaft offers better monitoring data compared with the system placed outside the tower. Based on a wavelet filtering technique, the displacement response time histories obtained by the vision-based system are easily decomposed into two parts: a quasi-static ingredient primarily resulting from temperature variation and a dynamic component mainly caused by fluctuating wind load.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• 제73권10호
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• pp.1584-1588
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• 2018

During hyperthermia therapy, cancer cells are heated to a temperature in the range of $40{\sim}45^{\circ}C$ for a defined time period to damage these cells while keeping healthy tissues at safe temperatures. Prior to hyperthermia therapy, the amount of heat energy transferred to the cancer cells must be predicted. Among various non-invasive methods, the thermal prediction method using the specific absorption rate (SAR) is the most widely used method. The existing methods predict the thermal distribution by using a single constant for the mass density in one organ through assignment. However, because the SAR and the bio heat equation (BHE) vary with the mass density, the mass density of each organ must be accurately considered. In this study, the mass density distribution was calculated using the relationship between the Hounsfield unit and the mass density of tissues in preceding research. The SAR distribution was found using a quasi-static approximation to Maxwell's equation and was used to calculate the potential distribution and the energy distributions for capacitive RF heating. The thermal distribution during exposure to RF waves was determined by solving the BHE with consideration given to the considering contributions of heat conduction and external heating. Compared with reference data for the mass density, our results was within 1%. When the reconstructed temperature distribution was compared to the measured temperature distribution, the difference was within 3%. In this study, the density distribution and the thermal distribution were reconstructed for the agar phantom. Based on these data, we developed an algorithm that could be applied to patients.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2021

The specific strength of magnesium alloy is four times that of iron and 1.5 times that of aluminum. For this reason, its use is increasing in the transportation industry which is promoting weight reduction. At room temperature, magnesium alloy has low formability due to Hexagonal closed packed (HCP) structure with relatively little slip plane. However, as the molding temperature increases, the formability of the magnesium alloy is greatly improved due to the activation of other additional slip systems, and the flow stress and elongation vary greatly depending on the temperature. In addition, magnesium alloys exhibit asymmetrical behavior, which is different from tensile and compression behavior. In this study, a jig was developed that can measure the plane deformation behavior on the surface of a material in tensile and compression tests of magnesium alloys in warm temperature. A jig was designed to prevent buckling occurring in the compression test by applying a certain pressure to apply it to the tensile and compression tests. And the tensile and compressive behavior of magnesium at each temperature was investigated with the developed jig and DIC equipment. In each experiment, the strain rate condition was set to a quasi-static strain rate of 0.01/s. The transformation temperature is room temperature, 100℃. 150℃, 200℃, 250℃. As a result of the experiment, the flow stress tended to decrease as the temperature increased. The maximum stress decreased by 60% at 250 degrees compared to room temperature. Particularly, work softening occurred above 150 degrees, which is the recrystallization temperature of the magnesium alloy. The elongation also tended to increase as the deformation temperature increased and increased by 60% at 250 degrees compared to room temperature. In the compression experiment, it was confirmed that the maximum stress decreased as the temperature increased.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2020

CFRP 시트를 이용한 RC 구조물의 보강은 다양한 방법으로 적용되어 왔으며, 관련 연구도 오랜 기간 수행되어 왔다. 하지만 CFRP 보강에 대한 연구는 대부분 실험적으로 수행되어, 다양한 변수 효과를 효율적으로 분석하기에는 한계가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 CFRP 시트로 보강된 RC 보의 구조거동을 ABAQUS 프로그램을 이용하여 수치해석적으로 분석하였다. RC 보 하면과 시트 사이에 Cohesive 요소를 적용하여 CFRP 보강 RC 보의 주요 파괴모드인 CFRP 시트 탈락을 모사하였다. CFRP 시트 탈락에 의한 급격한 비선형 문제 및 효율적인 유한요소해석을 위하여 준정적 해석 기법과 2 차원 대칭 모델을 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 수행한 유한요소해석 결과는 기존 실험결과를 잘 반영하는 것을 확인하였으며, CFRP 보강 수준과 최대 강도, 초기 강성, 파괴시점의 관계를 분석하였다. 총 31개 모델에 대한 유한요소해석을 수행한 결과 보강 수준의 증가에 따라 최대 강도 및 초기 강성이 sin 함수 형태로 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 과도한 CFRP 시트 보강은 파괴시점을 앞당겨 보강 구조물의 취성파괴를 야기할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 이를 방지하기 위한 적절한 수준의 CFRP 시트 보강 설계가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.385-395
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• 2021

PURPOSE. To characterize the microstructure of three yttria partially stabilized zirconia ceramics and to compare their hardness, indentation fracture resistance (IFR), biaxial flexural strength (BFS), and fatigue flexural strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Disc-shaped specimens were obtained from 3Y-TZP (Vita YZ HT), 4Y-PSZ (Vita YZ ST) and 5Y-PSZ (Vita YZ XT), following the ISO 6872/2015 guidelines for BFS testing (final dimensions of 12 mm in diameter, 0.7 and 1.2 ± 0.1 mm in thicknesses). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed, and mechanical properties were assessed by Vickers hardness, IFR, quasi-static BFS and fatigue tests. RESULTS. All ceramics showed similar chemical compositions, but mainly differed in the amount of yttria, which was higher as the amount of cubic phase in the diffractogram (5Y-PSZ > 4Y-PSZ > 3Y-TZP). The 4Y- and 5Y-PSZ specimens showed surface defects under SEM, while 3Y-TZP exhibited greater grain uniformity on the surface. 5Y-PSZ and 3Y-TZP presented the highest hardness values, while 3Y-TZP was higher than 4Y- and 5Y-PSZ with regard to the IFR. The 5Y-PSZ specimen (0.7 and 1.2 mm) showed the worst mechanical performance (fatigue BFS and cycles until failure), while 3Y-TZP and 4Y-PSZ presented statistically similar values, higher than 5Y-PSZ for both thicknesses (0.7 and 1.2 mm). Moreover, 3Y-TZP showed the highest (1.2 mm group) and the lowest (0.7 mm group) degradation percentage, and 5Y-PSZ had higher strength degradation than 4Y-PSZ group. CONCLUSION. Despite the microstructural differences, 4Y-PSZ and 3Y-TZP had similar fatigue behavior regardless of thickness. 5Y-PSZ had the lowest mechanical performance.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.371-383
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• 2021

강-콘크리트 편개형 방폭문은 외피 구조로서의 강박스 내에 콘크리트 슬래브가 채워진 구조로서 힌지 및 렛치와 같은 지지부재에 의해 벽체에 고정되어 설치된다. 폭압이 작용하는 방향과 같은 정방향으로의 처짐 거동에 대해서는 많은 연구가 되어 왔으나, 부방향 처짐 거동에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 미흡한 수준이다. 본 연구에서는 폭압을 받는 편개형 방폭문의 부방향 처짐 단계에서 발생하는 반발 거동(rebound behavior)에 대해 유한요소해석으로 변수 분석을 하였다. 분석결과에 따르면 방폭문의 소성변형 내지는 파괴 정도, 반발작용 전후의 운동량 및 운동에너지 변화가 반발거동에 영향을 미치는 주요 요소로 분석되었다. 또한, 방폭문의 거동 특성이 준정적 영역에 속하는 경우에 비해 충격영역에 속하는 경우에서 더 큰 반발력이 발생하는 것으로 나타났는데, 이와 같은 결과는 변형에너지 보다 운동에너지가 상대적으로 더 크게 증가하는 충격영역에서의 거동 특성이 원인인 것으로 사료된다. 반발작용의 결과로 인해 지지부재에 과도한 변형이 발생할 수 있으므로 성능분석 및 설계 과정에서 이에 대한 고려가 필요하다. 또한, 부압이 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과에 따르면 강-콘크리트 방폭문의 경우에서도 반발에 의한 영향 및 부압 모두가 방폭문의 부방향 처짐에 기여할 때 반발력이 상대적으로 더 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 중첩 효과의 발생조건은 구조체 특성 및 폭발조건 등에 따라 다를 수 있으므로 이에 대해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제86권5호
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• pp.607-619
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• 2023

This study, it was tried to evaluate the asphalt behavior under tensile loading conditions through indirect Brazilian and direct tensile tests, experimentally and numerically. This paper is important from two points of view. The first one, a new test method was developed for the determination of the direct tensile strength of asphalt and its difference was obtained from the indirect test method. The second one, the effects of particle size and loading rate have been cleared on the tensile fracture mechanism. The experimental direct tensile strength of the asphalt specimens was measured in the laboratory using the compression-to-tensile load converting (CTLC) device. Some special types of asphalt specimens were prepared in the form of slabs with a central hole. The CTLC device is then equipped with this specimen and placed in the universal testing machine. Then, the direct tensile strength of asphalt specimens with different sizes of ingredients can be measured at different loading rates in the laboratory. The particle flow code (PFC) was used to numerically simulate the direct tensile strength test of asphalt samples. This numerical modeling technique is based on the versatile discrete element method (DEM). Three different particle diameters were chosen and were tested under three different loading rates. The results show that when the loading rate was 0.016 mm/sec, two tensile cracks were initiated from the left and right of the hole and propagated perpendicular to the loading axis till coalescence to the model boundary. When the loading rate was 0.032 mm/sec, two tensile cracks were initiated from the left and right of the hole and propagated perpendicular to the loading axis. The branching occurs in these cracks. This shows that the crack propagation is under quasi-static conditions. When the loading rate was 0.064 mm/sec, mixed tensile and shear cracks were initiated below the loading walls and branching occurred in these cracks. This shows that the crack propagation is under dynamic conditions. The loading rate increases and the tensile strength increases. Because all defects mobilized under a low loading rate and this led to decreasing the tensile strength. The experimental results for the direct tensile strengths of asphalt specimens of different ingredients were in good accordance with their corresponding results approximated by DEM software.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.113-122
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• 1986

옥수수 수확(收穫)의 기계화(機械化) 사업(事業)을 촉진(促進)시키기 위(爲)하여, 옥수수립(粒)의 제반압축특성(諸般壓縮特性)을 규명(糾明)하며 모든 기계화(機械化) 작업도정(作業過程)에서 손상율(損傷率)이 최소(最小)로 되는 기계(機械)의 설계자료(設計資料)를 얻고자 함수율(含水率)이 옥수수립(粒)의 압축특성(壓縮特性)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 국내재배(國內栽培)한 3품종(品種)의 옥수수를 공시재료(供試材料)로 압축방향(壓縮方向)은 평면(平面), 측면(側面), 직립(直立)의 3 수준(水準), 함수율(含水率)은 약(約) 13, 17, 21, 25%(w.b)의 4수준(水準)으로 하고 재하속도(載荷速度) 1.125mm/min의 준(準) 정하량(靜荷重)에서 Straingage system을 이용(利用), 평판축시험(平板縮試驗)을 실시(實施)하여 옥수수의 강복점(降伏點) 및 파괴점(破壞點)에 대(對)한 압축응력(壓縮應力), 변형(變形), 에너지 및 강성계수(剛性係數)를 측정(測定), 분석(分析)하였으며 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 옥수수의 함수율(含水率)이 약(約)12.5~24.5%(w.b)의 범위(範圍)일 때 평면위치(平面位置)의 강복하중(降伏荷重)은 13.63~26.73kg, 최대압축강도(最大壓縮强度)는 21.55~47.65kg 으로 함수율(含水率)이 약(約) 17% 일 때 최소(最小), 약(約) 21% 일 때 최대(最大)였으며, 측면(側面) 강복하중(降伏重荷)은 13.58~6.70kg 이었고, 측면(側面)의 최대압축강도(最大壓縮强度) 16.42~7.82kg은 직립(直立)의 최대압축강도(最大壓縮强度)인 18.55~9.05kg 보다 약간 작게 나타났다. 2. 함수율(含水率)이 약(約) 12.5~24.5%의 범위(範圍)에서, 강복변형(降伏變形)은 0.43~1.37mm, 파괴변형(破壞變形)은 0.70~2.66mm로 함수율(含水率)에 비례(比例) 변형(變形)하였으며 함수율(含水率)이 높을수록 변형율(變形率)도 증가(增加)하였다. 3. 옥수수의 함수율(含水率)이 약(約) 12.5~24.5%일 때, 탄성(彈性)에너지는 $2.60{\sim}8.57kg{\cdot}mm$, 인성에너지는 $6.41{\sim}34.36.kg{\cdot}mm$로 함수율(含水率)이 증가(增加)할수록 측면(側面)의 인성에너지는 증가(增加)하였고, 직립(直立)의 경우에 감소(減少)하여 22~23%의 함수율(含水率) 구간(區間)에서 측면(側面)과 직립(直立)에 압축(壓縮)에 관(關)한 인성에너지의 값은 동일(同一)하였다. 4. 강성계수(剛性系數)는 함수율(含水率)의 증가(增加)에 따라 감소(減少)하였고, 측면(側面)의 32.07~5.86kg/mm 보다 평면압축(平面壓縮)에서 42.12~18.68kg/mm로 컸으며 수원(水原)19호(號)가 부여계통(扶餘系統)보다 크게 나타났다. 5. 옥수수는 평면(平面)에 관(關)한 압축특성(壓縮特性)이 각종(各種) 기계(機械) 설계(設計)의 자료(資料)로 가장 중요(重要)하며, 함수율(含水率)이 약(約) 12.5~17%(w.b)일 때 최소(最少)의 분쇄(粉碎)에너지가 소요(所要)되며, 약(約) 19~24%(w.b)의 함수율(含水率)에서 옥수수를 조작(操作)할 때 곡립손상(穀粒損傷)을 감소(減少)시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료(思料)된다.