• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.37-46
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• 2018

The nonpoint pollution source (NPS) is irregular in the amount of generated and runoff. About 70% of the water pollution sources in Korea are NPS. Most of the rural areas are small towns with less than 50 families. This is where sewerage supply is poor. This is where the domestic swage of the house flows directly into the small stream. This study investigated the amount and concentration of domestic swage. And investigated NPS for public officials. We have suggested an improvement plan here. Local government officials lack the concept of NPS. Rural residents also do not know about NPS. Therefore, we proposed NPS public relations and education linked to public administration. This is an extension of the national budget and interest. The domestic swage is discharged at about 272 liters per day in a house. We proposed the introduction of small facilities. If the capacity remains, it is suggested to link to cattle shed, pigsty and so on. The BOD, COD, TN, TP, and SS concentrations were all high. This suggested a reduction in concentration in combination with natural water. Finally, NPS facilities were proposed to be put into rural areas. And it was determined that continuous monitoring was necessary. The results of this study were expected to be applied to NPS management.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.346-356
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• 2022

The jurisprudential legal rules govern the way Muslims react and interact to daily life. This creates a huge stream of questions, that require highly qualified and well-educated individuals, called Muftis. With Muslims representing almost 25% of the planet population, and the scarcity of qualified Muftis, this creates a demand supply problem calling for Automation solutions. This motivates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to solve this problem, which requires a well-designed Question-Answering (QA) system to solve it. In this work, we propose a QA system, based on retrieval augmented generative transformer model for jurisprudential legal question. The main idea in the proposed architecture is the leverage of both state-of-the art transformer models, and the existing knowledge base of legal sources and question-answers. With the sensitivity of the domain in mind, due to its importance in Muslims daily lives, our design balances between exploitation of knowledge bases, and exploration provided by the generative transformer models. We collect a custom data set of 850,000 entries, that includes the question, answer, and category of the question. Our evaluation methodology is based on both quantitative and qualitative methods. We use metrics like BERTScore and METEOR to evaluate the precision and recall of the system. We also provide many qualitative results that show the quality of the generated answers, and how relevant they are to the asked questions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.97-115
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• 2023

Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. Traditional ES assessment methods have focused on the supply of ES, using biophysical data. However, these methods often fail to capture the full value of ES, which is also determined by social and cultural factors. This study proposes a new approach to ES assessment that incorporates socio-cultural perspectives. The study was conducted in Seoul, South Korea. A survey was conducted of 1,805 residents of Seoul to assess their satisfaction with ecosystem services. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify bundles of ES that were perceived as important by residents. A revised importance-satisfaction analysis was used to calculate the urgency level of each bundle. The results of the study showed that the 21 ES that were considered in the survey could be grouped into three bundles: urban green area-based, biodiversity-based, and resilience-based. The urgency level analysis showed that some bundles were more important than others, and that some bundles were more urgent than others. The findings of this study have several implications. First, they suggest that a socio-cultural approach to ES assessment can provide a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of ES. Second, they show that this approach can be used to identify areas where ES management is most needed. Third, they suggest that this approach could be used to inform ES management and policy decisions.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.29-36
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to study the functions and roles of Green Community Rediscovery Center (GCRC) in terms of community integration, to design GCRC with various types of green roofs, and to investigate the possibility of applying a renewable energy system (e.g., PV) to the building greenery systems. The four major functional modules for GCRC were suggested: implementation of ecopark and community gardens with environmental education programs, implementation of green housing model with education programs, Discover Science Center, and implementation of green business model with education programs. Three major functions of the center are also presented in terms of design: 1) functions of community gardens; 2) establishment of a green business model, community composting system and an urban farming system; and 3) roles of community gardens in social interactions within GCRC. GCRC provides residents with the opportunities of community gardens, urban farming based on a successful recycling system, as well as a green business model and environmental education programs near their homes. The air temperature of the green roof (utilizing Sedum sarmentosum as a cover plant) was approximately $3^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the non-green roof, indicating a potential efficiency increase in PV systems for GCRC. It was concluded that the GCRC suggested would enhance the neighborhood satisfaction, improve the quality of life and contribute to social integration and community regeneration.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

Nowadays, a 1-2 person household if increasing due to the aging population and the low birth rate. Thus, in August 2011, Seoul held the 'College Student's Idea Competition', which dealt with small but strong housing that has a very reasonable structure in spite of its small scale in order to improve the quality of small housing for a 1-2 person households. The study indicates the characteristic of this small housing in order to target competition entries from college students; 93- works have been processed. First, the properties of residents are investigated through the number of household members and the relations of the residents. To ensure various element techniques of the entries, the study analyzes data via a structured analysis. Along with structured element techniques according to each level, eight element techniques of the furniture level, housing unit level, main building, and district-level are derived. This study suggests various element techniques in response to the efficiency of area in households as well as housing unit levels. Plans of public spaces and community life housing are offered at the level of the main building and at the district-level. Through an analysis of competition, the critical point of small house planning in deliberation is not only about space and economic efficiency of physical unit, but the life of the residents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.12 no.2 s.31
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• pp.49-56
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• 2006

The application of domestic wastewater on rice paddies results in the accumulation of sodium(Na$^+$) to the soil. Excessive concentration of sodium may cause the deterioration of the physical characteristics of the soil, change in the osmosis of the soil, destruction of soil aggregates as well as ion toxicity due to sodium accumulation. Using domestic wastewater as irrigation water should be preceded by measures to prevent or control the soil salinization caused by sodium. Agricultural reuse of domestic wastewater were found not to cause serious problems with food safety due to heavy metals. However, pre-treatment using ultraviolet or ozone is recommended to reduce the number of bacteria and gem and for public health reasons. Using domestic wastewater has shown that reducing the standard application of chemical fertilizers by as much as 50% reduced the harvesting index by only 10%. This study has shown that it is feasible to reuse domestic wastewater on rice paddies. In order to facilitate the application, it is deemed necessary to establish wastewater treatment technologies in the future, to review criteria for recycling domestic wastewater for agricultural purposes such as conditions of soil and cropping system and to resolve conflicts with farmers and public health issues.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.61-68
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• 2008

The development of urbanization in the twentieth century according to the rampant growth of industrialization not only brought about the improvement of life-quality but also induced us to reconsider the contemporary issues such as crisis of echo system which made us aware of the values and significance of the system and sustainable environments. As sustainability has been recognized as the holistic concept, it has been highlighted as one of the core concepts in the studies with the present ecological perspective. Particularly, as the plan of urbanization in Korea which had been based on the deconstruction has been converted into the regeneration, economic and cultural regeneration is also demanded for the future plan besides material regeneration. This study aims to scrutinize various attributes of socially sustainable designs in Yerba Buena Garden of San Francisco, USA which has been globally well known as a successful example of urban regeneration. By way of visit-and-observation of the place, the research for the study was conducted during the month of December, 2007. Three researchers visited Yerba Buena Garden to observe and take photographs and to obtain relevant data and public documents in local public library. Socially sustainable design was measured on the basis of such principles; social facilitation, permeability and accessibility, safely and emotional stability, softness and feminism, and child care convenience. Relevant data were systematically organized to support and prove the above principles. The result of the study is expected to effectively be utilized for Korean environment plan and design as a benchmarking guidelines against the crisis of degeneration and the aging society with the lowest birthrates in the world.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.53-66
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• 1995

This study aims at analyzing of residents'attitudes and spatial structures in the rural villages reconstructed by the Rural Village Improvement Project(type A), and suggesting the guiding directions for planning rural villages. Six rural villages located in KyungGi province were selected for case study. The Major findings can be summarized as follows : 1) The ratio of type A project(newly planned village) in the total cases of the Rural Village Improvement Project has increased since 1990, In the majority(91.2%) of the type A project, the project area is below 2 ha and density of dwelling unit is below 40 households/ha. 2) The three spatial structures of newly planned rural village, i.e., Loop pattern, Cul-de-sac pattern, and Dendritic pattern, are identified. And the barns in the newly-build houses are categorized into the five types : the vertical addition type, the horizontal addition type, the vertical- horizontal addition type, the no- barn type, and the reused -barn type. 3) In the newly planned rural villages, the level of satisfactions for the quality of house and water & sewer system is remarkably higher than in the existing rural villages. These are the positive effects caused by the Rural Village Improvement Project. 4) The majority of the villagers think the improvement of the existing rural village, instead of redevelopment or newly planned village, is most desirable, which means the improvement of houses, roads, and sanitary facilities while preserving the spatial structures of the existing village.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.415-425
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• 2012

Green Frame was developed to embody a Green structural system that can provide long life, resource reduction, and availability of remodeling in apartment buildings. Composite precast concrete column and beam, the major structural material of Green Frame, can be installed precisely and promptly through connection of steels and concrete. The connection of Green Frame can be divided into four types, based on the method and characteristics of connection. To select an appropriate type for the site, a comparative analysis of the four types is necessary. The objective of this study is to compare the duration, cost, quality, and safety of four types. The findings of this study can be applied during the selection that appropriate composite precast concrete column reflected project characteristics in design phase.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.1 s.41
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• pp.57-70
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• 2005

This study is the consideration about Hwaryeong-Jeon that enshrines Joseon Dynasty 22nd king Jeongjo's portrait of a king. Suwon's Hwaryeong-Jeon that accompanied a portrait and performed ritual ceremonies had several formalities and ceremonies which are connected with rituals. therefore, we will try to examine what relation between arrangement of building and plane composition had. And through this, it is thing to observe construction special quality that Hwaryeong-Jeon has. Joseon Dynasty's young-jeon (a hall where the royal portraits are kept) is retaining each other different state according to construction age every moment. Hwaryeong-Jeon among Joseon Dynasty's a hall of royal portraits is the construction form which is equiped well and is known for keeping the form well from the foundation to now And this building is evaluated as the standard form of early part young-jeon building of 19th century. Especially, Hwaryeong-Jeon shows the typical ritual equipments late Joseon Dynasty and at the same time has all kinds of characteristics which only we can find at Hwaryeong-Jeon. Namely, Hwaryeong-Jeon is the building which brings the design concept of the hall of royal portraits to completion as the building which enshrines single portrait of a king. After all, Hwaryeong-Jeon is evaluated as the building which can pass excellent form of late Joseon Dynasty, the hall of royal portraits building just as it is. Therefore, as I study its own style, I expect Joseon Dynasty's mind that enshrined the portrait of a king elaborately to be revealed.