• Health Policy and Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.67-84
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• 2003

Immunization has been one of the most effective measures preventing from infectious diseases. However, children routine vaccination rate of Korea was 68.2% and it was not higher than expected. Korean government revised the School Health Law for every primary school children to submit the vaccination certificate record from 2005. It is quite important national Infectious disease prevention policy to keep the immunizations rate high and monitor the immunizations rate continuously. To do this, National Institute of Health introduced the National Immunization Registry(NIR) Program at 2000. Objective : The aims of this study was to evaluate the Immunization Registry program which has been implementing since 2000 at the Public Health Centers(PHC). Methods : The mail survey was done from November 2001 to January 2002. 169 (69%) Public Health Centers among 244 PHC were responded. Results : The respondents of PHC sud the Immunization Registry(IR) program had reduced the workload (18.5%). 69.2% said they inputted the immunization data into the IR program after the shots were given. 86.5% said they hadn´t checked or retrieved the children lists who had missed the scheduled immunization. Only 17.2% said the speed of internet for the R program was good. It showed that 20% of respondents hadn´t written down documents, records on immunization any more. Even there were a lot of negative results, the respondents of PHC thought that the IR program was effective. They especially agreed that the IR program could make the job accurate (81.5%), convenient (71.3%), and reduced the chances of making mistakes (71.3%), increase the service quality (78.5%). And they were well adapting the job process of the IR (79.63%). Bivariate analysis showed that the software program was the important determinants of IR success. The only Bit Computer software program has been evaluated to be less satisfactory than the Integrated (Posdata operating system + Bit software) program. Other variables, such as age, duration of present job, and location of PHC (metropolitan, small city, rural area) were not significantly related. Conclusion : It seemed that the success of NIR might depend on the software program. Because Integrated program, which has been developed from 1994, include not only the general operating and management program for PHC but also IR program. It was natural to prefer Integrated program to Bit software program. So we can suggest that it is essential for the NIR to be successful that not only the immunization software program but also hardware equipments and public health information system should be further improved.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1059-1071
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• 2015

Watermelon and melon are economically important Cucurbitaceae crops. Recently, the development of molecular markers based on the construction of genetic linkage maps and detection of DNA sequence variants through next generation sequencing are essential as molecular breeding strategies for crop improvement that uses marker-assisted selection and backcrossing. In this paper, we intended to provide useful information for molecular breeding of watermelon and melon by analyzing the current status of international and domestic research efforts on genomics and molecular markers. Due to diverse genetic maps constructed and the reference genome sequencing completed in the past, DNA markers that are useful for selecting important traits including yield, fruit quality, and disease resistances have been reported and publicly available. To date, more than 16 genetic maps and loci and linked markers for more than 40 traits have reported for each watermelon and melon. Furthermore, the functional genes that are responsible for those traits are being continuously discovered by high-density genetic map and map-based cloning. In addition, whole genome resequencing of various germplasm is under progress based on the reference genome. Not only by the efforts for developing novel molecular markers, but application of public marker information currently available will greatly facilitate breeding process through genomics-assisted breeding.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2016

Purpose: The present study is aimed at examining the drying characteristics of sea tangle through a combination of microwave and far-infrared drying experiment and finding the optimal drying conditions. Methods: Sea tangle was cleaned and cut into fine pieces (5mm) before they were subjected to combinational drying by microwave and far-infrared ray. The amount of specimen per drying is 2 kg. The finely cut pieces of sea tangle were preheated in a microwave dryer for three different lengths of time (10, 15, and 20 min). Subsequently, they were dried using a far-infrared dryer at tow temperatures ($90^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$) at an air velocity of 0.8 m/s until the final moisture content reduced to 10%. Results: Sea tangle dried under the condition of 20 min of preheating in the microwave dryer and drying at $100^{\circ}C$ by the far-infrared dryer. Of the drying models verified in this study, the logarithmic model showed high accuracy with the coefficient of determination $R^2>0.7825$ and RMSE<0.1095. The rehydration ratio of sea tangle was the highest (12.87 g water/g dry matter) under the condition of 15 min of preheating in the microwave dryer and drying at $100^{\circ}C$ by the far-infrared dryer. The energy consumption for the combination of microwave and far-infrared drying was the lowest (4.78 kJ/kg water) under the condition of 20 min of preheating in the microwave dryer and drying at $100^{\circ}C$ by the far-infrared dryer. Conclusions: Considering the drying time, discoloration during drying, rehydration ratio, and energy consumption for the drying of sea tangle, the optimal drying conditions for high-quality sea tangle are 15 min of preheating in a microwave dryer and drying at $100^{\circ}C$ by a far-infrared dryer.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.11 no.1 s.30
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• pp.116-129
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• 2006

The progress of data transmission technology through the Internet has spread a variety of realistic contents. One of such contents is multi-view video that is acquired from multiple camera sensors. In general, the multi-view video processing requires encoders and decoders as many as the number of cameras, and thus the processing complexity results in difficulties of practical implementation. To solve for this problem, this paper considers a simple multi-view system utilizing a single encoder and a single decoder. In the encoder side, input multi-view YUV sequences are combined on GOP units by a video mixer. Then, the mixed sequence is compressed by a single H.264/AVC encoder. The decoding is composed of a single decoder and a scheduler controling the decoding process. The goal of the scheduler is to assign approximately identical number of decoded frames to each view sequence by estimating the decoder utilization of a Gap and subsequently applying frame skip algorithms. Furthermore, in the frame skip, efficient frame selection algorithms are studied for H.264/AVC baseline and main profiles based upon a cost function that is related to perceived video quality. Our proposed method has been performed on various multi-view test sequences adopted by MPEG 3DAV. Experimental results show that approximately identical decoder utilization is achieved for each view sequence so that each view sequence is fairly displayed. As well, the performance of the proposed method is examined in terms of bit-rate and PSNR using a rate-distortion curve.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2018

A few authors have already investigated microbial contamination of leafy vegetables in distribution condition and examined the effect of temperature abuse on microbial safety or product quality. But this study analyzed proliferation of indicator microorganisms and food poisoning bacteria in real situation in Korean agroindustry and investigated washing effect of micobial contamination on leaf surface. Leafy vegetables were found to be contaminated with aerobic bacteria at $0.1{\sim}0.32{\times}10^3CFU/g$. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus were detected in leafy vegetables at $0{\sim}0.54{\times}10^3CFU/g$. However, Salmonella spp., Coliforms, Clostridium spp. and Listeria spp. were not detected in any samples. Indicator microorganisms and food poisoning bacteria on leafy vegetables increased at room temperature when simulatively distributed condition. After clean-up, the indicator microorganisms and food poisoning bacteria of kimchi cabbage, lettuce and perilla leaf were decreased to a very low level. This study suggests that it is necessary to improve the level of hygiene management such as use of cold chain system and hygiene management of transport tools during the distribution process for fresh leafy vegetables.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.461-468
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• 2001

The effectiveness and safety of Enzyme Food, a group of dietary supplements designated by Korean Food Law, were evaluated and the possibility of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) application was investigated. Chemical composition, enzyme activities and the degree of bacterial contamination in 12 samples of different brands sold in Korean market were measured. The chemical composition of the selected products varied and inconsistent to those claimed in the label description. It is known that effectiveness of Enzyme Food depends on enzyme activity, but enzyme activities of ${\alpha}-amylase$ varied from $1,793\;{\mu}g/min$ g to $159\;{\mu}g/min$ g and those of ${\beta}-amylase$ ranged from $171\;{\mu}g/min$ g to $11\;{\mu}g/min$ g. The protease activities varied from $27.57\;{\mu}g/min$ g to $0.18\;{\mu}g/min$ g. In coli-form bacterial test, positive reactions were appeared in the 50 % of the samples. Numbers of bacteria ranged from $1.3\;{\times}\;10^5\;to\;1.2\;{\times}\;10^9$. Five CCPs were identified; heating, inoculation, cultivation, drying and granulation. Consideration of HACCP system indicated that the pretreatment of raw material, checking of bacterial contamination and stability of enzyme activity during fermentation process were important factors for the quality of Enzyme Foods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.121-126
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• 1970

The utilization of soybean milk has lasted for past several thousand years, mostly in Orient as a Precious food or as a substitute for cow's milk. There are several hundred varieties in soybean that is called Glycine max Merryl There are three typical varieties, Yellow, Black and Green. However, these are due to pigment in soybean cuticle while their chemical constituents are similar (Table 2). Soybean milk is constituted of protein, fat and carbohydrate of soybean, and these constituents are extracted by hot water. Thus becomes emulsion which is highly digestible and nutritious for human diet. However, it was not found any report on the water extractability comparison between two different varieties Black cuticle soybean which is common in India and Yellow cuticle soybean which is common in Korea. Also there was no report on the comparison on the yield and organoleptic quality derived by varied process. Also several attempts were carried out to improve nutritional value as well as acceptability by use of food additives. A model of continuous soybean milk plant was introduced.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.293-322
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• 2005

The culpability of a person, as determined by due process of law, for any of his actions that are defined as criminal. Determination of such responsibility is a legal function, not a psychiatric one, although a psychiatrist may be called upon to present evidence to the court in order to aid the judge or jury in reaching a decision as to responsibility. Determination of responsibility varies with the laws of the state in which the accused is being tried, but in general all states base their laws on three famous judicial decisions concerning criminal responsibility. 1. the M'Naghten(McNaughton) rule(a. to establish such a defense the accused, at the time the act was committed, must be shown to have been laboring under such defect of reason as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, b. if he did know it, he did or know that what he was doing was wrong). 2. the irresistible impulse test. 3. the Durham decision. Under the Durham test, however, the psychiatrist may give any relevant testmony concerning the mental illness at issue. The psychological and behavioral appearance of a person, in clinical psychiatry this term is commonly used to refer to the results of the mental examination of a patient. The written report of the mental status usually contains specific references to the following areas: I. Attitude and General Behavior (1)General health and appearance. (2)General habits of dress. (3)Personal habits. (4)General mood. (5)Use of leisure time. (6)Degree of sociability. (7)Speech. II. Attitude and Behavior during interview (1)Co-operativeness. (2)Poise. (3)Facial expression. (4)Motor activity. (5)Mental activity. (6)Emotional reactions. (7)Trend of thought. III. Sensorium, mental grasp, and capacity (1)Orientation. (2)Memory and retention. (3)Estimate of intelligence. (4)Abstraction ability. (5)Tests of absurdity, interpretation of proverbs. (6)Judgment.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.55-61
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• 2015

Based on the literature study for the determination of perchlorate in soil we chose the ion chromatography as a measurement method and decided to use 70 mM KOH as an eluent to avoid the interference derived from the co-elution of pyrophosphate (P₂O₇⁴⁻), tripolyphosphate (P₃O₁₀⁵⁻). Also we proposed to use air dried soil through 0.15 mm sieve and distilled water as an extractant. Under the these basic concepts, we carried out the experiments to set up the detail procedure like solid to liquid ratio (S/L ratio), extraction time, device for extraction and indicating factors for quality control (e.g. precision, accuracy, MDL, LOQ). In case of time and device for extraction, 5 hours of mechanical shaking or 1 hour of centrifugation showed better precision and accuracy than that of sonication for 1 hour According to these results, we proposed the extraction method combining 5 hours of mechanical shaking with 1 hour of centrifugation. From the aspect of S/L ratio, the ratio of 1/2 or 1/3 showed resonable precision and accuracy. In case of the ratio of 1/2, there would be some problems in the separation process when the proportion of fine particle is high. Therefore, we proposed the extraction ratio of solid to liquid as 1/3 instead of 1/2. With the consideration of cost effectiveness and soil salinity, we proposed the use of cartridge for removing the interfering anions like chloride, sulfate and carbonate in specific sample such as saline soil.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.557-565
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• 2010

Recently, regulations on toxic compounds in aquatic environment have been strengthened in korea due to the increasing public awareness of the water quality. Typically, these regulations include introduction of emerging toxic compounds and stricter effluent limitations for the already regulated compounds. However, too strict regulations may cause excessive burden on the industry. Therefore it is also important to assess the economic impacts when the new effluent limitation guidelines are introduced. The estimation of the additional cost for the wastewater dischargers to meet the new guidelines are based on the selected treatment technology to handle the hazardous substances and the regulatory levels for effluent limitations. To explore the procedures for cost estimation in enforcing new effluent limitations, a case study was performed specially for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The pollutants of concern are surveyed for different industrial categories and various treatment technologies. For a given pollutant, the general performances of the treatment technologies are surveyed and a representative technology is selected. For a given technology, the capital cost and annual Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost was calculated. The calculation of baseline costs to operate ordinary treatment technologies is also important. The ratio between the cost for introducing new treatment process and the baseline cost required for conventional technology was used to evaluate the economic impact on the industry. For 1,4-dichlorobenzene, steam stripping and activated carbon processes were selected as the specific treatment technologies. The cost effects to the regulation of the compound were found to be 6.4% and 14.5% increase in capital cost and O&M cost, respectively, at the flow rate over $2,000m^3/d$ for the categories of synthetic resin and other plastics manufacturing industry. For the case of petrochemical basic compounds manufacturing industry, the cost increases were 5.8% and 12.4%, respectively. It was suggested that cost effect analysis to evaluate the economic impacts of new effluent limitations on the industry is crucial to establish more balanced and reasonable effluent limitations to manage the industrial wastewater containing emerging toxic compounds in the wastewater.