• 한국철학논집
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• 제27호
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• pp.63-84
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• 2009

본 논문의 목적은 유의(儒醫)의 의학적 특징에 근거하여 유학의 심(心)에 관한 논의가 의학적으로 어떻게 전개되는지를 고찰하는 것에 있다. 유의(儒醫)들은 심(心)에 관한 유학적 논의를 축적하여 의학적으로 활용함과 동시에 『내경』의 오장신(五藏神)이나 칠정(七情)·오지(五志) 등 감정과 정서 등의 부분과 연계하여 유학과 의학을 회통하여 이해하려고 하였다. 천인상응(天人相應)의 논의는 '음양오행(陰陽五行)' 배당으로 이어지고, 오장에 배당된 칠정(七情)과 오지(五志)는 결국 인간의 심성이 외부와의 만남을 통하여 사회적·윤리적 의미의 심신관계를 설정하는 키워드가 된다. 유의(儒醫)들의 의학적 특색도 여기에서 찾을 수 있다. 성리학의 심통성정(心統性情), 인심(人心)·도심(道心) 등의 논의는 물론 주정(主靜) 등을 적극적으로 활용하게 된 것은 『내경』의 칠정(七情)·오지(五志)의 논의와 상통점을 유학에서 찾을 수 있었기 때문이다. 유의(儒醫)들은 유학적 심성에 대한 의학적 전개에는 군화(君火)·상화(相火)가 자리하고 있다. 군화(君火)·상화(相火)는 『내경』에 문헌적 근거가 있으나, 유의(儒醫)들은 이를 바탕으로 군화(君火)·상화(相火)의 논의를 유학의 심성수양의 논의와 결합하여 의학적으로 유학의 심성론을 전개하는 단초를 마련하였다. '심화(心火)가 일신(一身)을 주재(主宰)한다'는 주장을 수용하면서도, 활발발(活潑潑)한 기(氣)의 운동변화를 표현하고자 군화(君火)·상화(相火)라는 이원적 구조를 설정한 것으로 판단한다. 이어 '군화(君火)-상화(相火)'를 주진형(朱震亨)이 인화(人火)-천화(天火)의 관계로 설정한 것은 군화(君火)를 교인접물(交人接物)하여 욕망을 일으키는 정지(情志)의 영역으로부터 구분하기 위한 것으로 판단한다. 그 과정에서 주진형(朱震亨)은 도교와 의학 그리고 유학을 회통적으로 이해하고자 하였고, 그 이해와 분석을 위해 주진형(朱震亨)은 주렴계(周濂溪)의 『태극도설(太極圖說)』과 주자(朱子)의 인심도심설(人心道心說) 등을 적극적으로 활용하였다. 이어 주진형(朱震亨)은 상화(相火)의 망동(妄動)을 방지하기 위해서는 주정(主靜)과 인심(人心)·도심(道心)이라는 유학(儒學)의 방식을 제시하였으며 아울러 신체의 음양중화(陰陽中和)를 위해서는 정지(情志)의 망동(妄動)으로 인한 진음(眞陰)의 고갈을 '자음(滋陰)'을 통하여 극복하여야 함도 제시하였다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.213-217
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• 2016

Sohak is a book compiled by Zhu Xi, who was a Confucian philosopher, and his disciple, Liu Qingzhi, to promote the morality and personality in children. This book reflects Zhu Xi's philosophy of human nature and education and provides a way to observe proprieties and courtesy. The content and principle of this book is not likely to be easily understood or applied to people in the modern Korean society. Nevertheless, Sohak inspires us to have an insight on how the human relationship should be and what is the desirable moral education method for children to solve moral conflicts in real settings of complicated social interactions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2016

The fungal morphologies and pellet sizes were controlled in acetophenone reduction by Rhizopus oryzae. The acetophenone conversion and (S)-phenylethanol enantiomeric excesses (e.e.) reached the peak after 72 h of incubation when using pellets with 0.54 mm diameter, which showed an excellent performance compared with suspended mycelia, clumps, and pellets with 0.65 or 0.75 mm diameter. Furthermore, nano-sized acetophenone was used as a substrate to improve the performances of biotransformation work. The results showed that the conversion of nanometric acetophenone and (S)-phenylethanol e.e. reached the maximum (both >99%) after 32 h of incubation when using 0.54 mm diameter pellets, at least 24 h in advance of the control group. On the other hand, Tween 80 and 1, 2-propylene glycol showed low or no toxicity to cells. In conclusion, pellets and acetophenone nanoemulsions synergistically result in superior performances of acetophenone reduction.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.21.1-21.22
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• 2021

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have strong immunosuppressive activity and are morphologically similar to conventional monocytes and granulocytes. The development and classification of these cells have, however, been controversial. The activation network of MDSCs is relatively complex, and their mechanism of action is poorly understood, creating an avenue for further research. In recent years, MDSCs have been found to play an important role in immune regulation and in effectively inhibiting the activity of effector lymphocytes. Under certain conditions, particularly in the case of tissue damage or inflammation, MDSCs play a leading role in the immune response of the central nervous system. In cancer, however, this can lead to tumor immune evasion and the development of related diseases. Under cancerous conditions, tumors often alter bone marrow formation, thus affecting progenitor cell differentiation, and ultimately, MDSC accumulation. MDSCs are important contributors to tumor progression and play a key role in promoting tumor growth and metastasis, and even reduce the efficacy of immunotherapy. Currently, a number of studies have demonstrated that MDSCs play a key regulatory role in many clinical diseases. In light of these studies, this review discusses the origin of MDSCs, the mechanisms underlying their activation, their role in a variety of clinical diseases, and their function in immune response regulation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.831-839
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• 2023

Tylosin is a potent veterinary macrolide antibiotic produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces fradiae; however, it is necessary to modify S. fradiae strains to improve tylosin production. In this study, we established a high-throughput, 24-well plate screening method for identifying S. fradiae strains that produce increased yields of tylosin. Additionally, we constructed mutant libraries of S. fradiae via ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and/or sodium nitrite mutagenesis. A primary screening of the libraries in 24-well plates and UV spectrophotometry identified S. fradiae mutants producing increased yields of tylosin. Mutants with tylosin yield 10% higher than the wild-type strain were inoculated into shake flasks, and the tylosin concentrations produced were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Joint (UV irradiation and sodium nitrite) mutagenesis resulted in higher yields of mutants with enhanced tylosin production. Finally, 10 mutants showing higher tylosin yield were re-screened in shake flasks. The yield of tylosin A by strains UN-C183 (6767.64 ± 82.43 ㎍/ml) and UN-C137 (6889.72 ± 70.25 ㎍/ml) was significantly higher than that of the wild-type strain (6617.99 ± 22.67 ㎍/ml). These mutant strains will form the basis for further strain breeding in tylosin production.