• Title/Summary/Keyword: QR algorithm

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Characteristic Analysis of Normalized D-QR-RLS Algorithm(I) (정규화된 D-QR-RLS 알고리즘의 특성 분석(I))

  • Ahn, Bong-Man;Hwang, Jee-Won;Cho, Ju-Phil
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.32 no.8C
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    • pp.782-787
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    • 2007
  • This paper presents the D(Diagonal)-QR-RLS algorithm which normalizes the fast algorithm minimizes the MSE by using Givens rotated inputs and analyzes its characteristic. This proposed one has computational complexity of O(N) and the merit that it obtains the coefficients of TDL filter directly. Although this proposed normalized algorithm has the similar form to NLMS algorithm, we can see that D-QR-RLS has superior convergence characteristic to NLMS by computer simulation.

Blind QR Code Steganographic Approach Based upon Error Correction Capability

  • Chiang, Yin-Jen;Lin, Pei-Yu;Wang, Ran-Zan;Chen, Yi-Hui
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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    • v.7 no.10
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    • pp.2527-2543
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    • 2013
  • A novel steganographic QR code algorithm, which not only coveys the secret into the widely-used QR barcode but also preserves the readability of QR content and the capability of error correction, is presented in this article. Different from the conventional applications for QR barcode, the designed algorithm conceals the secret into the QR modules directly by exploiting the error correction capability. General browsers can read the QR content from the QR code via barcode readers; however, only the authorized receiver can further reveal the secret from the QR code directly. The new mechanism can convey a larger secret payload along with adjustment of the QR version and error correction level. Moreover, the blind property allows the receiver to reveal the secret without the knowledge of the embedded position of modules. Experimental results demonstrate that the new algorithm is secure, efficient and feasible for the low-power QR readers and mobile devices.

A Study on the Fast QR RLS Algorithm for Applications to Adaptive Signal Processing (적응 신호 처리에의 응용을 위한 고속 QR RLS 알고리즘의 연구)

  • 정지영
    • Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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    • 1991.06a
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    • pp.38-41
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    • 1991
  • RLS algorithms are required for applications to adaptive line enhancers, adaptive equalizers for voiceband telephone and HF modems, and wide-badn digital spectrum mobile raio in which their convergence time and tracking speed are significant. The fast QR RLS algorithm satisfies above the requirements. Its computational complexity is linearly proportional to the tap number of a filter, N and its performance remains numerically stable. From the result of simumulation, the fast QR RLS algorithm represented Cioffi is better than gradient based algorithm in its initial performance when being applied to an adaptive line enhancer for cancelling noise.

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Combined ML and QR Detection Algorithm for MIMO-OFDM Systems with Perfect ChanneI State Information

  • You, Weizhi;Yi, Lilin;Hu, Weisheng
    • ETRI Journal
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.371-377
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    • 2013
  • An effective signal detection algorithm with low complexity is presented for multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. The proposed technique, QR-MLD, combines the conventional maximum likelihood detection (MLD) algorithm and the QR algorithm, resulting in much lower complexity compared to MLD. The proposed technique is compared with a similar algorithm, showing that the complexity of the proposed technique with T=1 is a 95% improvement over that of MLD, at the expense of about a 2-dB signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) degradation for a bit error rate (BER) of $10^{-3}$. Additionally, with T=2, the proposed technique reduces the complexity by 73% for multiplications and 80% for additions and enhances the SNR performance about 1 dB for a BER of $10^{-3}$.

QR Barcode Readability Technique of the JPEG Image Based on Digital Watermarking

  • Seo, Jung Hee;Park, Hung Bok
    • Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.179-188
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    • 2018
  • This paper proposes a quick response (QR) barcode watermarking algorithm in order to improve readability of the QR barcode in a JPEG image. The proposed algorithm embeds a watermark in a wavelet based-low frequency band for watermark robustness, and visually extracts a QR barcode after embedding the QR barcode image with confidential information into the original image via imperceptible watermarking technology. The visually extracted QR barcode watermark uses an approach to authenticate the ownership more easily through a common hardware and software-based mobile barcode reader app. Therefore, the QR barcode watermark may improve the ability to easily detect watermarks efficiently as well as imperceptibility and robustness, which is the main watermark requirement by embedding the QR barcode with watermark text information in a digital image and when compare to conventional watermarks.

Characteristic Analysis of Normalized D-QR-RLS Algorithm (II) (정규화된 D-QR-RLS 알고리즘의 특성 분석(II))

  • Ahn, Bong-Man;Hwang, Jee-Won;Cho, Ju-Phil
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.32 no.11C
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    • pp.1127-1133
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    • 2007
  • This paper proposes one of normalized QR-typed LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithms with computational complexity of O(N). This proposed algorithm shows the normalized property in terms of theoretical characteristics. This proposed algorithm is one of algorithms which normalize variance of input signal in terms of mean because QR-typed LMS is proportional to variance of input signal. In this paper, convergence characteristic analysis of normalized algorithm was made. Computer simulation was made by the algorithms used for echo canceller. Proposed algorithm has similar performance to theoretical value. And, we can see that proposed method shows similar one to performance of NLMS.by comparison among different algorithms.

Wideband Jamming Signal Remove Using Adaptive Array Algorithm (적응배열 알고리즘을 이용한 광대역 재밍 신호 제거)

  • Lee, Kwan-Hyeong
    • The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.419-424
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    • 2019
  • In this paper, we proposed an algorithm to estimate the desired target in wideband jamming signal environment. In order to suppress the jamming signal, we use the spatial time adaptive algorithm and QR decomposition to obtain the optimal weight. The spatial time adaptive algorithm of adaptive array antenna system multiplies the tap delay signal by a complex weight to obtain a weight. In order to minimize the power consumption because of the inverse matrix, optimal weight is obtained by using QR decomposition. Through simulation, we compare and analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm and the existing algorithm. In the target estimation of [-40o,0o,+40o], the proposed algorithm estimated all three targets, but the existing algorithm estimated only [0o] due to of the jamming signal. We prove that the proposed algorithm improves performance by removing the jamming signal and estimating the target accurately.

Convergence Decision Method Using Eigenvectors of QR Iteration (QR 반복법의 고유벡터를 이용한 수렴 판단 방법)

  • Kim, Daehyun;Lee, Jingu;Jeong, Seonghee;Lee, Jaeeun;Kim, Younglok
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.41 no.8
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    • pp.868-876
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    • 2016
  • MUSIC (multiple signal classification) algorithm is a representative algorithm estimating the angle of arrival using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Generally, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are obtained through the eigen-analysis, but this analysis requires high computational complexity and late convergence time. For this reason, it is almost impossible to construct the real-time system with low-cost using this approach. Even though QR iteration is considered as the eigen-analysis approach to improve these problems, this is inappropriate to apply to the MUSIC algorithm. In this paper, we analyze the problems of conventional method based on the eigenvalues for convergence decision and propose the improved decision algorithm using the eigenvectors.

A Study on Transport Robot for Autonomous Driving to a Destination Based on QR Code in an Indoor Environment (실내 환경에서 QR 코드 기반 목적지 자율주행을 위한 운반 로봇에 관한 연구)

  • Se-Jun Park
    • Journal of Platform Technology
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.26-38
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    • 2023
  • This paper is a study on a transport robot capable of autonomously driving to a destination using a QR code in an indoor environment. The transport robot was designed and manufactured by attaching a lidar sensor so that the robot can maintain a certain distance during movement by detecting the distance between the camera for recognizing the QR code and the left and right walls. For the location information of the delivery robot, the QR code image was enlarged with Lanczos resampling interpolation, then binarized with Otsu Algorithm, and detection and analysis were performed using the Zbar library. The QR code recognition experiment was performed while changing the size of the QR code and the traveling speed of the transport robot while the camera position of the transport robot and the height of the QR code were fixed at 192cm. When the QR code size was 9cm × 9cm The recognition rate was 99.7% and almost 100% when the traveling speed of the transport robot was less than about 0.5m/s. Based on the QR code recognition rate, an experiment was conducted on the case where the destination is only going straight and the destination is going straight and turning in the absence of obstacles for autonomous driving to the destination. When the destination was only going straight, it was possible to reach the destination quickly because there was little need for position correction. However, when the destination included a turn, the time to arrive at the destination was relatively delayed due to the need for position correction. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the delivery robot arrived at the destination relatively accurately, although a slight positional error occurred while driving, and the applicability of the QR code-based destination self-driving delivery robot was confirmed.

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Exploring Smartphone-Based Indoor Navigation: A QR Code Assistance-Based Approach

  • Chirakkal, Vinjohn V;Park, Myungchul;Han, Dong Seog
    • IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.173-182
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    • 2015
  • A real-time, Indoor navigation systems utilize ultra-wide band (UWB), radio-frequency identification (RFID) and received signal strength (RSS) techniques that encompass WiFi, FM, mobile communications, and other similar technologies. These systems typically require surplus infrastructure for their implementation, which results in significantly increased costs and complexity. Therefore, as a solution to reduce the level of cost and complexity, an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and quick response (QR) codes are utilized in this paper to facilitate navigation with the assistance of a smartphone. The QR code helps to compensate for errors caused by the pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) algorithm, thereby providing more accurate localization. The proposed algorithm having IMU in conjunction with QR code shows an accuracy of 0.64 m which is higher than existing indoor navigation techniques.