• 대한수학회보
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.479-484
• /
• 2002

Let I be an ideal in a Gorenstein local ring A with the maximal ideal m and d = dim A. Then we say that I is a good ideal in A, if I contains a reduction $Q=(a_1,a_2,...,a_d)$ generated by d elements in A and $G(I)=\bigoplus_{n\geq0}I^n/I^{n+1}$ of I is a Gorenstein ring with a(G(I)) = 1-d, where a(G(I)) denotes the a-invariant of G(I). Let S = A[Q/a$_1$] and P = mS. In this paper, we show that the following conditions are equivalent. (1) $I^2$ = QI and I = Q:I. (2) $I^2S$ = $a_1$IS and IS = $a_1$S：sIS. (3) $I^2$Sp = $a_1$ISp and ISp = $a_1$Sp ：sp ISp. We denote by $X_A(Q)$ the set of good ideals I in $X_A(Q)$ such that I contains Q as a reduction. As a Corollary of this result, we show that $I\inX_A(Q)\Leftrightarrow\IS_P\inX_{SP}(Qp)$.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.18-22
• /
• 1995

From January 1989 to December 1993, cardiac catheterization and open heart surgery for ventricular septal defect closure were performed in 115 pediatric patients who were selected as meeting the criteria for elective closure of restrictive ventricular septal defect. These criteria included age greater than 1 year and less than 15 years, no evidence of congestive heart failure, Qp/Qs 2.0, pulmonary artery systolic pressure 35mmHg, and no associated cardiac anomalies. Mean age of patients was 5.25$\pm$ 3.53, and 72 patients were male, 43 patients were female[male:female=1.9:1 . Mean systolic pulmonary artery pressure was 19.66$\pm$4.79mmHg, and mean pulmonary to systemic flow ratio was 1.27$\pm$ 0.28. Aortic cusp prolapse was present in 30 patients [26% , aortic insufficiency was present in 1 paient, and 1 patient had prior bacterial endocarditis. There were no instances of complete atrioventricular dissociation, reoperations for bleeding, or reoperations for recurrent ventricular septal defect, but wound infection was present in 1 patient, and there were 7 patients who had the hemodynamically insignificant remnant shunt. There were no early or late deaths or major morbidity.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.119-123
• /
• 1999

배경: 전북대학교병원 흉부외과에서는 1989년에서 1996년 까지 심실 중격 결손증 164명중 대동맥판 탈출이 동반된 22명의 환자를 경험하였다. 대상 및 방법: 연령은 6개월에서 22세 까지고 평균연령은 7세였다. 22명중 13명은 남자, 9명은여자였다. Kirklin type I이 13명, Kirklin type II가 8명, Kirklin type I+II가 1명 이었다. 결과: 술전 심초음파 소견상 대동맥 판막 탈출이 10명, 대동맥 판막 탈출 및 폐쇄부전이 동반된 경우가 6명, 대동맥판 폐쇄부전의 소견만 보였던 경우도 2명에서 있었다. 나머지 4명에서는 술전 심초음파에서는 판막 탈출을 관찰하지 못하였으나 수술시야에서 발견되었다. 술전 평균 Qp/Qs, 수축기 폐동맥압, 수축기 우심실압은 1.48$\pm$0.42, 27.9$\pm$9.87, 32.9$\pm$10.87 mmHg였다. 수술 소견상 가장 많이 탈출된 판엽은 우관동맥판이었다. 수술방법은 모든 환자에서 patch 봉합술을 시행했고, 폐쇄부전과 판막의 하향 전위가 있던 2명에서는 판막 성형술을 시행하였다. 술후 시행한 장,단기 심초음파상 술전 대동맥판 폐쇄부전이 있던 8명의 환자에서 폐쇄부전이 개선되거나 더 이상 악화되지 않았다. 술전 판막탈출만 있었던 12명의 환자에서는 판막이상등 다른 이상 소견은 보이지 않았다. 결론: 대동맥판 탈출이 동반된 심실 중격 결손증에서는 조기에 포편봉합을 함으로 대동맥판 탈출이나 폐쇄부전의 진행을 개선할 수 있으며, 중등도의 대동맥판 폐쇄부전이 동반된 경우에는 판막 성형술이 고려되어야 할것으로 생각된다.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.139-156
• /
• 1995

지반진동특성의 지진공학적인 정밀측정의 일환으로 지반진동의 탁월주기와 지반진동의 거리에 따른 감쇠특성을 현장실험을 통하여 조사하였다. 이 조사는 세가지 부분의 실험을 통하여 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 지반의 탁월주기는 고감도 디지탈 속도지진계-3축성분 속도계를 이용하는 Seismometer와 디지탈 Seismograph를 이용하여 지반과 건물에서 일정한 주기를 가진 연속적인 미소진동으로 부터 지반 및 건물진동의 탁월주기를 계측하였다. 지반에서의 탁월주기는 0.18~0.23 sec, 건물2층의 탁월주기는 0.26~0.31 sec였다. 둘째, 지반 구조조사는 디지탈 탄성파탐사기를 이용하여 굴절법을 이용한 탄성파탐사를 실시하였다. 실험장소인 한양대학교 안산캠퍼스의 지층구조는 상부층(표토층: surface layer)은 저속도층으로서 662m1s, 하부층(지반층: base ground)은 2210m/s의 P파 속도를 갖고, 주시곡선도로부터 표토층의 두께는 약 7m로 검측되었다. 이것은 7m두깨의 표토층(top soil)과 그 하부에 사질 점토성의 지반층(base ground)이 존재함을 암시한다. 셋째, Seisgun을 이용하여 인공적인 탄성파 에너지원을 만들어 지반의 진동 감쇠특성을 조사 하였다. 거리 감쇠상수(spatial attenuation conf$\ulcorner$icient) Y는 거리에 따른 진폭 을 계산하여 Z-성분(vertical)은 0.0137, X-성분(longitudinal)은 0.0025, Y-성분(transverse)은 0.0290이고 Spatial QP의 값은 각각 5.913~7.575, 32.371 ~41.452, 2.794~3.579의 값이 산출되었었다. 이 결과 다른 두성분에 비해서 종방향(z-성분, longitudinal)성분은 감쇠경향이 낮음을 알 수 있다. 그러므로 이 경우에 구조물 설계시 종방향(x-성분, longitudinal)성분에 대 한 내진설계가 고려 되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제27권8호
• /
• pp.650-655
• /
• 1994

The author analyzed 99patients with VSD weighting less than 10kg of body weight who underwent surgical correction from 1981 to 1992 at cardiovascular department of Hanyang University hospital. Patients occupied 29.3% of total cases who were underwent surgical corrections for congenital heart diseases during that time. Of the 99 patients, 51 patients were male [52%] and 48 patients[48%] were female. Age ranged from 28 days to 36 months with mean age of 13.6 months. Mean body weight was 7.53kg. According to Kirklin`s anatomical classification, type II defect was most common [61.6%]. Associated anomaly was found in 48 patients [48.5%]. Patent foramen ovale was most commonly associated cardiac anomaly [14.1%] and followed by atrial septal defect [12.1%], patent ductus arteriosus [10.1%]. Cardiac catheterization data were analyzed. The most common range of Qp/Qs, Rp/Rs, Pp/Ps were above 3.0, 0.1 - 0.25, and above 0.75 respectively. Among the indications of surgical correction, there were pulmonary hypertention in 69 patients, congestive heart failure in 44 patients, frequent respiratory infection in 47 patients, growth retardation in 33 patients. The most common surgical approach and method for VSD closure were right atriotomy[48.3%] and dacron patch closure[93.3%]. Complication rate was 13.1% [13 cases], and overall mortality was 17.1% [17 cases]. The cause of death consisted of low cardiac output syndrome[11 cases], acute renal failure[3 cases], sepsis[2 cases] and pulmonary insufficiency[1 case] in order of frequency.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.106-111
• /
• 1987

Twenty eight patients with atrial septal defect operated on from May, 1983, to July, 1986 at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, were analyzed retrospectively. Among the 28 patients of atrial septal defect, 8 were male and 20 were female. Their ages ranged from 4.6 years to 52.5 years old with the mean of 15.3 years. The main clinical symptoms on admission were exertional dyspnea [82%], frequent respiratory infection [75%], palpitation [54%] and easy fatigability [25%]. Electrocardiographic findings were as follows: Regular sinus rhythm [100%], RVH [54%], RBBB [25%] and first degree of A-V block [4%]. Hemodynamic studies were performed in all cases and mean pulmonary systolic arterial pressure was 34.1*11.8mmHg. and mean Qp/Qs was 2.6*0.9. All 28 patients were operated under direct vision using extracorporeal circulation. 23 cases were secundum type defect and a single hole was found in 22 cases. The associated cardiovascular anomalies were found in 11 patients: ventricular septal defect in 3, patent ductus arteriosus in 1, partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in 2, mitral regurgitation in 2, tricuspid regurgitation in 1, anomalous left atrial septation in 1 and valvular pulmonary stenosis in 1. The defect closed directly in 22 cases and with patches in 6 cases. Postoperative complications were wound infection, arrhythmia bleeding, intracardiac patch detachment, pneumothorax and urethral injury. But there was no operative mortality.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.151-156
• /
• 1985

A clinical analysis was done on 50 cases of ventricular septal defect, operated from April 1981 to March 1984 at the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Keimyung University. Among 50 cases, 34 cases were males and 16 cases were females. Their age ranged from 1 to 26 years and the mean age was 9.7 years. The main symptoms at admission were frequent upper respiratory infection [50%], exertional dyspnea [42%] and palpitation [34%]. In anatomical classification by Kirklin, type I constituted 20%, type II 76%, type IV 4%. Associated congenital cardiac lesions were pulmonic stenosis [6 cases], patent foramen ovale [5 cases], aortic insufficiency [3 cases] and persistent left superior vena cava [1 case]. When a normal electrocardiogram pattern was present, Qp/Qs, Rp/Rs and pulmonary artery systolic pressure and Pp/Ps were relatively low. Among cases of above 1 cm2/M2 BSA in size of defect, Pp/Ps and pulmonary artery systolic pressure were increased than the cases of below 1 cm2/M2 BSA [P=0.01]. The postoperative right bundle branch block was occurred in 21 cases [75%] among 28 cases of right ventriculotomy approach. The operative mortality was 2% [1 case] among 50 cases and complication rate was 14% [7 cases].

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제25권12호
• /
• pp.1563-1569
• /
• 1992

From Jan. 1981 to Dec. 1991, we had treated 25 patients with congenital coronary art-eriovenous fistulas [CAVF] in Seoul National University Hospital. A retrospective review was made to delineate the course and the management of CAVF and to clarify the role of surgical treatment. Fifteen patients were male and 10 were female with The mean age of 17.4 years[from 3 months to 58 years]. The most frequent symptom was dyspnea on exertion[56%]. Other symptoms were angina and palpitation. Sixty-eight percent of the patients were symptomatic. Fifty-three percent of patients less than 20 years old were symptomatic and 100% of patients over 20 years old were symptomatic. Three patients had multiple CAVFs. The fistula drained into the right ventricle in 13, pulmonary artery in 9, left ventricle in 4, right atrium in 2, and left atrium in 1. Thirteen patients had other associated cardiac lesions. The mean pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow[Qp /Qs] in the isolate CAVF group was 2.19. All patients were operated on to correct the fistulas and other associated cardiac lesions. All patients were followed from 1 month to 11 years without late death. Postoperative complication rate was 24% -significant arrhythmia [3], recurred CAVF[1], psychosis[1], pneumonia [1]. Symptomatic improvement was evident postoperatively. Below 20 years old, 94% of patients were asymptomatic, but above 20 years old, symptoms persisted in 25%. In summary, early elective repair of CAVF is indicated in all patients because of higher complication rate and frequent persistent symptoms in older patients.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 1991

This report describes our 10-year experience with intracardiac repair in 42 patients older than 16 year with tetralogy of Fallot. The mean age was 22.0$\pm$5.18 years[range 16~41]. The preoperative clinical manifestations were cyanosis & clubbing[93%], frequent URI [55%], anoxic spell[40%], pulmonary tuberculosis[21%], tuberculous empyema[7%], chronic renal failure[7%], congestive heart failure[7%] and subacute bacterial endocarditis [2%], etc. The previous shunt procedure for palliation had been performed in 7 patients. The type of VSD were typical perimembranous type[67%], total canal defect[28%] and combined type[5%]. The right ventricular outflow tract obstruction were combined type[69%], infundibular type[21%] and valvular type[10%]. Transannular patch was used in 50% of patients. Associated cardiovascular anomalies were ASD[33%], PFO[31%], Rt. aortic arch[10%], Lt. SVC[10%], single Rt. pulmonary artery, single Lt. coronary artery, ASI, proximal stenosis of Rt. pulmonary artery and anomalous systemic venous return, etc. Hospital mortality was 7.1%[3 cases]in overall. The causes of hospital deaths were revealed low cardiac output & acute renal failure[2 cases], postoperative bleeding[1 case]. There were 2 late deaths 3 & 68 months after surgery. Residual intracardiac shunt was detected in 2 patients. one patient was successfully reoperated and another patient had Qp /Qs ratio less than 1.5.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.244-249
• /
• 1984

Surgical treatment of partial endocardial cushion defect was accomplished in Feb. 1984 in this department. The 5 year old male patient had history of frequent upper respiratory tract infection and since his age of 3 years dyspnea on exertion and palpitation were noted but there were no cyanosis and clubbing. A thrill was palpable on the apex and grade IV/IV harsh systolic ejection murmur and diastolic murmur was audible on it. Liver was palpable about 3 finger breadths and no ascites. Chest X-ray revealed increased pulmonary vascularity, moderate cardiomegaly [C-T ratio; 0.69], and enlarged left atrium. EKG showed first degree heart block, RVH, LVH, and LAD. Echocardiogram showed paradoxical ventricular septal movement and abnormal diastolic movement of the anterior leaflet of mitral valve. Right heart catheterization resulted left to right shunt [Qp:Qs:2.1:1 ] and moderate pulmonary hypertension [60/40 mmHg]. Left ventriculogram showed mitral regurgitation [Grade III/IV] and filling of left atrium and right atrium nearly same time. Operative findings were: 1.Primum type atrial septal defect [3x2 cm] 2.Cleft on the anterior leaflet of mitral valve. 3.No interventricular communication and cleft of tricuspid valve leaflet. The mitral cleft was repaired with 4 interrupted sutures. The primum type atrial septal defect was closed with Dacron patch intermittently at endocardial cushion and continuously remainder. The post operative course was uneventful and discharged on 22nd postoperative day in good general conditions.