• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.1
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• pp.156-160
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• 2013

Global warming affects terrestrial ecosystem productivity including photosynthesis and plant growth. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of experimental warming on chlorophyll contents and net photosynthetic rate of Quercus variabilis Blume seedlings. One-year-old Q. variabilis seedlings were planted in control and warmed plots in April 2010. The air temperature of warmed plots was increased by $3^{\circ}C$ compared to control plots using the infrared lamp from November 2010. Total chlorophyll contents were higher in warmed plots than those in control plots in May, July, August, September and October, 2012, however, the differences were statistically significant only in October. Net photosynthetic rates were also higher in warmed plots than those in control plots in May (57.0%), September (21.4%), and October (89.6%), however, the differences were significant only in May and October. Higher chlorophyll contents and net photosynthetic rate of warmed plots in spring and fall might be related to the extended growing season length.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2014

Evaluation of tree responses to temperature elevation is critical for a development of forest management techniques coping with climate change. We conducted a study on the growth responses of Betula costata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Quercus variabilis seedlings to open-field artificial warming. Artificial warming set-up using infra-red heater was built in 2012 and the temperature in warmed plots was regulated to be consistently $3^{\circ}C$ higher than that of control plots. The seeds of three species were sown, and the responses of growth, biomass allocation, and net photosynthetic rate of newly-germinated seedlings on the open-field artificial warming were determined. As a result, the growth responses of the seedlings differed with the species. B. costata showed decreases in the height to diameter ratio (H/D ratio), biomass, root weight to shoot weight ratio, and net photosynthetic rate. However, root collar diameter (RCD), height, biomass, and net photosynthetic rate of Q. variabilis were increased, while the response of F. rhynchophylla was rather obscure. There was no significant difference between warmed and control plots in seedling growth for 3 species in July, whereas, RCD, height, and H/D ratio of Q. variabilis were increased and H/D ratio of B. costata was decreased in November under warming. Species-specific growth responses to warming were similar to the species-specific responses of net photosynthetic rate and biomass allocation; therefore, net photosynthetic rate and biomass allocation might attribute to growth responses to warming. Besides, a relatively obvious response in autumn compared to summer might be affected by the phenological change following artificial warming. Species-specific responses of three deciduous species to warming in this study could be applied to the development of adaptive forest management policies to climate change.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.708-721
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• 2019

This study was conducted to understand the plant community structure characteristics of warm-temperate forest in Geoje Island. Survey sites were set up on ridges, valleys, and slopes where evergreen broad-leaved trees predominated or distributed in canopy, sub-canopy, or shrub layers at Chunjangsan(Mt.). Thirty-one sites were located in the areas, such as vegetation community, ridges, valleys, and slopes, to observe vegetation structure and location changes. The community classification with TWINSPAN identified six groups: Neolitsea sericea-Platycarya strobilacea, N. sericea-Styrax japonicus, N. sericea-Euonymus oxyphyllus, Pinus thunbergii-N. sericea, N. sericea-Quercus serrata, and Q. variabilis-P. strobilacea. Considering the results of previous studies that reported that the successional pattern of the warm temperate forests progressed from deciduous to evergreen forests, the regions predominated by deciduous communities such as P. thunbergii, Q. serrata, P. strobilacea, Zelkova serrata, and Q. variabilis, is likely to transform into the evergreen forest predominated by N. sericea. The relationship between the impact of the environmental factors and the vegetation distribution showed that slope, Na +, K +, electrical conductivity, and clay among physical properties had direct or indirect effects on vegetation distribution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.2
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• pp.166-177
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• 1988

To investigate the structure of the plant community of the Naejang Temple District in Mt. Naejang National Park, 22 plots were set up by the vegetation physiognomy and vegetation analysis by four kinds of ordination techniques(PO, PCA, RA and DCA) was carried out. Pure and mixed forest community of Quercus variabilis and Q. mongolica were major forest communities and each of them covered 31.27 and 20.77%, respectively. The degree of human disturbance of vegetation 9, 8, 7 and 6 area covered 30.9, 67.0, 0 and 0.02%, respectively. According to stand dynamic analysis by DBH class distribution, the present Pinus densiflora and Quercus communities may be succeeded to Carpinus laxiflora communities. DCA was the most effective method of this study. DCA ordination showed that successional trends of tree species seem to be from P. densiflora through Q. variabilis, Q. aliena, Sorbus alnifolia, Platycarya strobilacea to Carpinus laxiflora, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Zelkova serrata, Cornus controversa in the tree layer, and from Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Rhus trichocarpa through Styrax japonica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Sapium japonicum to Euonymus oxyphyllum, E. sieboldiana, Lindera erythrocarpa in the subtree layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.220-229
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the forest community classification and vegetation structure in NYNRF(National Yonghyeon Natural Recreation Forest). We studied by 26 plots($20{\times}20m$) from April to September 2014. NYNRF were classified into the Quercus mongolica Community, Quercus variabilis community and Acer pictum community in the 3 community units. The Q. mongolica Community was subdivided into the Pinus densiflora group and Typical group and A. pictum community was also subdivided into the Euonymus sachalinensis group and Typical group. NYNRF were classified into 3 communities and 4 groups and 5 VU(vegetation units). According to the result of importance value analysis between vegetation units, VU 1 P. densiflora(65.1%), VU 2 Q. mongolica(73.6%), VU 3 Q. variabilis(75.1%), VU 4 E. sachalinensis(33.3%) and VU 5 Lindera erythrocarpa(27.1%) were highly showed in tree layer and VU 1 Rhododendron mucronulatum (19.3%), VU 2 Calamagrostis arundinacea (16.9%), VU 3 Indigofera kirilowii (75.1%), VU 4 and VU 5 Pseudostellaria heterophylla(each other 14.8% and 24.7%) were highly showed in herb layer. In INSPAN(INdicator SPecies ANalysis) of vegetation units, 33 species were analyzed significantly(p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.45-57
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• 2016

This study was focused on the northernmost limit of the distribution changing of Daphniphyllum macropodum and studied characteristic of plant communities of natural monument No. 91 in Najangsan national park, Korea. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The highest importance percentage(I.P.) value at tree layer in Quercus. mongolica community was Q. mongolica, 37.8%. But the highest value of mean importance percentage(M.I.P.) was D. macropodum, 32.8%. 2. The highest I.P. value at tree layer in Carpinus laxiflora community was C. laxiflora, 47.4%. The highest M.I.P. value was C. laxiflora, 28.8% and M.I.P. value of D. macropodum was 24.0%. 3. The highest I.P. value at tree layer in D. macropodum community was D. macropodum, 55.6%. C. laxiflora and Q. mogolica I.P. value was 14.8% and 6.8%, respectively. The highest M.I.P. value was D. macropodum, 47.9%. Sapium japonicum and C. laxiflora M.I.P. value was 11.4% and 10.7%, respectively. 4. The highest I.P. value at tree layer in Quercus variabilis community was C. laxiflora, 20.8%. Q. variabilis and Acer pseudosieboldianum I.P. value was 15.3% and 12.5%, respectively. The highest M.I.P. value was D. macropodum, 21.5%. It needs to the continuous monitoring of vegetation and importance percentage change in tree layer and subtree layer of D. macropodum. The researching results of D. macropodum distribution, the distribution range of D. macropodum showed expanded more than range of Lim and Oh' result(1999). In other words, it was distributed low density level between Najangsa temple and Byeokryeonam, and distributed in upper Keumsun waterfall and Wonjeok upper valley. D. macropodum was appeared on hiking trails around from Wonjeokam to Bulchulbong. Especially, it was found in this study that D. macropodum was distributed on Seoraebong's north which placed outside area of Naejangsa region. In this study, it was considered that distribution range of D. macropodum was expanded. Also, it is expected to be used as a result of the field study of changing distribution study of broad leaved evergreen forest due to global warming.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2021

In this study, the structure of forest vegetation in Mt. Seondalsan, Bongwha-gun, was analyzed. Vegetation data were collected in 137 quadrat plots using the Z-M phytosociological method from June to October 2018. These data were analyzed using vegetation classification, importance value,and species diversity. Consequently, vegetation was classified as a Quercus mongolica community group that was divided into four communities: Cornus controversa, Phlomis umbrosa, Pinus densiflora, and Q. mongolica communities. The C. controversa community was subdivided into Magnolia sieboldii and Parthenocissus tricuspidata groups; the P. densiflora community was divided into Vaccinium hirtum var. koreanum, Quercus variabilis, and P. densiflora groups. In the C. controversa community, the M. sieboldii group was divided into the Acer mandshuricum and M. sieboldii subgroups, whereas the P. tricuspidata group was divided into the Larix kaempferi, Pinus koraiensis, and P. tricuspidata subgroups. In the P. densiflora community, the V. hirtum var. koreanum group was divided into the Rhododendron micranthum and V. hirtum var. koreanum subgroups. According to importance value analysis, C. controversa, L. kaempferi, P. koraiensis, Q. mongolica, Acer pictum subsp. mono, P. densiflora, and Q. variabilis were mainly indicated to have high value in the tree layer. The species diversity of Mt. Seondalsan was 1.969, which was greater than that of another Forest Genetic Resource Reserve.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.156-168
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• 2024

This study was carried out to provide fundamental data for forest land and the environment by investigating the vegetation structure and soil properties of forest land where Sarcodon impricatus are present. The study area was divided into the Quercus mongolica community, dominated by Q. mongolica and the Quercus variabilis community, a mixed forest with Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica and Pinus densiflora. Also, Calamagrostis arundinacea in the former community and Disporum smilacinum and Carex siderosticta in the latter community showed significant levels as indicator species. Both communities showed a strong correlation between available phosphate and pH, sand, and clay, and the high organic matter content and slightly acidic pH of the soil are believed to be related to the development of S. impricatus. The species appearing at the lower layer continue to dominate because the species appearing at the upper layer have secured realized niches. The site was distributed in a relatively humid place in a north-east direction, and soil was developed with a thin litter layer and low rock exposure. In the selected S. impricatus growing areas, vegetation centered on highly adaptable species to disturbance or external interference was developed. Therefore, it is expected to be used as fundamental data to promote the occurrence of S. impricatus during artificial cultivation, as it is possible to identify the stand where S. impricatus occurs indirectly.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.223-236
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• 2003

The vegetation in this study area was divided into 10 plant communities: Pinus thunbergii, P. densiflora, Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. serratea, Q. variabilis, Q. aliena, Q. dentata, Carpinus coreana, Betula davurica and 3 afforestations; Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Castanea crenata. The dominant species in each stratum as determined by R-NCD appeared to be Q. acutissima, P. densiflora, Platycarya strobilacea, Sorbus alnifolia and Q. aliena in the tree-2 layer, Rhododendron mucronulatum, P. strobilacea, Q. serrata, Q. aliena and Q. acutissima in the shrub layer, and Carex lanceolata, C. humilis, R. mucronulatum, Mischanthus sinensis var. purpurascens and Oplismenus undulatifolius in the herb layer. The distribution of diameter at breast height(DBH) showed the highest percentage (56%) in the range of 2∼10㎝ in the study area and it was investigated as being in the restoration phase after disturbance. The average of the age of trees was under 40-years-od. The pH of soil collected at each site appeared to be within the range between 4.53 and 5.10(the average of 4.73) in each community, organic matters appeared higher than the value in Q. mongolica, P. rigida, C. crenata communities compared to P. thunbergii, P. densiflora communities. And soil organic matters and total nitrogen were highly correlated with their contents.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.385-394
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• 2001

An attempt to clarify the landscape structure of urban areas was carried out in the greenbelt around Seoul, Korea's metropolis. By means of aerial photographs and a field survey, a vegetation map including land-use pattern was made. Landscape structure was described by analyzing this vegetation map and the results of phytosociological survey. Landscape element types identified were (1) secondary forest, (2) plantation, (3) cultivated field, (4) urbanized area, (5) graveyard, and (6) bare rock. Vegetation units, resulting from the phytosociological analysis, included Quercus mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima, Pinus densiflora, Q. aliena, and Alnus japonica communities. Plantations were composed of Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus tomentiglandulosa, P. rigida, Larix leptolepis, P. koraiensis, and Castanea crenata stands. Patches near to human settlements in the lower zones of the mountains were fragmented and small but they became larger towards the higher mountain zones. On the other hand, the number of patches was fewer and their size was larger in Mt. Cheonggye more distant from the principal residential area, larger in size, and higher in elevation compared with the other 2 mountains, Mt. Daemo and Mt. Acha. Floristic composition of Mongolian oak(Q. mongolica) stand distributing in the upper part of each mountain, in which artificial interference is rare, showed a difference among those study areas different in parent rock and disturbance regime. But that of black locust(R. pseudoacacia) stand located in lowland of mountainous area, in which artificial interference is frequent was similar to each other. As the results of analyses on the frequency distribution of diameter classes of major species, dominant landscape elements, Mongolian oak forest showed different responses depending on artificial interference as continuous maintenance and retrogressive succession in the sites far from and near to the residential areas, respectively. On the other hand, black locust stands showed a probability to be restore to the native oak forest through progressive succession.