• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.339-352
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• 2014

The study was carried out to analyze vegetation structure of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forests located in Jochimryeong to Shinbaeryeong of the Baekdudaegan mountain range. The survey for 50 plots was conducted from April 2012 to August 2013 in the permanent plots ($100m{\times}100m$) using phytosociological analysis. As a result, the vegetations were classified into five vegetation units. In species composition, they were classified into Q. mongolica community group divided into 2 community such as Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Carpinus cordata community, F. rhynchophylla community was subdivided Pinus densiflor group (into Euonymus sachalinensis subgroup, Vitis coignetiae subgroup) and Juglans mandshurica group. C. cordata community was subdivided Acer komarovii group and Betula ermanii group. In terms of importance value, P. densiflora and Q. mongolica were more than 20% respectively. P. densiflora was found to have the highest relative coverage. Analysis of interspecific association showed four types which were coincident with differential species and character species on the constancy table. Based on the diameter class distribution, P. densiflora forest presented a normal distribution pattern except for other species which showed a reverse Jshaped distribution pattern, therefore P. densiflora forest would likely be replaced by Q. mongolica forests. While in Q. mongolica forest, diameter class distribution of all species population presented a reverse J-shaped distribution pattern, therefore Q. mongolica forest could likely remain in the future.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.229-240
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• 2020

Background: Genus Quercus is a successful group that has occupied the largest area of forest around the world including South Korea. The acorns are an important food source for both wild animals and humans. Although the reproductive characteristics of this genus are highly variable, it had been rarely studied in South Korea. Therefore, in Seoraksan and Odaesan National Parks (i) we measured the acorn production of Quercus mongolica, an overwhelmingly dominant species in South Korea, for 3 years (2017-2019), (ii) evaluated the spatial-temporal variation of acorn production, and (iii) analyzed the effects of oak- and site-related variables on the acorn production. Results: The annual acorn production of Q. mongolica increased 36 times from 1.2 g m-2 in 2017 to 43.2 g m-2 in 2018, and decreased to 16.7 g m-2 in 2019, resulting in an annual coefficient of variation of 104%. The coefficient of spatial variation was high and reached a maximum of 142%, and the tree size was the greatest influencing factor. That is, with an increase in tree size, acorn production increased significantly (2018 F = 16.3, p < 0.001; 2019 F = 8.2, p < 0.01). Elevation and slope also significantly affected the production in 2019. However, since elevation and tree size showed a positive correlation (r = 0.517, p < 0.001), the increase in acorn production with increasing elevation was possibly due to the effect of tree size. The acorn production of Odaesan for 3 years was 2.2 times greater than that of Seoraksan. This was presumed that there are more distribution of thick oak trees and more favorable site conditions such as deep soil A-layer depth, high organic matter, and slower slopes. Conclusion: As reported for other species of the genus Quercus, the acorn production of Q. mongolica showed large spatial and annual variations. The temporal variability was presumed to be a weather-influenced masting, while the spatial variability was mainly caused by oak tree size.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2016

This study was carried out to classify the current forest cover types and to propose the successional trends in the natural forest of Mt. Deogyu. The vegetation data were collected by the point-centered quarter method. The forest cover types were classified by various multivariate statistical analysis methods such as cluster analysis, indicator species analysis and multiple discriminant analysis. This forests were classified into five forest types by the species composition of upper layer and topographic positions: Quercus mongolica forest in the ridge, Fraxinus mandushurica-F. rhynchophylla-Cornus controversa forest and F. mandushurica forest in the valley, the Q. serrata - Pinus densiflora - Q. mongolica forest and P. densiflora forest in the low-slope. As a result of the forest successional trends depending on ecological and environmental characteristics in each forest type, the current forest types were expected that the forest succession would be proceeded toward Q. mongolica forest, F. mandshurica forest, mixed mesophytic forest, and oak-Carpinus laxiflora forest.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.111-125
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• 1997

To investigate the climax forest structure and to construct the ecological basic data, forty nine plots were set up and surveyed in Mt. Minjuji, Chungchongpukdo. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divided by seven groups of Pinus densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus serrata(community I), Q. mongolica-Q. serrata-Platycarya strobilacea(community II), Q. mongolica(community III), Fraxinus mandshurica-Acer mono(community IV), Cornus controversa-F. mandshurica(community V), F. mandshurica-Carpinus cordata(community VI), and F. mandshurica-C. laxiflora(community VII). In the results of the analysis of species structure, similarity, diversity and DBH, except for community I~III, it was founede out broadleaves-mixed-climax forest. Constructed basic data will be applied to sustainable development such as ecotourism, nature trail etc.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2018

Water status of intact plants has been optically estimated by measuring reflectance at the wavelengths 1,450 nm and 1,900 nm based on their signal strengths. Although another water band at 970 nm is considered to have very small signals, the band apparently lies within the detection range of inexpensive spectrometer and plain charge-coupled device (CCD) camera used in wild fire studies. However measurement of the reflectance at 970 nm has been rarely applied to estimate the water status of dead plant materials such as fallen branch, twig, and leaf. To test the possibility of applying water reflectance at 970 nm to estimate the water content (WC) in leaf litter, the reflectance in various WC values were measured in the leaf litter of three Quercus species (Q aliena, Q aliena, Q mongolica, and Quercus variabilis). The results showed that the WC in the leaf litter can be determined by reflectance water index (WI) in the three Quercus species ($WC=1,450{\times}WI-1,378.8$, r=0.865). However, there was no interaction effect in the relationship between WI and WC among the litter of the three Quercus species.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.203-208
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• 2003

Losses in the dry weight of leaf litter from six tree species were studied during 16 months on the forest floor in temperate deciduous forest of Mt. Cheonma in the vicinity of Seoul in Korea by using litter bag method. The decomposition rate of each leaf litter varies with each species. After 16 months elapsed, the leaf litter of Acer pseudo-sieboidianum showed the highest decomposition constant (0.82) as Olson´s decomposition constant, while that of Pinus densiflora showed the lowest decomposition constant (0.33). The decomposition constant of Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Betula ermani and Carpinus laxiflora showed 0.43, 0.37, 0.66 and 0.75, respectively. The decomposition constant of leaf litter was considered with temperature and precipitation which accumulated daily during each term of litter bag collection. The decomposition constant of leaf litter showed closely positive correlation with daily accumulative temperature and precipitation. The relationships between decomposition constant and the daily accumulative temperature and precipitation at each period of litter bag collection were analyzed through multi-regression analysis. The correlation coefficients as a result of multi-regression analysis in Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, P densiflora, B. ermani, C. laxiflorais and A. pseudo-sieboldianum were 0.83, 0.81, 0.69, 0.77, 0.77 and 0.62, respectively. The precipitation showed higher effect, about 10 times, on the leaf litter decomposition than the daily accumulative temperature.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to estimate dynamics of litter production and soil organic carbon of Pinus densiflora forest, Quercus mongolica forest, and Rhobina pseudo-acasia forest at Mt. Nam as a part of Korea National Long-Term Ecological Research (KNLTER) from 2008 to 2009. Litter production of P. densiflora forest was the highest in October 2008, 2009 and the lowest in January 2008 and December 2009. Litter production of Q. mongolica forest was the highest in November and the lowest in February in 2008 and 2009. Litter production of R. pseudo-acacia forest was the highest in November in 2008 and October in 2009 and the lowest in January in 2008 and December in 2009. It means that leaves of P. densiflora forest shed earlier than deciduous oak forests in Korean central region. An average of litter production for 2 years was 7.07, 6.36, $4.66ton\;ha^{-1}$ in P. densiflora forest, Q. mongolica forest, R. psuedo-acacia forest, respectively. An average of soil organic carbon matter for 2 years was 88.3, 76.5, $84.2ton\;ha^{-1}$ in P. densiflora forest, Q. mongolica forest, R. psuedo-acacia forest, respectively.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 1987

To estimate the biomass, net production and nutrient distribution of Pinus Koraiensis and Quercus mongolica stand, experimental plots located in Kwangju of Kyonggi-do were selected. Ten sample trees selected account of DBH distribution were felled and the diagram of oven-dry weight distrubution of leaves, branches and stems for each 1m segment was constructed. The logarithmic regression equations between dry weight of each component and the variable of $(DBH)^2$ H obtained. The standing crops were estimated to be as much as 152.07 and 156.02 tons of dry matter per hectare in P. koraiensis and Q. mongolica stand respectively. The net production was estimated as 24.66 and 20.35t/ha$\cdot$yr and the net assimilation rate was 1.90 and 3.42kg/kg$\cdot$yr in same order. Particulary large proportions of nitrogen. calcium and magnesium were found in soil of P. koraiensis stand, phosphours and potassium in overstory of it. At Q. mongolica stand, large proportions of nitrogen. phosphorus. potassium and magnesium were found in soil and calcium in overstory. The amounts of litter fall was 4.013t/ha$\cdot$8 months in P. koraiensis stand and 3.490t/ha$\cdot$8 months in Q. mongolica stand.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.471-484
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• 1994

The forest vegetation types and their structural characteristics in Mt. $Mud\v{u}ng$ were investigated by classification method and ordination method. The forest was classified into 7 communities by ristic composition table: Quercus monogolica community, Q. serrata community, Q.acutissima community, Q.variabilis community, Q.dentata community, Pinus densiflora community and Frainus mandshurica community. Considering the moisture gradient, two kinds of distributuin pattern were shown as follows; F. mandshurica, Q. acturissima, Platycarya strobilacea and Staphylea bumalda were distribute at moist habitats, while Q. monogolica, P. densiflora and Q.variabilis at dry habitats. In continuum analysis, each population occupied different distribution area but it was continuously overlapped. On the successional trends of tree species, it is postulated that Q. mongolica species might dominate the altitudinal zone over 700m.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1987

The forest vegetation of Mt. Chil-gab was studied from 1983 to 1984. By Z-M method, the actual vegetation was classified into 8 communities and 1 plantation; Quercus variabilis, Q. variabilis-Styrax obassia, Q variabilis-Q. dentata, Q. varisbilid-Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima-Q. variabilis, Zelkova serrata-Styrax japonica, Capinus laxiflora, Pinus densiflora community and Larix leptolepts plantation (on the mountain foot) community. The plant communities of Q. variabilis and S. japonica as edaphic climax, in terms of the isopleth line of warmth index. Based on the data of vegetation survey and environmental analysis, the actual vegetation map and potential natural vegetation map were perpared with scale of 1/25, 000.