• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of energy source on development of in vitro development of in vitro matured and fertilized porcine 2-cell embryos. The relative preferences of glucose, lactate and pyruvate for in vitro development of porcine 2-cell embryos were determined. The results obtained are as follows. 1. 33.3, 20.8 and 29.2% of porcine embryos reached morula stage in addition to lactate, glucose, and both glucose and lactate in the culture medium as energy source, respectively. 2. 38.5, 15.4 and 26.9% of porcine embryos reached morula stage in addition to pyruvate, glucose, and both glucose and pyruvate in culture medium as energy source, respectively. 3. 42.9, 21.4 and 28.6% of porcine embryos reached morula stage in addition to pyruvate and lactate, glucse alone, and glucose, lactate and pyruvate in culture medium as energy source, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2001

Shewanela, putrefaciene IR-1 and MR-1 were cultivated by using various combinations electron donor-acceptor, lactate-Fe(III) lactate-nitrate, pyruvate-FE(III), pyruvate-nitrate H$_2$ acetate-Fe(III) and H$_2$-acetate-nitrate. Both strains grew fermentatively on pyruvate and lactate but not on without and electron acceptor. In culture with Fe(III), both astrains grew on pyruvate and lactate but on H$_2$-acetate- CO$_2$. In cultivation with nitrate, both stains grew on pyruvate lactage and on H$_2$-acetate-CO$_2$ The growth yields of IR-1 pyruvate, pyruvate-Fe(III) and lactate-Fe(III) were about 3.4, 3.5, and 3.6(g cell/M substrate), respectively. From the growth properties of both strains on media with Fe(III) as an electron acceptor, the bacterial growth was confirmed not to be increased by addition of Fee(III) as an electron acceptor to the growth medium, which indicates a possibility that the dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(III) may not be coupled to free energy production.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.64-64
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• 2003

본 연구는 돼지의 미성숙란을 체외에서 성숙, 수정시킨 후 생산된 체외수정란을 NCSU23 체외배양액에 sodium pyruvate, hemicalcium lactate 및 glucose를 첨가해 돼지 체외수정란의 체외발육에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. NCSU23 체외배양액에 Glucose 0 mM, 2.78 mM, 5.56 mM 및 11.12 mM을 처리하여 체외배양한 결과 분할율은 glucose처리구가 무처리구에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 성적을 나타냈으며(P<0.05), 상실배까지 체외발육률 또한 glucose처리구가 무처리구에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 성적을 나타냈다 (P<0.05). 한편 배반포까지의 체외발육율은 5.56 mM 처리구가 다른 처리구에 비해 높은 경향을 나타냈지만 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. Glucose와 0.4mM sodium pyruvate, 2mM hemicalcium lactate 공동배양 처리구와 glucose를 첨가하지 않은 처리구의 분할율은 처리구간 커다란 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 상실배기 이상 발육된 체외 발육율도 처리구간 커다란 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 또한, 각 처리구간 분할율은 hemicalcium lactate와 glucose공동배양 처리구가 가장 좋은 성적을 나타냈지만 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았으며, 상실배기 이상 발육된 체외 발육율은 hemicalcium lactate만 첨가한 처리구가 가장 좋은 성적을 나타냈지만 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. Sodium pyruvate를 체외수정 후 8시간, 48시간, 96시간, 120시간에 제거하였을 때 분할율은 sodium pyruvate를 제거하는 시기가 늦어질수록 분할율이 향상되는 경향을 나타냈지만 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 또한, 상실배기 이상 발육된 체외 발육율은 제거하는 시기가 늦어질수록 체외 발육율이 향상되는 경향을 나타냈지만 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과 돼지 체외수정란의 체외배양시 glucose의 첨가는 체외발육을 증진시키는 결과가 있었으며, glucose와 sodium pyruvate, hemicalcium lactate 공동배양은 체외배양에 별다른 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

본 연구는 단순배양체계내 소 난포란의 성숙에 요구된는 탄수화물 (glucose, lactate와 pyruvate)을 검토하기 위해 수행하였다. GV(germinal vesicle) 단계의 난구세포로 둘러싸인 소 난자를 단백질, 아미노산 및 호르몬이 첨가되지 않은 modified Tyrodes (mT)에서 24시간, 5% $CO_{2}$ 배양기를 이용하여 성숙배양하였다. Glucose 무첨가군 (0-61%)에 비해 5.6mM의 glucose 첨가군 (71-74%)이 유의적으로 높은 (P<0.05) M-II단계로의 난자 발육을 나타내었다. Glucose를 함유한 배지내에서는 lactate(10mM0와 pyruvate(0.5mM)의 첨가에 따르는 M-II 단계로의 발육에 있어 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 glucose 무첨가 배지에서는 pyruvate와 lactate를 첨가하는 것이 첨가하지 않은 것에 비해 condensed GV(76%vs. 0-2%), M-II, (43-61%vs. 0%)단계에 이른 난자수가 유의적으로 높았다. Glucose 함유 mT배지에 lactate와 pyruvate를 첨가하여 난자를 배양하였을 때, 동결융해 정자와 24시간 정치한 후 난자중 87-93%가 정자침투되었고 39-44%가 전핵단계로 발육하였다. 침투난자의 26-30%는 다정자수정이었다. 결론적으로, GV 단계의 소 난포란은 에너지원으로 lactate, glucose와 Pyruvate를 이용하지만, 감수분열 성숙을 유지하는데 glucose가 가장 효과적이다. 이 결과들로 보아 단순배양배지는 소 난포란의 체외성숙에 영향을 미치는 다양한 물질들을 연구하는데 잠재적으로 유용하다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.91-95
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• 2009

The presence of considerable amount of enzymes of TCA cycle isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH-NADP+, EC1.1.1.42), $\alpha$-ketogluterate dehydrogenase ($\alpha$-KGD, EC1.2.4.2) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC1.1.1.37) in fresh control and in vitro starved adult Isoparorchis hypselobagri establish the functional TCA cycle in this fluke. The major metabolic end products are pyruvate, lactate, oxaloacetate and malate. The ratio of oxaloacetate/malate assess that oxaloacetate is reduced to malate and in this fluke the reverse TCA cycle is active. The pyruvate/lactate ratio shows pyruvate is reduced to lactate and the fluke is homolactate farmenters.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.655-660
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• 1998

To produce blastocysts more efficiently, it is required to identity accurately the factors involving embryonic cleavage in the chemically defined medium. Effects of pyruvate, lactate, calcium and protein sources on early cleavage of bovine follicular oocytes were investigated. The percentage of IVF embryos cleaved to ${\geq}$ 2-cell or ${\geq}$ 8-cell was higher in pyruvate (+) and lactate (+) (48 or 14%) than in pyruvate (-) and lactate (-) (22% or 4%), than in pyruvate (+) and lactate (-) (28% or 5%) and than in pyruvate (-) and lactate (+) (40% or 10%). Lactate was more effective than pyruvate during early cleavage of bovine embryos in the chemically defined medium. The percentage of IVF embryo cleaved to ${\geq}$ 2-cell and ${\geq}$ 8-cell in calcium (-) (19 and 6%) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in calcium (+) (78 and 45%). The percentage of embryos developed to ${\geq}$ 2-cell showed no significant (p < 0.05) difference among BSA, 1 and 20% FBS (57, 57 and 57%). Also the percentage of A grade embryos developed to ${\geq}$ 2-cell showed no significant (p < 0.05) difference among BSA, 1 and 20% FBS (40, 35 and 28%). The percentage of embryos developed to ${\geq}$ 8-cell showed no significant (p < 0.05) difference among BSA, 1 and 20% FBS (33, 23, and 22%). However, the percentage of A grade embryos developed to ${\geq}$ 8-cell in BSA (24%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in 1 and 20% FBS (13 and 8%). The percentage of embryos developed to ${\geq}$ morula showed no significant (p < 0.05) difference among BSA, 1, 10 and 20% FBS (76, 76, 80 and 68%). The percentage of A grade embryos developed to ${\geq}$ morula in 10% FBS (59%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 20% FBS (43%). The percentage of embryos developed to blastocyst showed no significant (p < 0.05) difference among BSA, 1, 10 and 20% FBS (34, 41, 43 and 32%). However, the percentage of A grade embryos developed to ${\geq}$ blastocysts in 10% FBS (25%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in 20% FBS (8%).

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.241-247
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• 2015

Lactate and ketone bodies are considered biological markers for ketosis and several inherited metabolic disorders. In the current study, the specific ratios of lactate and ketone bodies as analytical tools for differential diagnosis of various lactic acidosis were devised. The study included a protein precipitation step following tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatisation. Total run time was approximately 30 min including sample preparation and GS/MS analysis. The limits of detection were below 0.1 pg/mL over the targeted 4 analytes. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of $0.001{\sim}250{\mu}g/mL$ for pyruvate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate ($R^2$ > 0.99). Inter-day accuracy and precision were 87.7~94.8% with RSD of 2.5~5.7% at 2 levels. Absolute recoveries (%) of target analytes were 87.0~98.4%. The method was validated for the quantification of lactate and ketone bodies for differentiation of lactic acidosis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.232-237
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• 1996

Growth yield of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans M6 was measured using different substrates. The cell yield of fermentative growth on pyruvate was 6.22 g cell $mol^{-l}$ pyruvate. Since 1 ATP is available from substrate-level phosphorylation from the oxidation of pyruvate to acetate, $Y_{ATP}$ of the bacterium should be the same as $Y_{pyruvate}$ (6.22 g cell $mol^{-l}$ ATP). The cell yields of the bacterium on different electron donors were measured with sulfate as the electron acceptor. Cell yields on lactate, pyruvate and $H_2$ were 9.39, 13.76 and 8.45 g cell $mol^{-l}$ substrate, respectively. From these figures ATP available from electron-transport phosphorylation (ETP) of the electron donors used was calculated. ATP produced by ETP of each electron donnor were 1.71 from pyruvate, 1.51 from lactate and 1.76 from $H_2$. These values show that electrons from the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate are consumed to reduce sulfate through a reverse electron transport mechanism requiring 0.2 ATP for each pair of electrons. Based on these results, discussions are made on the electron transport mechanism in the bacterium.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.914-918
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze the metabolic flux of W. kimchii sk10 on pyruvate and ethanol as a carbon source. The sk10 grown on ethanol produced acetate under aerobic conditions rather than under anaerobic conditions. The lactate and acetate were produced on ethanol plus pyruvate by the sk10 grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The resting cell of sk10 produced 99.1 mM acetate and 17.3 mM lactate under aerobic conditions and 51.1 mM acetate and 62.4 mM lactate under anaerobic conditions from ethanol plus pyruvate, respectively. This result is thought to be due to the difference in the $NADH/NAD^+$ ratio depending on the growth conditions. The 11-fold overproduction of NADH peroxidase results in a low $NADH/NAD^+$ratio under aerobic growth conditions. At the low $NADH/NAD^+$ ratio, the metabolic flux of pyruvate toward lactate has to be shifted to a flux toward acetate without NADH oxidation to $NAD^+$, and ethanol oxidation to acetate coupled to $NAD^+$ reduction to NADH has to be activated.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 1995

To investigate the metabolism of various substrates in preimplantation bovine embryos, uptake of glucose and pyruvate, and lactate production were measured in single IVF-derived bovine embryos by a non-invasive method. When the embryos were incubated for 5 h in culture medium supplemented with 1 mM glucose and 0.4mM pyruvate as substrates at each developmental stage, glucose uptake was increased with more advanced developmental stages while pyruvate uptake was decreased. Total lactate producton of 2-cell embryos was significantly higher than that of blastocysts (p<0.05). Both of glucose uptake and lactate production in normal morulae produced in vitro was significantly high compared to the degenerated embryos(p<0.05). The results obtained in the study suggest that pyruvate as an exogenous substrate may be support in bovine embryos until 8-cell stage, whereas glucose may be effective as an energy source after morula stage. In addition, it was proven thatlactate was not effective as an energy source in preimplantation development of IVF-derived bovine embryos.