• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2001

The aims of these study were to diagnose early pregnancy and reproductive disorders by using progesterone concentration and ultrasonography. The measurement of blood progesterone (P$_4$) concentration was conducted to diagnose pregnancy and to detect corpus luteum (CL) or evaluate disorder of CLs. As a result, the incidence rates of reproductive disorders were as follows : SH and EED (41.9%), inacitve ovaries (32.6%), follicullar cyst (9.3%), PCL (7.0%), endometritis (4.7%), pyometra (2.3%) and luteal cyst (2.3%). 61 Cows having P$_4$concentration 1.0 ng/ml(at the insemination) were increased to 1.0 ng/ml $\geq$ 6day after insemination. 50 cows among 61 cows were diagnosed pregnant. 8 cows among 13 HanWoos having P$_4$concentration 1.0 ng/ml at the insemination and 1.0 ng/mnl 6 day after insemination had non-ovulatory estrus and the others had P$_4$concentration 1.0 ng/ml at the insemination and 1.0 ng/ml $\geq$ 6 day after insemination, which was the error of estrus detection. All 13 cows were diagnosed non-pregnant. 47 cows diagnosed pregnant after insemination of P$_4$concentration 3.0 ng/ml were examined by ultrasonography at 30 day post-insemination. As a result, 41 cows were diagnosed pregnant (87.2%) but 14 cows having P$_4$concentration 3.0 ng/ml at 21 day after insemination was diagnosed to non-pregnancy. Calving intervals by surveying 100 cows were as follows 11~12 months (20%), 12~13 months (36%), 13~14 months (19%), 14 months $\geq$ (25%), respectively. In conclusion, hormone and ultrasonography help to detect reproductive disorders exactly and diagnose early pregnancy. This study suggest that diagnosis of early pregnancy and reproductive disorder by blood P$_4$concentration and ultrasonography improve reproduction management of HanWoo.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.181-188
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• 1994

In 60 dairy cows with inactive ovaries, follicular cyst, luteal cyst, persistent corpus luteum and silent heat as diagnosed by rectal palpation, and those that had not resumed ovarian cycles until 60 days postpartum, progesterone concentrations for differential diagnosis of reproductive disorders were measured and were compared in matched plasma, skim milk and milk fat samples at 10 days interval. The incidence rate of reproductive disorders were as follows; inactive ovaries 20(33.3%), silent heat 11(18.3%), follicular cyst 7(11.7%), luteal cyst 7(11.7%), persistent corpus luteum 7(11.7%), pyometra 4(6.7%), vaginitis 2(3.3%), cystic corpus luteum 1(1.7%), and endometritis 1(1.7%), respectively. Cows having a progesterone concentration in plasma and skim milk < 1.0 ng/ml, and in milk fat < 80.0 ng/ml were considered to have inactive ovaries or follicular cyst. Those with concentrations in plasma and skim milk ${\geq}1.0ng/ml$, and in milk fat ${\geq}80.0ng/ml$ were regarded as the cases of luteal cyst or persistent corpus luteum. Progesterone concentrations in above cows did not differ significantly between the time of initial determination and the 10 days after initial determination. But progesterone concentrations in cows with silent heat did differ significantly between the time of initial determination and the 10 days after initial determination(P<0.05). The accuracy of rectal palpation for making a differential diagnosis of ovarian dysfunction, as defined on basis of progesterone concentrations, were as follows; follicular cyst 55.6%, luteal cyst 50.0%, inactive ovaries 90.5% and persistent corpus luteum 60.0%, respectively. It may be concluded that progesterone determinations at 10 days interval is practical as an aid to diagnosing ovarian dysfunction, particularly follicular cyst and luteal cyst.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2005

This study was undertaken to determine the normal serial ultrasonographic appearance of the postpartum uterine involution. Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored by ultrasonography in 10 Shih-tzu bitches. Serial ultrasonographic examination was done daily during the first week, 3 days interval from 8 to 30 days, and weekly from 31 to 100 days postpartum. All 10 postpartum bitches had normal involution by gross finding, vaginal discharges, and by ultrasonographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. The uterine diameter in the placental sites was decreased from $23.56{\pm}1.45$ mm at 1 day to $14.08{\pm}1.55$ mm at 7 day, and in the interplacental sites was decreased from $14.64{\pm}1.28$mm at 1day to $9.61{\pm}1.46$mm at 7 day postpartum. At 65 days postpartum the uterine diameter was 5-6 mm both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns were uniform hypoechic, tubular structures without enlargement. Therefore, complete involution of the uterus occured 65 days. It was concluded that normal postpartum uterine involution in Shih-tzu bitches appeared to be completed 65 days postpartum by gross findings such as vaginal discharges, and ultrasonographic findings. And ultrasonographic characteristics of the postpartum uterine involution were described. Therefore, these result suggest that ultrasonographic assessment is a reliable method for diagnosing the subinvolution of placental sites and uterine dysfunction, such as pyometra in the bitch.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2016

This field study investigated the effects of dystocia on the postpartum complications, milk production, and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows. Calving difficulty was scored on a rank scale of 1 to 5. Cows with a calving score of three or higher were judged to have dystocia. The cows (n = 565) were categorized based on the presence (n = 61) or absence (n = 504, control) of dystocia. The incidence of retained placenta (45.9% vs. 16.3%), metritis (39.3% vs. 17.1%), endometritis (47.5% vs. 16.3%) and pyometra (9.8% vs. 1.2%) were greater in cows from the dystocia group than those from the control group (p < 0.0001); however, there was no difference in the incidence of metabolic disorders (32.8% vs. 31.0%) between the two groups (p > 0.05). The prevalence of culling was higher in cows from the dystocia group (26.2%) than in those from the control group (14.5%, p < 0.05). During the 5-month postpartum period, milk production was lower (p < 0.05) in cows from the dystocia group than in those from the control group. Furthermore, the hazard of insemination by 150 days in milk (DIM) was lower in cows from the dystocia group (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.64, p < 0.005) than in those from the control group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio for the probability of pregnancy after the first artificial insemination was 0.36 times (p < 0.05) higher in cows from the dystocia group than in those from the control group. The hazard of pregnancy by 360 DIM was lower in cows from the dystocia group (HR = 0.45, p = 0.0001) than in those from the control group. In conclusion, dystocia resulted in increased postpartum complications, and decreased milk production and reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows, leading to increased culling.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.153-162
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 한우의 신속한 증식을 위한 번식기술 개발을 위해 발정이 재귀되지않은 무발정 한우의 번식장애 치료효과와 공태기를 감축하기 위한 난소실질내 PGF／sub 2$\alpha$처치효과를 알아보았다. 1. 번식장애의 감별진단 결과는 검사두수 43두중 둔성발정 또는 발정발견의 잘못이 18두 (41.9%)로 가장 많았고, 난소기능정지 14두 (32.6%), 난포낭종 4두(9.3%), 영구황체 3두 (7.0%), 자궁내막염 2두 (4.7%), 자궁축농증과 황체낭종은 각각 1두(2.3%)로 나타났다. 2. 둔성발정 또는 발정발견의 잘못 18두를 PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／ 25 mg으로치료하여 18두가 발정이 발현되었고 이중 16두 임신되었다. 3. 난소기능정지의 경우는 GnRH 200$\mu\textrm{g}$으로 치료하여 10두중 8두가 발정이 발현되어 이중 7두가 임신이 되었으며, 난포낭종도 역시 CnRH 200$\mu\textrm{g}$으로 치료하여 4두중 3두가 발정이 발현되어서 인공수정후 임신이 되었다. 4. 영구황체 3두와 황체낭종 1두는 각각 PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／ 25 mg으로 치료하여 3두 모두 발정이 발현되어 수정후 임신이 되었다. 5. 자궁내막염 2두는 PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／25mg과 항생제 요법을 병행한 결과 2두 모두 발정이 발현되어서 인공수정후 임신이 되었다. 6.공태기를 줄이기 위한 방법으로 분만 후 20일이 경과한 소에 대해 14일 간격으로 PGF／sub 2$\alpha$/의 난소실질내 투여시 공여동물 23두중 17두에서 임신이 확인되어 74%의 수태율을 보였다. 또한 11일 간격으로 PGF／sub 2$\alpha$／ 를 투여한 군에서는 17두중 16두가 임신되어 94%의 높은 수태율을 보여 공태기를 더 단축할 수 있는 우수한 처리법임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.168-173
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• 2015

본 연구는 젖소에서 산후 자궁염증 및 난소주기 회복 정도를 평가하였으며, 또한 분만 사고 및 산후 기간 질병 발생에 대한 조사를 위하여 실시하였다. 충청 지역 4개 젖소 목장의 사육 젖소 224두를 이용하였다. 자궁의 염증상태를 평가하기 위하여, 분만 후 8주까지 매주 메트리체크 기구를 이용하여 자궁분비물 중 농의 비율에 따른 성상을 점수화(메트리체크 점수; 0-5점) 하였으며, 분만 후 4, 6, 8주에는 백혈구 비율 산정을 위한 자궁세포 검사를 실시 하였다. 분만 후 난소주기 재개 여부 확인을 위하여 4, 6, 8주에 프로게스테론 농도(${\geq}1ng/mL$)를 분석하였다. 분만 후 메트리체크 점수는 1주($3.4{\pm}0.1$)부터 4주($2.0{\pm}0.1$)까지 연속적으로 감소하였으며(p < 0.0001), 이 후 8주까지 비슷한 점수를 유지하였다(p > 0.05). 자궁세포 검사를 이용한 호중구 비율은 분만 후 4주($22.3{\pm}1.8%$)에서 6주($12.1{\pm}1.4%$)까지 감소하였으며(p < 0.0001), 이 후 8주($9.2{\pm}1.4%$)까지 비슷한 비율을 유지하였다(p > 0.05). 난소주기 재개는 분만 후 2주(12.1%)에서 8주(74.3%)까지 연속적으로 증가하였다(p < 0.0001). 난산과 후산정체 발생 비율은 각각 20.5%, 30.4%였다. 분만 후 케토시스, 유열, 4위전위증, 패혈성 자궁염, 자궁내막염, 준임상형 자궁내막염, 자궁축농증 및 난소낭종 발생율은 각각 18.8%, 3.6%, 4.0%, 36.2%, 29.5%, 17.0%, 4.5%, 14.7%였다. 소화기 질병 및 유방염 발생율은 각각 5.4%, 9.6%였다. 도태 및 폐사율은 각각 4.0%, 3.6%였다. 난산, 후산정체, 패혈성 자궁염, 자궁내막염, 난소낭종, 소화기 질병, 유방염 및 도태율은 목장간 차이가 있었다(p < 0.05, p < 0.01). 결론적으로, 분만 후 4주에서 8주까지 자궁염증 상태 및 난소주기 재개 확인은 축군의 번식위생 유지에 도움을 줄 수 있는 임상적인 수단으로 사용될 수 있으며, 조사 지역에서의 젖소에서 난산, 후산정체, 패혈성 자궁염 및 자궁내막염의 발생율이 높았음을 보여 주었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.653-664
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to determine the normal appearance of the postpartum uterine involution. Postpartum changes in uterine shape, architecture, echogenicity and diameter were monitored with ultrasonography in 11 Korea Jin-do dogs. Serial ultrasonographic examination was done daily during the first week, 3 days interval from 8 to 30 days, and weekly from 31 to 100 days postpartum, respectively. Of 11 postpartum bitches, 10 bitches (90.9%) had normal involution and 1 bitch (9.1%) had subinvolution of the placental sites (SIPS) by gross findings, vaginal discharges, and by ultrasographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. The excretory period of vaginal discharges in 10 normal bitches of uterine involution was finished completely at $20.2{\pm}4.6$ days (Mean${\pm}$SD) postpartum, but in 1 SIPS at 50 days postpartum. The short axis shape of the uterus was initially often flaccid-appearing. It varied from circular to crescent shaped to polygonal. This lasted until $16.5{\pm}3.7$ days postpartum, during which time the short axis uterine shape gradually changed to circular. Also, the long axis shape of the uterus was created a beaded appearance of the horns until $29.9{\pm}3.2$ days postpartum. After 30 days, it was appeared as tubular shape without distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. The ultrasonographic image of the postpartum uterus consisted of four echogenicity distinct layers. Uterine wall was represented the very hyperechoic serosa, hypoechoic myometrium, hyper echoic endometrium and anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity until 7 days postpartum. The individual uterine layers were most prominent during the first week postpartum, and they became progressively less distinct throughout the course of uterine involution. Anechoic structures of fluid in the uterine cavity was detected until $25.0{\pm}6.4$ days postpartum, after which time it was not reliably detected. The uterine diameter was decreased not only in the placental sites frorm $24.1{\pm}2.5mm$ at 1 day to $15.4{\pm}1.4mm$ at 7 days postpartum, but also in the interplacental sites $14.9{\pm}1.5mm$ at 1 day, $10.6{\pm}0.8mm$ at 7 days postpartum. There was a general trend of decreasing uterine diameter, which occurred more rapidly at the placental sites. At 31 days pastpartum, these diameter reached almost same size, after that time, they could be not distinguished between placental and interplacental sites. At 87 days postpartum, the uterine diameter was $5.6{\pm}0.6mm$ both placental and interplacental sites, and the uterine horns were uniform hypoechoic, tubular structures without enlargement. Therefore, complete involution of the uterus occurred at that time. It was concluded that normal postpartum uterine involution in Korea Jin-do bitches appeared to be completed around 87 days postpartum by gross findings such as vaginal discharges, and by ultrasonographic findings, uterine shape and echogenicity. Also ultrasonographic characteristics of the postpartum uterine involution were described. Therefore, these result suggest that ultrasonographic assessment is a reliable method for diagnosing the SIPS and uterine dysfunction, such as pyometra in bitch.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.603-613
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• 1995

Plasma progesterone($P_4$) assay has been introduced to apply to the differential diagnosis of reproductive disorders and the monitoring of responses of ovarian dysfunction to $PGF_2{\alpha}$ or GnRH treatment in the 204 postpartum and postinsemination subestrus dairy cows. 1. The incidence rate of reproductive disorders in 204 subestrus cows, diagnosed by palpation per rectum and plasma $P_4$ determination using 'Two sample test'(Day 0+Day 10) were as follows; silent heat or error of estrus detection 110(53.9%), persistent corpus luteum 26(12.7%), follicular cyst 16(7.8%), inactive ovary 12(5.9%), luteal cyst 11(5.4%), granulosa cell tumor of ovary 1(0.5%), fetal mummification 1(0.5%), endometritis 15(7.4%) and pyometra 12(5.9%), respectively. 2. After the $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment to the 76 cows with silent heat or error of estrus detection, persistent corpus luteum, or luteal cyst, plasma $P_4$ concentrations at day 3 post treatment using 'Two sample test'(Day 0+Day 3) remained low(<1.0ng/ml) in all 76 cows. Therefore all 76 cows responded positively to $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treatment. Seventeen cows with follicular cyst or inactive ovary were treated with GnRH. All 7 cows with follicular cyst and 4 cows with inactive ovary remained high($${\geq_-}1.0ng/ml$$) a plasma $P_4$ concentrations at day 12 post treatment using 'Two sample test'(Day 0+Day 12), but 6 cows with inactive ovary remained low(<1.0ng/ml) a plasma $P_4$ concentrations. Therefore all 7 cows with follicular cyst and 4 cows with inactive ovary responded positively, but 6 cows with inactive ovary responded negatively to GnRH treatment. 3. The mean days from treatment to first service, number of cows conceived on first service(%), mean number of services per conception, mean days from initial treatment to conception, and mean number of cows conceived by 100 days post treatment(%) were 5.0 and 26.2 days, 45(59.2%) and 6(35.3%) cows, 1.5 and 1.7 services, 13.6 and 22.6 days, and 62(81.6%) and 9(52.9%) cows in group of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and GnRH treatment, respectively. These results indicated that plasma $P_4$ assay was practical as an aid to diagnosing reproductive disorders and to monitoring responses of ovarian dysfunction to $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and GnRH treatment in subestrus cows.