• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 1996

The Characteristics of atmospheric flow and dispersion of air pollutants in the mountainous coastal area were studied using two-dimensional model by the combination of land-sea breezes and transport. The pollutants emitted into the simulated wind field in considering with the mesoscale local circulations. The typical effects of land-sea breezes and tophography of coastal area on the dispersion are discussed in detail, and the model is proved as an useful tool to pridict real time pollutant transport by the results of application studies in Pusan, Korea where the urbanized coastal area with mountainous topography. It was found that sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) are differently transported and concentrated as going inland by the influence of the sea breeze with topographic changes. Key words : land-sea breezes, sulfur dioxide, dispersion, coastal area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 1996

The two-stage numerical model was used to study the relation between three-dimensional local wind model, advection/diffusion model of random walk method and second moment method on Pusan coastal area. The first stage is three dimensional time-dependent local wind model which gives the wind field and vertical dirrusion coefficient. The second stage is advection/diffusion model which uses the results of the first stage as input data. First, wind fields on Pusan coastal area for none synoptic scale wind showed typical land and sea breeze circulation, and convergence zone occured at 1200LST in northern of domain, in succession, moved northward of domain. Emissions from Sinpyeong industrial district were trasnported toward the inland by sea breeze during daytime, and reached the end part of domain about 1800LST. During nighttime, emissions return to sea by land breeze and vertical diffusion also contributes to upward transport. In order to use this model for forecast of air pollution concentration on the Pusan coastal area, it is necessary that computed value must be compared with measured value and wind fields model must also be dealt in detail.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.335-350
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• 1997

Numerical simulations of photochemical air pollution (CBM: Carbon-Bond Mechanisms under a theoretical three-dimensional local wind system are carried to clarify the fundamental characteristics of the effects of local wind on photochemical air pollution. According to the AWS data of Pusan coastal area and KMA, the surface wind of Pusan during summertime showed a very remarkable land and sea breeze circulation. The ozone concentration distribution using local wind model showed that high ozone concentration zone near coastal area moved toward inland In the afternoon. This change implies a sea breeze Increases the ozone concentration, but a land breeze decreases it in Pusan coastal area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.261-274
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• 2014

This work investigates the relationship between the sea breeze circulation and ozone concentrations during cold water events in the southeastern coastal area of the Korean Peninsula, where coastal upwelling frequently occur. This analysis was performed based on the classification of two categories, such as cold water and non-cold water events, over the period of 2000-2009. The low air temperature ($0.5^{\circ}C$), low SST ($5^{\circ}C$) and the wind direction(southerly) are the features of the cold water events in the Southeastern coastal area. Moreover, ozone concentrations in the cases of the sea breeze circulation and cold water events were significantly lower (below 30 ppb) than those (70~100 ppb) in the non-clod water events, because of the low air temperature ($10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$) and high wind speed (3~5 m/s) around the southeastern coastal area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.649-661
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• 2008

The impact of the detailed surface data on regional meteorological fields in complex coastal area is studied using RAMS. Resolutions of topography and land use data are very important to numerical modeling, because high resolution data can reflect correct terrain height and detail characteristics of the surface. Especially, in complex coastal region such as Gwangyang area, southern area in Korean Peninsula, high resolution topography and land use data are indispensable for accurate modeling results. This study investigated the effect of resolutions of terrain data using SRTM with 3 second resolution topography and KLU with 1 second resolution land use data. Case HR was the experiment using high resolution data, whereas Case LR used low resolution data. In Case HR, computed surface temperature was higher than Case LR along the coastline and wind speed was $1{\sim}2m/s$ weaker than Case LR. Time series of temperature and wind speed indicated great agreement with the observation data. Moreover, Case HR indicated outstanding results on statistical analysis such as regression, root mean square error, index of agreement.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.103-113
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• 1993

The land and sea breeze over the Pusan coastal area is studied by three dimensional mesoscale numerical model. According to the results of the simulation experiments, both Pusan areas and Kimhae areas, the sea breeze began at 0800LST and the strongest at 1500LST and then at 1800LST. After midnight, the sea breeze changed about the land breeze and become weaker than that of the sea breeze in the daytime. Comparisons between calculations and observations showed that the characteristics of diurnal variation and v-component of the wind velocity relatively is similar to the Pusan areas. On the Kimhae areas, however, observations showed time lag which compared to the results of simulation experiments in the velocity of sea breeze and diurnal variation. From the above results, comparisons between calculations and observations is much more similar to the coastal areas than on the inland area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.657-667
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• 2005

In this study, we focused on the improvements in the simulation of sea surface wind over the complex coastal area. MM5 model being currently used to predict sea surface wind at Korea Meteorological Administration, was used to verify the accuracy to estimate the local wind field. A case study was performed on clear days with weak wind speed(4 m/s), chosen by the analysis of observations. The model simulations were conducted in the southeastern area of Korea during the selected periods, and observational data such as AWS, buoy and QuikSCAT were used to compare with the calculated wind components to investigate if simulated wind field could follow the tendency of the real atmospheric wind field. Results showed that current operational model, MM5, does not estimate accurately sea surface wind and the wind over the coastal area. The calculated wind speed was overestimated along the complex coastal regions but it was underestimated in islands and over the sea. The calculated diurnal changes of wind direction could not follow well the tendency of the observed wind, especially at nighttime. In order to exceed the limitations, data assimilation with high resolution data and more specificated geographical information is expected as a next best policy to estimate accurately the environment of local marine wind field.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.31-55
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• 1986

Generally, the development of shipping is characterized by the amount of traffic flow (traffic volume) and seaborne cargo in the sea. Movement of ships is an essential element of constructing the traffic flow which is represented the dynamic movement of ships in the sea, but on the other band the numbers of arriving and departing the port is the basic factor consisting of the static movement of ships. The amount of cargoes by coastal vessels and ocean trade vessels have increased tremendously with the great growth of the Korean economy these days. This increase of the seaborne cargoes has made the Korean coastal traffic flow so congested that this can be a cause of large pollution as well as great marine casualities such as a loss of human lives and properties . And also the future coastal traffic is expected to increase considerably according to our economic development and high dependence upon foreign trade. Under the circumstance, to devise the safety of coastal traffic flow and to take a proper step of a efficient navigation, there is a necessity for analyzing and surveying the coastal traffic trend and the characteristics of cargo movement. In order to grasp the dynamic movement of ships in the Korean coast, O/D analysis is executed. This paper aims to secure the basic data necessary for a comprehensive plan and estimation of vessel traffic management system for the enhancement of safety, order and efficiency of vessel traffic in the Korean coast. The analyzed results of the traffic flow and seaborne cargoes of the Korean coast are summarized as follows : 1) The congestion by the vessels occurred around the ports such as-in proportion of ship's number (proportion of tonnage) -Incheon 18.5%(14.8%), Pohang 5.9% (9.9%), Samil 5.2%(8.3%), Mokpo 8.6%(0.8%), Pusan 13.5%(36.4%), Ulsan 9.1%(16.2%). 2) It is found that the area adjacent to Incheon, Pusan, Ulsan, Channel of Hanryu and South-western area are heavily congested. 3) It is confirmed thatthe area adjacent to Incheon, Pusan, Ulsan, Channel of Hanryu and South-western area are heavily congested. 3) It is confirmed that the coastal vessels are main elements constituting the coastal traffic and that there are much traffic flow among five ports as following through the precise O/D analysis of ship's coastal movement. Incheon-Samil, Ulsan, Pusan, Jeju Pusan -Samil, Ulsan, Incheon, Jeju Pohang -Samil, Inchoen, Jeju Pohang -Samil, Incheon, Jeju Ulsan -Samil, Incheon, Jeju Samil -Ulsan, Pusan, Incheon 4) The amount of cargoes to abroad are in proportion about 81% of total and the amount of coastal cargoes are about 19%. Of those, cargoes in and out to Japan are about 26% and to South-east Asia are about 27%. 5) The chief items of foreign cargoes are oil(38.33%), iron ore(13.98%), bituminoous coal(12.74%), grain(8.02%), lumber(6.45%) in the import cargoes and steel material(21.96%), cement(17.16%), oil(6.81%), fertilizer(3.80%) in the export cargoes. 6) The 80.5% of total export cargoes and 92.4% of total import cargoes are flowed in five main ports. 7) The chief items of coastal cargoes are oil (42.45%), cement(16.86%), steel material (6.49%), anthracite(6.31%), mineral product(4.3%), grain, and fertilizer. Almost 92.24% of total import and export oil cargoes in Korea is loaded and unloaded at the port of Samil & Ulsan.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.281-286
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• 1999

This study was conduced to examine the monthly and seasonal variation of $SO_2$, TSP, $O_3$ concentration in Dongsamdong, Pusan coastal area. And the characteristics of air pollution of this area was compared to Kwangbokdong in Pusan and Taehadong in Ullungdo. Monthly mean concentration of $SO_2$ and TSP showed lower than Kwangbokdong, $O_3$ was higher than Kwangbokdong. In case of $SO_2$, seasonal variation of Dongsamdong was remarkabler thn Kwangbokdong and the concentration difference of early morning and daytime was higher than Kwangbokdong. Taehadong showed very lower concentration as background area. In case of TSP, Dongsamdong was lower concentration and smaller diurnal change than Kwangbokdong, Taehadong showed very lower concentration as backgound area. In case of $O_3$, Dongsamdong was 10ppb higher than Kwangbokdong at daytime maximum concentration, diurnal change of concentration was higher, too. In case of frequency distribution of concentration, $SO_2$, and TSP at Dongsamdong showed higher frequency in low concentration class and $O_3$ showed in high concentration class as compared with Kwangbokdong.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2001

The atmospheric conditions and the transport mechanism of long-range transport of air pollutants from coastal area to inland area were investigated using regular meteorological data and air pollution data obtatined from the southeastern area of Korea. Daytime temperature over the inland area(Taegu) was higher than that over the coastal area(Pusan) and the temperature difference of about 5~6$^{\circ}C$ when the thermal low most fully developed and the sea level pressure over Taegu was lower than that over Pusan by about 4~5hPa at that time. Therefore this low pressure appeared to the thermally induced low. Air mass polluted from the coastal area during the morning period was transported inland area, at first by the sea breeze and by the large scale wind system toward the thermal low generated in the mountainous inland region. This was explained by the fact that the concentration of air pollutants over Taegu increased throughtout the late afternoon.