• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.210-221
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• 2017

First, we can define how our body perceives the external world and embodies its senses through the philosopher Merleau - Ponty. These philosophical orientations of Merleau-Ponty also appear to urban theorists such as Jane Jacobs, Gordon Cullen, and Juhani Pallasmaa. In other words, after the Second World War, people began to pay attention to human emotions and perceptions while opposing human rational thinking. Especially, they reject the abstract space of modernism and explore the everyday city space where the local character of the area lives. This place is a space where the collective memory of the group is shared over several generations. So, in this space, people's active perceptual system works actively. In the sense of this continuity of time, their ideas intersect with the concept of urban. Specifically, Jacobs criticizes massive development and proposes the development of a small block-based city with a commonality of old and new. In addition, we argue that urban space can be a visually interesting object through the continuous visual concept of urban theorist Cullen. In particular, he rediscovers the value of traditional urban space through visual experience between architecture and urban facilities. Finally, the architectural city theorist, Pallasmaa., criticizes the visual centrality of modern cities and thinks about the value of multidisciplinary space that can be experienced in architecture. This study examines the space of reproduction in detail on the perspective of the body philosophy and urban theorists. In other words, the play space inherits the natural city time, so when our body experiences this play space, we can actively sense and perceive the various senses. So we can invoke the active external actions of our bodies. Through the analysis of the size of the reconstruction space of the architectural city, various types of body senses and responses can be. Yoon Dongju Literary Museum, which renovated the old water tank of the city, can recognize the unfamiliar sense of body in everyday life through the traces and smells of water in the past and the restrained visuality. In addition, Seonyudo Park, which regenerates the waste water purification plant, can experience a phenomenal phenomenon through water space, old concrete and traces of steel. Finally, with the most recently played Seoul Road 7017 can experience interesting urban spaces in terms of a variety of plants, a human scale space creating movement, and a continuous visual.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.409-413
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• 2000

Previously, the methanolic extracts of thirty Korean medicinal plant seeds were screened for tyrosinase inhibitors using a rapid and simple TLC method, which was superior to a conventional spectrophotometrical in vitro assay. As a result, the methanolic extracts of Thuja orientalis seeds was found to have strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity. To isolate active tyrosinase inhibitors, the seeds were defatted with n-hexane under reflux, and then extracted twice with methanol under reflux at 90$^{\circ}C$. The methanolic extract was evaporated to a small volumn in vacuo, and then successively fractionated with ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The ether extract showing significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity was solubilized with 5% NaHCO$_3$and then acidified with 6N HCI. The ether souble acidic fraction was successively ohromatographed on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative TLC. Among four compounds isolated, two of them showed stronger tyrosinase inhibitory activity, comparable to that of L-ascorbic acid (IC$\sub$50/=28$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$). These results suggest that Thuja orientalis seeds may be useful as potential sources of antibrowning agents in fruits and vegetables, and anti-melanoma agents in cosmetics and phamaceuticals.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.26-32
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• 2001

[ ${\alpha},{\beta}$ ]-Unsaturated carboxamides 12 with trifluromethylated dihydro-1,4-dithiins were synthesized for the purpose of development of new agrochemical fungicide. Chlorination of trifluoromethylated ${\beta}$-ketoester 4 followed by tile reaction with 1,2-ethanedithiol gave intermediate 1,4-dithiane 9. Without purification of 9 substitution of hydroxy by chlorine followed by dehydrochlorination in the presence of triethylamine afforded trifluoromethylated dihydro-1,4-dithiin ethyl ester 7. Activation of the hydroxy of the carboxylic acid 10 obtained from the hydrolysis of 7 and then reacted with various amines gave the corresponding trifluoromethylated dihydro-1,4-dithiin carboxamides. Antifungal screening (in vivo) against typical plant diseases, Rice Blast, Rice Sheath Blight, Cucumber Gray Mold, Tomato Late Blight, Wheat Leaf Rust, and Barley Powdery Mildew of the synthesized compounds was carried out. As a result, most of the compounds shlowed weak antifungal activities and some compounds in which isopropyl group was substituted in meta of the phenyl showed antifungal activity (99%) at 250 ppm against the disease Wheat Leaf Rust.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.626-632
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• 2013

In the course of a developing screening method for resistant radish to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani, we found that the fungus produces phytotoxic compound against Raphanus sativus. The culture filtrate of F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani KR1 represented the strongest phytotoxicity when the fungus was incubated in the malt extract broth with 150 rpm at $25^{\circ}C$ for 14 days. Under bioassay-guided purification, we isolated a substance from liquid culture of F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani KR1, with phytotoxic effect against R. sativus. The compound was identified as fusaric acid by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses. Phytotoxicity of the compound against cruciferous vegetable crops, including radish, cabbage, and broccoli, was investigated. Fusaric acid represented phytotoxicity on radish seedlings by concentration dependant manner. And the phytotoxin demonstrated strong phytotoxicity on the resistant cultivars as well as susceptible cultivars of radish to F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani. In addition, fusaric acid isolated from the fungus also showed a potent phytotoxic efficacy against non-host Brassicaceae crops of the fungus such as cabbage and broccoli. The results demonstrate that fusaric acid produced by F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani is non-host-specific toxin and for screening of resistant radish to the fungal pathogen, spore suspension of the fungus without the phytotoxin has to be used.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 1984

This study was conducted to identify the enzyme treatment time, enzyme concentration and plant growth condition for isolation of potato mesopyll, it was also performed to determine the adquate sucrose molarity on purification of protoplasts and to investigate the incubation time, PEG concentration and DMSO effect for potato-petunia protoplast fusion. The results were summarized as follows: The optimal time of incubation in enzyme solution was 3 - 4 hours and high humidity and low light intensity made plants more effective to protoplast releasing enzymes. Our experimental results showed that the pectolyase Y-23 was an ideal agent for isolation from mesophyll cultured in vitro compared with macerozyme. The enzyme solution with 0.5 % macerozyme and 2 % cellulase was very effective and the purity of healthy protoplast was better in 0.4 and 0.5 M sucrose than in others. It was revealed that the rate of potato-petunia fusion according to the incubation time with PEG was effective at 30 min incubation and percentage of protoplast aggregation was increased by high molecular weight and concentration of PEG. Percentage of potato-petunia protoplast heteroplasmic aggregation was increased by 4 to 16 % in PEG 6000 compared with PEG 4000 and PEG 1500. Addition of 5 to 10 % DMSO to the PEG solution increased to the heteroplasmic aggregation of potato-petunia from 2 to 4 %.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.97-109
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• 2021

Plant parasitic nematodes are causing significant damage in crop production. There is a need to develop eco-friendly nematicide that reduces the damage of nematode and has little effect on the environment and human. In this study, we have isolated a substance having nematicidal activity from Ginkgo biloba L. outer seedcoat. Studies of G. biloba L. outer seedcoat are insufficient compared to the seed and leaves due to their odor and toxicity. The dried G. biloba L. outer seedcoat was extracted with dichloromethane:methanol (1:1) and fractionated into hexane, ethyl acetate and H₂O. Four steps TLC were performed from EtOAc fraction to purely isolate GB4-3 with nematicidal activity. To compare nematicidal activity, G. biloba L. seedcoat methanol extract and purified GB4-3 were investigated in terms of treatment concentration and time. As a result, the nematicidal activity increased with concentration and time. In the place treated with 20 ㎍/mL of crude G. biloba L. seedcoat MeOH extract, strong activity appeared after 12 hours, and 46% nematicidal activity shown after 18 hours. About 69% of nematicidal activity was confirmed in the place where GB4-3 purified from outer seedcoat was treated with 20 ㎍/mL, and the possibility of development as nematicide was very high. This study could be used as a basic data for the development of a nematode preparation from G. biloba L. outer seedcoat.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.403-413
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• 2020

A mathematical model comprised with eight simultaneous quasi-linear partial differential equations was suggested to provide optimal chlorination strategy. Upstream weighted finite element method was employed to construct multidimensional numerical code. The code was verified against measured concentrations in three type of reactors. Boundary conditions and reaction rate were calibrated for the sixteen cases of experimental results to regenerate the measured values. Eight reaction rate coefficients were estimated from the modeling result. The reaction rate coefficients were expressed in terms of pH and temperature. Automatic optimal algorithm was invented to estimate the reaction rate coefficients by minimizing the sum of squares of the numerical errors and combined with the model. In order to minimize the concentration of chlorine and pollutants at the final usage sites, a real-time predictive control system is imperative which can predict the water quality variables from the chlorine disinfection process at the water purification plant to the customer by means of a model and operate the disinfection process according to the influent water quality. This model can be used to build such a system in water treatment plants.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.165-171
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• 2006

This is the research to prepare a purification program for relatively less polluted stream by using phytoremediation. We calculated a treatment amount of nutrients followed by growth of Helianthus annuus (a kind of sunflower), setting up the plant reactor in the hothouse. Moreover, to investigate a field applicability, we could find increased contents of nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen in plants by setting up a H. annuus planted artificial floating island in an irrigation canal. When we changed the dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) concentration of the influent from 28.5 to 199.2 mg/l and the dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP) concentration of the influent from 13.3 to 25.4 mg/l, growth disorder has not appeared though it is much higher than the criterion of water for irrigation. In this case, the removal rate of DIN was $81.7\sim98.6%$, and that of DIP was $81.9\sim98.4%$ in 3 days stay on average. It has appeared that the efficient hydraulic retention time(HRT) was 48 hours. The following contents of nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen of H. annuus appeared in the artificial floating island: nitrogen was $3.2\sim7.8%$ in the trunk and $3.0\sim6.3%$ in the root. Carbon was $40.1\sim57.7%$ in the trunk and $43.4\sim53.8%$ in the root.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.213-222
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• 2014

In this study, 2-stage recirculation membrane process was developed for purification of high purity bio-methane for the vehicle fuel application. Pure gas permeation and mixture gas permeation test were done as a function of methane content and pressure in the feed using polysulfone membrane modules. 2-stage membrane plant was designed, constructed in a food waste treatment cite. Dehumidification, dry desulfurization, and desiloxane plants are installed for the removal of $H_2O$, $H_2S$ and siloxane in the biogas. Permeation test were done with the pre-treated methane mixture in terms of methane purity and recovery by adjusting the ratio of membrane area (1:1, 1:3, 2:2) in the first and second membrane modules in the plant. When membrane area of 2 stage increased to $3m^2$ from $1m^2$ at 1-stage membrane area of $1m^2$, the feed rate and $CH_4$ recovery at 95% methane purity were increased from 47.1% to 92.5% respectively. When the membrane area increased two-fold (1:1 to 2:2), $CH_4$ recovery increased from 47.1% to 88.3%. When the feed flow rate was increased, in 1:3 ratio, final purity of the methane is reduced, the methane recovery is increased. When operating pressure was increased, the feed rate was increased and recovery was slightly decreased. From this result, membrane area, feed pressure and feed rate could be the important factor to the performance of the membrane process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.283-288
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• 2013

To evaluate the ability of the submerged plant, Ceratophyllum demersum's (C. demersum) to remove nutrients and to inhibit growth of cyanobacteria, a total of 6 mesocosms were conducted in a batch reactor for 9 days. From the 84 hr of the experiment, C. demersum was stabilized and showed daily cycle trends according to changes in pH and DO levels. The concentration of nutrients, $NH_3{^+}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $PO_4{^3}$ continuously decreased until 9 days of the experiment, with the rapid decrease in nutrient concentration for the first 24 hours. High correlation coefficient ($r^2{\geq}0.96$, p<0.001) between the amount of C. demersum's biomass per unit area and the nutrients removal level were derived, and greater C. demersum's biomass per unit area showed higher removal efficiency of nutrients. However, there were differences in the C. demersum's activity level between batch reactors with higher and similar density of the C. demersum, but nonetheless water purification effect appears to have a significant influence due to attached algae and microorganisms. The growth rate of harmful cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) with C. demersum's density of 2,500 g $fw/m^2$ (100% of cover degree) was 0.31 /day, compared to the growth rate of 0.47 /day for the control group (0% of cover degree). In terms of number of cells, the control group had 1.7 times higher number of cells than the experimental group, proving that C. demersum has the ability to inhibit the growth of harmful cyanobacteria.