• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2004

Seed characteristics-weight, seed length and width, pure seed percentage are measured on 15 native herb species, and seeds of six native herb species were tested on the seedbed in the forest with autumn seeding. Seeds of 13 species including Aster scaber were very small; seed length is less than 7mm and seed width is less than 3mm pure seed percentages of 10 native herb speciesin-cluding Ligularia fischeriwere were much lower than 5％. Germination percent of five native herb species were significantly different among the growing sites. The mean germination percent was highest 47.00％ for Angelica gigas, 38.25％ for Ligularia fischeri, 30.88％ for PimPinella brachycarpa, 15.75％ for Aralia continetalis, 10.00％ for Cirsium setidens, and the lowest 9.32％ for Aster scaber.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.1-23
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this paper was to measure technical efficiencies and scale efficiencies of Korean seed industry by DEA method, and to identify the factors affecting the efficiencies by Tobit regression model. Survey data of 50 seed companies nationwide were applied for the analysis. The average score of overall technical efficiency for the surveyed companies in 2012 was 0.44, which is decomposed into pure technical efficiency 0.68 and scale efficiency 0.63. A majority of the seed companies exhibited at least one form of inefficiency except a few companies in optimal scale. It was also shown the most companies were operating in the stage of increasing returns to scale, which implies Korean seed companies are mainly in smaller scale than optimal. Additional results suggest that the Center for Private Seed Companies, which will be established at Gimje in 2015, plays an important role to make domestic seed companies improve their scale efficiency as well as pure technical efficiency by way of enlarging their size and co-using the high technology in the Center.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.245-251
• /
• 2017

Multiwalled carbon-nanotubes (MWCNT) and micro-structured carbon, such as biochar or activated carbon (AC), have been seen to significantly increase the growth indices of certain plant species such as maize (Zea mays L.). Seed imbibition is the stage where environmental factors that affect water transport across the seed coat barrier, make a large impact. This work explores the effect on water imbibition by maize seeds when the aqueous environment surrounding the seed is diluted by small concentrations (10 and 20 mg/l) of pristine MWCNT (p-MWCNT), carboxylate functionalized MWCNT (COO-MWCNT) and AC. The degree of sensitivity of the process to (i) large structural changes is seen by utilizing the nano (the MWCNT) and the micro (the AC) allotropic forms of carbon; (ii) to small changes in the purity and morphology of the p-MWCNT by utilizing 95% pure and 99% pure p-MWCNTs of slightly differing morphologies; and (iii) to MWCNT functionalization by using highly pure (97%) COO-MWCNT. Water imbibition was monitored over a 15 hour period by Near Infrared Thermography (NIRT) and also by seed weighing. Seed surface topography was seen by SEM imaging. Analysis of the NIRT images suggests rapid seed surface topological changes with the quantity of water imbibed. While further work is necessary to arrive at a conclusive answer, this work shows that the imbibition phase of the maize seed is sensitive to the presence of MWCNT even to small differences in the purity of the p-MWCNT and to small differences in the physicochemical properties of the medium caused by the hydrophilic COO-MWCNT.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.171-174
• /
• 2012

In order to study the feasibility of utilizing bivoltine foundation cross (FC2) males of the silkworm as male components with Pure Mysore (PM), six foundation crosses viz,CSR2 x CSR27, CSR27 x CSR2, CSR27 x CSR50, CSR50 x CSR27, CSR2 x CSR50 and CSR50 x CSR2 along with CSR2 pure breed were assessed for performance of parental crop,grainage, rearing and reeling performance. The foundation crosses exhibited better performance than CSR2 as a parental crop and male component which resulted in higher egg recovery. Though there was not much difference between PM crossed with FC2 and CSR2 males pertaining to important bioassay parameters, PM x CSR2 exhibited superiority in reeling traits particularly with reelability and raw silk %. This study reveals that FC2 seed cocoons can be utilized during exigency when there is a dearth for CSR2 seed cocoons but not regularly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
• /
• 1993.10a
• /
• pp.443-452
• /
• 1993

Direct freezing tests of soybean seed by liquid nitrogen were carried out at various moisture contents and the following important conclusions were drawn from the results of temperature measurements of soybean seed and photographs of bubbles generated on its surface : 1) Assuming that the temperature gradient in a soybean seed is negligible because of its small seed size and the freezing ratio is followed the Heiss's formula, and a differential equation based on the heat energy balance was introduced . The equation was easily solved by the Runge-Kutta-Gill method and the predicted values of the temperature were in good agreement with the observed data. 2) The photographs of bubble generation during freezing showed the boiling mode was nucleate, and then the most suitable formula on the nucleate boiling heat transfer was introduced from many formulate proposed up to now by fitting the calculated values based on the formula to the observed data. The formula used for the predict on of the seed temperature was as follows: $\frac{{\partial}T_s}{\partial\theta}\;=\;-\frac{{\alpha}(T_s\;-\;T_L)^{3.3}}{W(C_s\;-\;\frac{{\delta}m(CT_s\;+\;{\sigma})}{T_s^2})}$ where C = difference of the specific heat between pure ice and water m=moisture content of soybean seed $T_s$ = seed temperature $T_L$ = Temperature of liquid nitrogen W = mass of soybean seed $\alpha$ = proportional constant $\delta$ = constant depends on variety or the type of seed $\theta$ = time $\sigma$ = latent heat of melting of pure ice This study will give important information in the hydro-freezing technique by liquid nitrogen, available as a new technique of processing agricultural products in the near future.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.73-78
• /
• 1986

The effects of density and soil nutrient regime on competition between individuals in pure and mixed populations of two annuals. Chenopodium album and Digitaria sanguinalis were investigated at the level of enegy allocation. Seedling emergence of two species was extremely high (>90%) in both pure and mixed culture irrespective of the density and nutrient regime, but percentage of seedling establishment or fertile plant became gradually low with increasing density owing to 'self-thinning'. The mean plant dry weight was significantly reduced with increasing density and decreasing soil fertility. The dry matter production of D. sanguinalis in mixture was markedly greater than in pure culture under medium and high density. Also, as considered the number of seed production as reproductive allocation, relationship between them and the number of seed production per plant showed a similar tendency. Therefore, these results indicated that D. sanguinalis had a greater competitive advantage than C. album and energy allocations to variious organs were regulated by plastic response rather than determined genetically.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.1-4
• /
• 1971

To determine the amylase fromation mechanism and the effect of GA. in germinating barley seeds, they were divided into embryo-less seed, isolated embryo, aleurone layer and pure endosperm etc., treated with GA, and cultured separately or in mixed lots. The result obtained are as follows. 1) The amylase of barley seed is formed in the aleurone layer under the effect of inducing materials excreted from the embryo. 2) The embryonic materials amylase formation could be substituted for by GA. Therefore it can be presumed that the substance produced by the embryo which induces amylase synthesis is probably GA or material similar to it.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2017.06a
• /
• pp.161-161
• /
• 2017

Seed endophytes are very remarkable groups of bacteria for their unique abilities of being vertically transmitted and conserved. As plants attain hybrid vigor and heterosis in the process of crossbreeding, this might also lead to the changes in the community structure and diversity of plant endophytes in the hybrid plants ultimately affecting the endophytes of the seeds. It would be interesting to characterize how seed endophyte composition change over time. The objective of this study is to gain insights into the influence of natural crossbreeding and parental lineage in the seed bacterial endophytic communities of two pure inbred lines exploring contributions of the two most important sources of plant endophytes - colonization from external sources and vertical transmission via seeds. Total genomic DNA was isolated from rice seeds and bacterial DNA was selectively amplified by PCR. The diversity of endophytic bacteria was studied through Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Diversity between the original parents and the pure inbred line may show significant differences in terms of richness, evenness and diversity indices. Heat maps reveal astonishing contributions of both or either parents (IR29 ${\times}$ Pokkali and AT401 ${\times}$ IR31868) in the shaping of the bacterial seed endophytes of the hybrid, FL478 and IC32, respectively. Most of the T-RFs of the subsequent pure inbred line could be traced to any or both of the parents. Comparison of common and genotype-specific T-RFs of parents and their offspring reveals that majority of the T-RFs are shared suggesting higher transmission of bacterial communities common to both parents. The parents influence the bacterial community of their offspring. Unique T-RFs of the offspring also suggest external sources of colonization particularly as the seeds are cultivated in different ecogeographical locations. This study showed that host parental lines contributed greatly in the shaping of bacterial seed endophytes of their offspring. It also revealed transmission and potential conservation of core seed bacterial endophytes that generally become the dominant microbiota in the succeeding generations of plant hosts.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.155-161
• /
• 1976

The say sauce koji where made use of different kinds of seed koji were used to brewing of soysauce. The pure, complex and bacteria contaminated seed koji were used in this experiment, And the euzyme activity, Micrflora, chemical composition and TN-solubility ratio of each soysauce mash during the fermentation periods were measured respectively. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The neutral and alkali protease activity of each soysauce mash were decreassed in the process of fermentation period. In this case the activitities of protease in the bacteria contaminated koji were remarkably decreased. 2. The microflora in one ml of soysauce mash showed the tendency of increase in process of fermentation period. The increase in bacteria contaminated seed koji group was remarkable. 3. The content of total nitrogen, amino-N and ammonia-N in soysauce during the course of fermentation were increase. And alcohol, reducing sugar and pure extract contents in soysauce were also increased in the former stage of fermentation, but in the latter stage of fermentation decreased. 4. Though the content of ammonia-N in bacteria contaminated seed koji group was high, the pH value was low in comparison with the others. 5. Pure seed koji group were shown the most effective in the result of total nitrogen solubility ratio and sensual test, while the bacteria contaminated seed koji group was the worst.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.11 no.9
• /
• pp.802-809
• /
• 2001

Electroplating is an attractive alternative deposition method for copper with the need for a conformal and conductive seed layer In addition, the Cu seed layer should be highly pure so as not to compromise the effective resistivity of the filled copper interconnect structure. This seed layer requires low electrical resistivity, low levels of impurities, smooth interface, good adhesion to the barrier metal and low thickness concurrent with coherence for ensuring void-free fill. The electrical conductivity of the surface plays an important role in formation of initial Cu nuclei, Cu nucleation is much easier on the substrate with higher electrical conductivities. It is also known that the nucleation processes of Cu are very sensitive to surface condition. In this study, copper seed layers deposited by magnetron sputtering onto a tantalum nitride barrier layer were used for electroplating copper in the forward pulsed mode. Prior to electroplating a copper film, the Cu seed layer was cleaned by plasma H$_2$ and $N_2$. In the plasma treatment exposure tome was varied from 1 to 20 min and plasma power from 20 to 140W. Effects of plasma pretreatment to Cu seed/Tantalum nitride (TaN)/borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) samples on electroplating of copper (Cu) films were investigated.