• 멤브레인
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2012

VOCs의 분리 및 회수를 위해 PEI 고분자를 이용하여 상분리법으로 중공사 지지체 분리막을 제조하였고 PDMS 고분자를 코팅하여 PEI-PDMS 중공사 복합막을 제조하였다. 제조된 기체 분리막의 특성을 알아보기 위하여 산소와 질소를 이용하여 순수 기체 투과도를 측정하였으며, xylene, ethyl benzene, toluene, cyclohexane을 이용하여 stage cut과 feed 농도 변화에 따른 투과성능을 측정하였다. 또한 VOCs에 대한 내용매성을 알아보기 위하여 DMA을 이용하여 용매 함침 시간에 따른 stress-strain 특성을 알아보았다. 산소와 질소의 순수 투과도는 각각 63 GPU와 30 GPU를 나타내었고, stage cut이 증가할수록 permeate VOCs 농도는 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. Recovery efficiency의 경우 permeate 농도와는 반대로 state cut이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. DMA 인장 테스트 결과 stress는 11.93 MPa, strain은 13.52%로 측정되었다.

• 폴리머
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.97-103
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• 2009

기능화 탄소나노튜브인 4-cumylphenol-MWNT(CP-MWNT)를 이용하여 초고분자량 폴리에틸렌(ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE))/CP-MWNT 복합체 필름을 용액 삽입법을 이용하여 제조하였다. 0에서 2.00 wt%까지의 서로 다른 CP-MWNT의 농도에 따라 만들어진 복합체 필름의 열적, 기계적, 기체 투과도 및 광학 투명성 등의 변화를 시차주사열량계, 열중량분석기, 전계 방사형 주사전자현미경과 인장시험기를 사용하여 측정하였다 복합체 필름은 기능화된 탄소나노튜브를 소량 첨가하여도 열역학적 특성이 향상되는 것을 확인할 수 있으며 0.50에서 1.00 wt%의 농도에서 최대값을 가진다. CP-MWNT의 농도가 1.00 wt%일 때 필름의 산소 기체 차단성은 최대 향상을 나타내었다. 전체적으로는 CP-MWNT가 첨가된 복합체 필름의 열적-기계적 성질 및 기체 투과도 등은 순수한 UHMWPE보다 더 향상되었다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2019

Multi-axial forging (MAF), a severe plastic deformation technique, is known to be difficult to obtain materials with homogeneous microstructures. Recently, multi-axial diagonal forging (MADF) process has been developed to solve this problem. In this study, in order to compare the microstructural and mechanical homogeneities of the MAFed and MADFed samples, oxygen-free copper (OFC) cubes measuring 25 mm in length were deformed through MAF and MADF processes and the average grain size and hardness were measured at the edge, face, and center regions of the samples. In the MAFed samples, ultrafine grains were formed at the center region, but a considerable amount of coarse grains remain at the face region. Therefore, the MAFed samples showed a high inhomogeneity in regards to grain size and hardness. On the contrary, in the case of the MADFed sample, the grain sizes at the edge, face, and center regions were similar and the hardness in all the regions are almost similar. This indicates that the MADFed sample has a homogeneous microstructure and uniform mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the homogeneous distribution of the effective strain throughout the material. The results of this study suggests that the MADF is a suitable process in the fabrication of high-strength copper materials with a homogeneous and ultrafine grain structure.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.333-337
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• 1988

Spinel $CoFe_2O_4$ solid solutions containing up to 50 mol% CoO were synthesized with spectroscopically pure CoO and ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ polycrystalline powders. The spinel structures of the $CoFe_2O_4$ solid solutions were analyzed from XRD patterns and the Mossbauer spectra showed that the quenched $CoFe_2O_4$ had a partially inversed spinel structure ($Co_{0.23}Fe_{0.77}$) < $Co_{0.77}Fe_{1.23}$ > $O_4$, while the slowly cooled $CoFe_2O_4$ was completely inversed spinel ($Co_{0.04}Fe_{0.96}$) <$Co_{0.96}Fe_{1.04}$ > $O_4$. The $CoFe_2O_4$ specimens containing 10, 20, 30 and 40 mol% CoO turned to be a mixture of corundum and spinel structures. Electrical conductivities were measured as a function of temperature from 300 to $900^{\circ}C$ under oxygen partial pressures from $10^{-3}$ to 1 atm. The temperature dependencies of the electrical conductivity show different behaviors in the low- and high-temperature regions. The average activation energies are 0.23 eV and 0.80 eV in the low- and high-temperature regions, respectively. It is suggested that $Co^{2+} {\to} CO^{3+} + e^-$ and $Fe^{2+} {\rightleftharpoons} Fe^{3+} + e^-$ are the main conduction mechanisms responsible for the electronic conduction in the low- and high-temperature regions, respectively.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2023

Excess N and P from the livestock manure applied to farmlands, have entered the water systems and poses a serious threat to the natural environment. Consequently, there has been recent awareness towards the management of livestock manure and its related fields. In this study, piggery wastewater was collected from a piggery in Pohang city, Korea. At 800℃, thermal decomposition of a natural stone, magnesite (MgCO₃), yielded powered MgO with particle sizes ranging between 10 to 100 ㎛. Furthermore, NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were recovered as struvite precipitates from the piggery wastewater, by adjusting the pH with MgO and H₃PO₄. At pH 10, the recovery efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P were found to be 86.1% and 94.1%, respectively. Using an X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), the struvite in the precipitate was confirmed to be consistent with standard pure struvite. Further, the purity of the struvite precipitate was analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and thermal gravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and found to be between 79.2% and 93.0%. Additionally, struvite-containing piggery wastewater and sawdust were mixed in a weight ratio of 2.5:1 and processed into a mature compost. The newly manufactured compost passed all quality standards required for first-class graded livestock composts. Moreover, this compost was sprayed directly onto the soil at the test site, and various parameters of the soil's effluent, such as total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), and dissolved oxygen (DO), were analyzed and measured. Based on these results, it is determined that the newly manufactured compost can more significantly reduce water pollution than commercial compost.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.1163-1175
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• 2023

Cholesterol is prone to oxidation, which results in the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs). This occurs because it is a monounsaturated lipid with a double bond on C-5 position. Cholesterol in foods is mostly non-enzymatically oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated auto-oxidative reaction. The COPs are found in many common foods of animal-origin and are formed during their manufacture process. The formation of COPs is mainly related to the temperature and the heating time the food is processed, storage condition, light exposure and level of activator present such as free radical. The level of COPs in processed foods could reach up to 1-10 % of the total cholesterol depending on the foods. The most predominant COPs in foods including meat, eggs, dairy products as well as other foods of animal origin were 7-ketocholesterol, 7 α-hydroxycholesterol (7α-OH), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OH), 5,6α-epoxycholesterol (5,6α-EP), 5,6β-epoxycholesterol (5,6β-EP), 25-hydoxycholesterol (25-OH), 20-hydroxycholesterol (20-OH) and cholestanetriol (triol). They are mainly formed non-enzymatically by cholesterol autoxidation. The COPs are known to be potentially more hazardous to human health than pure cholesterol. The procedure to block cholesterol oxidation in foods should be similar to that of lipid oxidation inhibition since both cholesterol and lipid oxidation go through the same free radical mechanism. The formation of COPs in foods can be stopped by decreasing heating time and temperature, controlling storage condition as well as adding antioxidants into food products. This review aims to present, discuss and respond to articles and studies published on the topics of the formation and inhibition of COPs in foods and key factors that might affect cholesterol oxidation. This review may be used as a basic guide to control the formation of COPs in the food industry.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.393-400
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• 2023

Acetone, a metabolite detected from the exhaled breath of people doing a diet, can be used for non-invasive monitoring of diet efficiency. Thus, gas sensors with rapid response and recovery characteristics to acetone need to be developed. Herein, we report ultrafast acetone sensors using Ce-doped In₂O₃ nanoparticles prepared by the one-pot microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The pure In₂O₃ sensor shows a high response and fast response time (τ_res = 6 s) upon exposure to 2 ppm acetone at 300 ℃, while exhibiting a relatively sluggish recovery speed (τ_recov = 1129 s). When 20 wt% Ce is doped, the τ_recov of the sensor significantly decreased to 45 s withholding the fast-responding characteristic (τ_res = 6 s). In addition, the acetone response (resistance ratio, S) of the sensor is as high as 5.8, sufficiently high to detect breath acetone. Moreover, the sensor shows similar acetone sensing characteristics even under a highly humid condition (relative humidity of 60%) in terms of τ_res (6 s), τ_recov (47 s), and S (4.7), demonstrating its high potential in real applications. The excellent acetone sensing characteristics of Ce-doped In₂O₃ nanoparticles are discussed in terms of their size, composition, phase, and oxygen adsorption on the sensing surface.

• 한국결정성장학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국결정성장학회 1996년도 The 9th KACG Technical Annual Meeting and the 3rd Korea-Japan EMGS (Electronic Materials Growth Symposium)
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• pp.258-292
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• 1996

In the last year great interest appears to YBCO thin films preparation on different substrate materials. Preparation of epitaxial film is a very difficult problem. There are many requirements to substrate materials that must be fullfilled. Main problems are lattice mismatch (misfit) and similarity of structure. From paper [1] or follows that difference in interatomic distances and angles of substrate and film is mire important problem than similarity of structure. In this work we present interatomic distances and angle relations between substrate materials belonging to ABCO4 group (where A-Sr or Ca, B-rare earth element, C-Al or Ga) of different orientations and YBCO thin films. There are many materials used as substrates for HTsC thin films. ABCO4 group of compounds is characterized by small dielectric constants (it is necessary for microwave applications of HTsC films), absence of twins and small misfit [2]. There most interesting compounds CaNdAlO4, SrLaAlO4 and SrLaGaO4 were investigated. All these compounds are of pseudo-perovskite structure with space group 14/mmm. This structure is very similar to structure of YBCO. SLG substrate has the lowest misfit (0.3%) and dielectric constant. For preparation of then films of substrates of this group of compound plane of <100> orientation are mainly used. Good quality films of <001> orientations are obtained [3]. In this case not only a-a misfit play role, but c-3b misfit is very important too. Sometimes, for preparation of thin films substrates of <001> and <110> orientations were manufactured [3]. Different misfits for different YBCO faces have been analyzed. It has been found that the mismatching factor for (100) face is very similar to that for (001) face so there is possibility of preparation of thin films on both orientations. SrLaAlO4(SLA) and SrLaGaO4(SLG) crystals of general formula ABCO4 have been grown by the Czochralski method. The quality of SLA and SLG crystals strongly depends on axial gradient of temperature and growth and rotation rates. High quality crystals were obtained at axial gradient of temperature near crystal-melt interface lower than 50℃/cm, growth rate 1-3 mm/h and the rotation rate changing from 10-20pm[4]. Strong anisotropy in morphology of SLA and SLG single crystals grown by the Czochralski method is clearly visible. On the basics of our considerations for ABCO4 type of the tetragonal crystals there can appear {001}, {101}, and {110} faces for ionic type model [5]. Morphology of these crystals depend on ionic-covalent character of bonding and crystal growth parameters. Point defects are observed in crystals and they are reflected in color changes (colorless, yellow, green). Point defects are detected in directions perpendicular to oxide planes and are connected with instability of oxygen position in lattice. To investigate facets formations crystals were doped with Cr3+, Er3+, Pr3+, Ba2+. Chromium greater size ion which is substituted for Al3+ clearly induces faceting. There appear easy {110} faces and SLA crystals crack even then the amount of Cr is below 0.3at.% SLG single crystals are not so sensitive to the content of chromium ions. It was also found that if {110} face appears at the beginning of growth process the crystal changes its color on the plane {110} but it happens only on the shoulder part. The projection of {110} face has a great amount of oxygen positions which can be easy defected. Pure and doped SLA and SLG crystals measured by EPR in the<110> direction show more intensive lines than in other directions which allows to suggest that the amount of oxygen defects on the {110} plane is higher. In order to find the origin of colors and their relation with the crystal stability, a set of SLA and SLG crystals were investigated using optical spectroscopy. The colored samples exhibit an absorption band stretching from the UV absorption edge of the crystal, from about 240 nm to about 550 m. In the case of colorless sample, the absorption spectrum consists of a relatively weak band in the UV region. The spectral position and intensities of absorption bands of SLA are typical for imperfection similar to color centers which may be created in most of oxide crystals by UV and X-radiation. It is pointed out that crystal growth process of polycomponent oxide crystals by Czochralski method depends on the preparation of melt and its stoichiometry, orientation of seed, gradient of temperature at crystal-melt interface, parameters of growth (rotation and pulling rate) and control of red-ox atmosphere during seeding and growth (rotation and pulling rate) and control of red-ox atmosphere during seeding and growth. Growth parameters have an influence on the morphology of crystal-melt interface, type and concentration of defects.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.647-653
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• 2007

본 연구의 목적은 기존의 산업용 보일러에서 이산화탄소 배출저감을 위하여 연소가스 재순환에 의한 고온 순산소 연소기술을 개발하는데 있다. 이를 위해 실험실 규모의 LNG 연소기에서 연소 화염특성을 평가하기 위한 조직적인 수치해석 연구가 일차적으로 수행되었다. 특히 본 연구에서 고려한 중요한 변수는 산소부화환경에서 계산된 연소가스의 재순환 정도이다. 배기가스 재순환이 없는 100% 순산소 연소환경에서 화염은 고온의 길고 가는 층류형상의 화염을 보였다. 이는 산화제 중에서 질소성분이 감소함으로써 약화된 난류혼합효과와 $N_2$ 가스에 의한 현열손실의 감소에 기인하는 것으로 판단하였으며 문헌에 발표된 실험과 일치된 결과를 보였다. $O_2/CO_2$ 혼합가스에서 $CO_2$ 가스의 재순환율이 증가될수록 산화제의 유량 증가에 따른 강화된 난류혼합으로 인해 최고 화염온도가 버너 근처로 이동한 반면 전반적인 연소가스 온도는 $N_2$에 비해 $CO_2$의 높은 비열로 인해 낮아지는 현상을 보였다. 결국 80% 이상 $CO_2$ 가스를 재순환한 경우 연소가스의 온도가 급격하게 떨어지는 화염소멸 현상을 보여주었다. 그러나 30% $O_2/70%$ $CO_2$의 혼합 연소조건에서는 기존의 공기연소와 유사한 가스온도를 나타내었다. 이외에도 공기연소와 동일한 유량조건에서 난류강도와 열수지 측면에서 화염특성 변화를 평가하기 위한 면밀한 연구가 수행되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.3-30
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• 1979

우리나라에서는 일본잎갈나무가 대량(大量) 조림(造林)되어 축적(蓄積)과 생장량(生長量)으로 보아 주요(主要)한 조림(造林) 수종(樹種)이나 각종(各種) 추출물(抽出物)과 활성(活性) phenol 성분(成分)이 많고 심재율(心材率)이 높아 펄프화(化)에서 수율저하(收率低下)와 표백곤란(漂白困難)이 초래(招來)되어 펄프원료(原料)로서의 이용(利用)이 기피(忌避)되고 있다. 따라서 일본잎갈나무의 화학(化學)펄프 원료화(原料化)의 제고(提高)로서 펄프수율(收率) 향상(向上)과 표백성(漂白性) 개선(改善)을 위하여 셀룰로오스보호제를 첨가(添加)한 소다펄프화(化) 특성(特性)을 구명(究明)하였다. 증해(蒸解)는 최고온도(最高溫度) 170$^{\circ}C$까지 90분간(分間) 가열(加熱)하고 90분간(分間) 유지(維持)하는 일정조건(一定條件)으로 황화도(黃化度) 25%, 활성(活性)알칼리 18%의 크라프트법(法)으로 일본잎갈나무의 수령별(樹齡別) 펄프화(化) 특성(特性)을 구명(究明)하고, 18%활성(活性) 알칼리의 소다증해(蒸解)에 첨가제로 2.5% $MgSO_4$, 2.5% $ZnSO_4$, 2.5% $Al_2(SO_4)_3$, 2.5% KI, 2.5% hydroquinone, 2.5% ethylene diamine 또는 0.1~1.0% anthraquinone를 가(加)하여 15년생(年生) 일본잎갈나무의 변재(邊材)와 심재별(心材別) 소다펄프화(化) 특성(特性)을 구명(究明)한 후(後), 0.5% anthraquinone과 18% 활성(活性)알칼리로 증해(蒸解)된 펄프를 3%, 6%, 9% NaOH를 투입(投入)한 30%의 고농도(高農度)펄프를 상압(常壓) 산소표백(酸素漂白)하고, 이산화염소(二酸化鹽素)의 DED로 계속표백(繼續漂白)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 일본잎갈나무의 수령별(樹齡別) 크라프트펄프는 수령간(樹齡間)에 펄프의 정선수율(精選收率)은 차(差)가 없으나, 수령(樹齡)이 증가함에 따라 펄프의 총수율(總收率)은 감소(減少)하고 비인열도(比引裂度)는 증가하였으며, 목재(木材)의 심재율(心材率), 용적밀도(容積密度) 수(數), 섬유장(纖維長) 및 온수추출물(溫水抽出物)도 증가하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 2. 일본잎갈나무의 변재(邊材)와 심재별(心材別) 소다증해(蒸解)에 셀룰로오스 보호제로 첨가(添加)된 7종(種)의 첨가제들은 변재(邊材)와 심재(心材)펄프화(化)에 대한 영향(影響)이 대체로 소다법(法)보다 증가되었으나 크라프트법(法)에 미치지 못하고, 크라프트펄프법(法)에 가까운 첨가제는 펄프수율(收率)에서 KI $MgSO_4$, anthraquinone이며, 특(特)히 다른 첨가제의 25분(分) 1이 첨가(添加)된 anthraquinone은 펄프의 정선수율(精選收率)과 KappaNo. 및 비파열도(比破裂度)에서 다른 첨가제보다 효과적이었다. 3. anthraquinone첨가량(添加量)에 따른 변재(邊材)와 심재별(心材別) 소다펄프의 품질(品質)은 변재(邊材)와 심재(心材) 모두 첨가량(添加量)이 많을수록 탈(脫)리그닌도(度)와 펄프수율(收率)이 높으나 활성(活性)알칼리가 낮으면 정선수율(精選收率)도 낮았으며 활성(活性)알칼리 17%의 소다 증해액(蒸解液)에 0.5% anthraquinone을 첨가(添加)한 조건(條件)에서는 크라프트펄프보다 비교적(比較的) 양호(良好)한 펄프가 얻어졌다. 4. 일반화(一般化)된 CEDED표백중(漂白中) 염소화(鹽素化)와 알칼리 추출단계(抽出段階) 대신(代身)에 30%의 고농도(高濃度)펄프에 상압(常壓) 산소표백(酸素漂白)한 ODED표백(漂白)은 산소단계(酸素段階)에서 변재(邊材)와 심재(心材)펄프 모두 NaOH투입량(投入量)이 증가될수록 백색도(白色度)와 비인열도(比引裂度)가 향상(向上)되나 펄프수율(收率)과 Kapa No.는 감소(減少)되었으며, NaOH 투입량(投入量)이 높을수록 펄프품질(品質)은 CEDED 표백(漂白)과 유사(類似)하나 펄프수율(收率)이 떨어졌다. 5. 따라서 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서는 펄프수율(收率) 향상(向上)을 위해서는 원료(原料)에서 심재율(心材率)이 낮은 수령(樹齡)의 경우가 펄프재(材)로 적당(適當)하고, 0.5% anthraquinone을 첨가(添加)한 활성(活性)알카리 18%의 소다증해(蒸解)하는 것이 적당(適當)하며 폐수중(廢水中)의 염소화합물(鹽素化合物)을 감소(減少)시키기 위하여서는 펄프농도(濃度) 30%이상(以上)의 고농도(高濃度)에서 상압(常壓) 산소(酸素)로 표백후(漂白後) 이산화(二酸化) 염소(鹽素)로 DED 표백(漂白)하면 일본잎갈나무의 크라프트법(法)보다 비교적(比較的) 우수(優秀)한 펄프를 얻을 수 있다.