• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2021

Silkworm pupa has been used as an edible insect with the high quality of protein and unsaturated fatty acids. In this study, antioxidant activities of pupa according to variety, pupation day, sex, and extraction solvent were analyzed. The 30% ethanol extract showed highest radical scavenging activity compared with the DW, hexane, and 70-100% ethanol extracts. In the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay according to the type of pupa, the antioxidant effect was increased in female with the early stage of pupation day. In cell-based assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was decreased in pupa groups by -30 to -50% followed by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) treatment. The ROS levels were significantly reduced in 7^th day in each variety. In conclusion, the free radical and ROS scavenging effects were increased in female pupa with the early pupation day. The result could be used for development of bioactive materials using silkworm pupa.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2005

In this study we report on the estrogen activity of silkworm pupa and herb extracts in vitro. The estrogenic activity of these resources was investigated by competition binding assays with estrogen receptor $\alpha(ER{\alpha})\;or\;ER{\beta}$, and viability of MCF-7 cells, a human breast cancer cell line. Saturation ligand-binding analysis of $ER{\alpha}\;and\;ER{\beta}$ revealed that all plant extracts competed with estrogen ligand for binding to both ER subtypes with a similar preference and degree and competed stronger with ligand for binding to $ER{\beta}\;than\;to\;ER{\alpha}$. The highest $ER{\alpha}-binding$ sample was silkworm pupa aqueous extract The highest $ER{\beta}-binding$ sample was silkworm pupa oil. These samples were further tested for bioactivity based on their ability to regulate cell growth rate in ER(+) breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 cells. Our studies showed that silkworm pupa, soritae, sesame, yam, pueraria, malt, ginseng, Polygonum multiflorum, and Curcuma longa significantly stimulated the growth of MCF-7 cells (P<0.05). In summary, these results suggested that silkworm pupa and herbs might be useful as potential phytoestrogens.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.273-283
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the feeding effect of a diet containing Cordyceps with fly pupa on the changes in blood lipid profile from broiler chickens, fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in chicken meat. A total of 360 chicks (Ross strain 308) were divided on hatch day into four treated groups with respect to a 35-day feeding regimen: T1 (control group), T2 (2.0% Cordyceps with fly pupa), T3 (3.5% Corceps with fly pupa) and T3 (5.0% Cordyceps with fly pupa). Blood triacylglyceride and total cholesterol level was significantly decreased by 5.32-10.63% and 9.23-12.62%, respectively, in groups T2, T3 and T4 when compared to T1 (p<0.05). Water holding capacity was significantly highest in T2 (p<0.05), while there were no significant differences among groups T2, T3 and T. In chicken meat, the ratio of saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid was high in the T3 and T4 groups, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid was low in the T2, T3 and T4 groups and oleic acid (18:1n-9) was high in the T2, T3 and T4 groups, when compared to T1 (p<0.05). TBARS tended to increase according to the storage time (in days), and was significantly lower in the chicken thigh muscles with skin in groups T2, T3 and T4 as compared to T1 (p<0.05). These results suggest that a diet containing 2.0-3.5% of Cordyceps with fly pupa may decrease blood lipid and improve both the shelf-life and quality of broiler chicken meat.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 1975

This study is to investigate the content of crude protein intruded in the sericin of cocoon shell and pupa by treatment of buffer solution (pH 1 to pH 13) 20 ml per 1 gram for 30 and 60 minutes at 30$^{\circ}C$, 60$^{\circ}C$ and 100${\pm}$2$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The quantity of total crude protein obtained from cocoon shell and pupa by treatment during 30 minutes at 30$^{\circ}C$ was dissolved as the largest quantity of 11.874 mg/g at pH 1 and l5.93mg/g at pH 13, but dissolved the smallest quantity 1.75g/g at pH 5 as known. and tile quantity of crude protein treated for 60 minutes is 13.437mg/g at pH 1 and 22.50mg/g at pH 13. Also, the smallest quantity is 2. 813mg/g at pH 5 as known. 2. By the treatment during 30 minutes at 60$^{\circ}C$, the dissolved largest quantity was 13.12mg/g at pH 1 and 21.875 mg/g at pH 13, but the smallest quantity is 2.375mg/g at pH 5 as known After treatment for 60 minutes at 60$^{\circ}C$, the dissolved largest quantity was 17.500 mg/g at pH 1 and 31.56mg/g at pH 13, bu the smallest quantity is 3.849 mg/g at pH 5. 3. The dissolved crude protein from the cocoon shell and pupa by treatment for 30 minutes at 100${\pm}$2$^{\circ}C$ was the largest quantity of 147.000mg/g at pH 1 and 398. 125mg/g at pH 13, but the smallest quantity is 75.00mg/g at pH 5 as known. After treatment for 60 minutes at 100${\pm}$2$^{\circ}C$, the largest quantity was 253.76 mg/g at pH 1 and 460.625mg/g at pH 13, but the smallest quantity is 139.375mg/g at pH 5 as known. 4. The dissolved crude protein from the cocoon shell and pupa was not different in quantity by treatment at 30$^{\circ}C$ or 60$^{\circ}C$. But dissolved crude protein was large quantity from cocoon shell more than pupa, as known. 5. The treatment of cocoon shell and pupa during 60 minutes at 100${\pm}$20$^{\circ}C$ was increased to the dissolved largest quantity of crude protein of 19.20％ at pH 1 and 22. 18％ at pH 13 from the cocoon shell and 6. 12％ at pH, an d 23.87％ at pH 13 from the pupa. But dissolved crude protein was increased to the larger quantity from pupa more than cocoon shell.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.25-38
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• 1965

I. Breeding of tussah silkworm(preliminary report). The preliminary examination for bleeding has been carried out since 1963 in tussah silkworms. 1) The strain(l-MG-B)of the heaviest silk quantity was the green silkworm and brown cocoon in univoltine, and the strains(2-G-B, 2-MG-B) of the heaviest silk quantity were also the green silkwom and brown cocoon in bivoltine in both spring and fall in 1965. 2) It looks like the voltinism, the body color and the cocoon color have reached to pure line up to 1965. II. Best place for the winter of tussah pupa. This work was aimed to find out good ways for the winter of tussah pupa. 1) The hatch of bivoltine was better than that of univoltine. 2) The cocoons covered with the leaves were good in the emergence of moth. 3) The cocoons which were kept at natural temperature till the first emergence of moths would show bad in both hatch and emergence. 4) If some of the pupae kept under natural condition were controled at proper temperature for a few days, hatch and laying eggs were best. 5) The best places for the winter were the egg storage and the rearing room. III. Relation between incubation temperature and voltinism. 1) When the tussah pupa are kept at natural temperature during winter, the moths do not come out of the pupa. 2) There is no difference between about 18$^{\circ}C$ and about 25$^{\circ}C$ during incubation in hatching ratio. 3) The tussah silkworms of univoltine in mortality are stronger than that of bivoltine. 4) There is not any relation between voltinism and high or low temperature for pupa and eggs. IV. Induced mutation by gamma-ray and neutron in tussah silkworm. This work was carried out in order to induce the mutation by treating the pupa or the eggs of tussah silkworm with gamma my and neutron. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Though the whole pupa treated with neutron become moths, the moths have no ability to copulate each other. The only moths emerged from pupa treated with neutron, 4000${\gamma}$ are able to lay all un-fertilized eggs, some of which have a hole on the surface and nothing of contents. 2. The non-diapause eggs are treated with neutron in spring, but the hatching ratio is 50∼60 percent, but the whole eggs treated with gamma ray are never hatched. 3. The sensitivity of the pupa to neutron is weaker than that of the eggs. 4. The hatching ratio is in direct proportion to the gamma ray dose. 5. Author find out a new mutant which is excellent in the cocoon quality, so he will do the progeny test next hear.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2009

동충하초 포자 현탁액을 누에에 경피 접종하고 발병경과를 관찰하여 누에의 형태적 변화와 균사체 형성 번데기의 형태 및 성분변화를 조사하였다. 누에 유충 때 발병 치사된 누에는 불완전세대를 거쳐 분생포자를 형성하고 번데기 때 병사한 번데기는 균사체를 형성하고 자낭포자를 생산하는 완전 세대의 동충하초가 되었다. 발병하지 않은 건강한 번데기와 균사체 형성 번데기의 성분변화는 유리아미노산, 구성아미노산, 지방산, 핵산물질, 모두 차이가 있었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.45-53
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• 1982

Ultrastructural changes of the testis in Pieris rapae L. observed under the electron microscope during the metamorphosis from prepupa to pupa. The peritoneal sheath, epithelium of the follicle and cucticle have the maximum thickness at prepupa stage and afterthen gradually they began to degenerate. The epithelium of the follicle which formed by invagination of the peritoneal sheath is differently differentiationed from the peritoneal sheath and it is similar to the adult's from the pupa 2 days. The cell organelles begin to increase in the cytoplasm of the cyst cell enclosed the sperm bundles at pupa 3 hrs. The electron densed granules which observed in the peritoneal sheath and epithelium of the follicle at prepupa seem to be related with fusion of the testis.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.25-28
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• 2000

A comprehensive study on daily pupal weight loss due to histolysis and histgenesis in Bombyx mori Linn., has been undertaken. The percentag of pupal weight loss in the male pupa is higher than the female, conforming that the female pupa require more energy in the form of less pupal weight loss for ovipositional activities. The regression equation clearly shows higher percentage loss of daily pupal weight in male than female with respect to age and, this is also evident from the slope of the regression line. Moreover, analysis of the coefficient of correlation shows that the weight loss of pupa is directly correlated with the age rather than climatic parameters under which the pupa dwells.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2012

Osteoporosis is characterized by the reduced density of mineralized bone matrix. The loss of bone has been attributed to an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. The silkmoth is one of the famous traditional tonic medicines. Silkworm pupa was evaluated for its antiosteoporotic activity in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. The rats were ovariectomized at 6weeks of age and divided into 7 groups. All the groups were fed without calcium diet. The OVX rats were treated with water and silkworm powder for 6 weeks. In OVX rats, the body weight, feeding and water intake quantity did not show a significant change, but the silkworm pupa powder immediately before the eclosion of Yeonrokjam was significantly increased the bone mineral density in the femoral bone. The silkworm pupa powder increased the bone with increasing calcium in serum. These results also showed its protective action through promotion of bone formation. The silkworm pupa powder has a definite antiosteoporotic effect; similar to estrogen, it is especially effective for the prevention of bone fracture induced by estrogen deficiency. The silkworm pupa powder is a promising anti-osteoporotic agent that can prevent bone fractures in osteoporotic patients. The silkworm pupa powder does not show serious side effects because natural herbal medicine origin.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.302-308
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• 1996

1994년 1월에 광주광역시 광산구의 거베라 재배 비닐하우스에서 최초로 아메리카입굴파리에 의한 피해가 확인된 이후 '95년 3월까지 1개 광역시와 8개 시, 군에서 발견되었다. 기주식물은 7과 22종이 조사되었으며 거베라, 국화, 토모토에서 피해가 많았다. 각 충태별 형태는 난의 길이/폭이 0.27mm/0.25mm의 투명한 백색이며 유충은 황색으로 잎의 표피만 남기고 갱도를 만들면서 엽육만을 식해하는데 종령유충은 2.03mm/0.80mm이며 번데기는 1.75mm/0.74mm로 밝은 갈색이고 잎위나 토양위에서 용화된다. 성충은 길이가 1.78mm, 날개편길이가 3.43mm이다. 성충의 흡즙 구멍수와 산란수와의 비율은 토마토에서 26.1%, 거베라에서 13.3%이었으며, 온도에 따른 유충의 섭식 길이는 거베라, 토마토 모두 2$0^{\circ}C$에서 가장 많았고$ 25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$에서는 점차 줄어드는 경향이었다. 각 충태별 기간은 거베라와 토마토에서 차이가 있었는데 $25^{\circ}C$의 경우 거베라에서 난, 유충, 번데기 기간은 각각 2.5일, 3.0이, 10.8일로 총기간은 16.3일 이었으며 토마토에서는 2.2일, 3.0일, 7.1일로 총 12.3일이었다. 발육영점과 유료적산온도는 기주식물에 따라 차이가 있었는데 거베라에서는 난이 $11.2^{\circ}C$ 33.9DD, 유충 $10.3^{\circ}C$ 38.6DD, 번데기 10.7$^{\circ}C$ 152.3DD이었고 난부터 번데기까지는 10.8$^{\circ}C$ 222.8DD이었다. 토마토에서는 난이 13.6$^{\circ}C$ 20.2DD, 유충 $9.3^{\circ}C$ 43.7DD, 번데기 $11.0^{\circ}C$114.3DD이었고 난부터 번데기까지는 $11.6^{\circ}C$ 178.2DD이었다.