• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.366-372
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• 1996

The simulated spent PWR fuel pellet which is corresponding to the turnup of 33,000 MWD/MTU is prepared by adding 11 fission-product elements to UO$_2$. The simulated spent fuel pellet is treated at 40$0^{\circ}C$ in air (oxidation), at 110$0^{\circ}C$ in air (high-temperature treatment), and at $600^{\circ}C$ in hydrogen (reduction). The product is treated through additional addition and reduction up to 3 cycles. Pellets are completely pulverized by the first oxidation, and the high-temperature treatment causes particle and crystallite to grow and surface to be smooth, and thus particle size significantly increases and surface area decreases. The reduction following the high-temperature treatment decreases much the particle size by means of the formation of intercrystalline cracks. The particle size decreases a little during the second oxidation and reduction cycle and then remains nearly constant during the third and fourth cycles. Surface area of pounder increases progressively with the repetition of oxidation and reduction cycles, mainly due to the formation of Surface cracks. The degradation of surface area resulting from high-temperature treatment is restored by too subsequent resulting oxidation and reduction cycles.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2018

Fuel blend technique is one of the most effective way of using biomass to replace the coal. Many studies on combustion characteristics with coal and biomass blends have been conducted. In this study, char reactivity and emission characteristics of coal (Suek) and biomass (EFB) blends has been investigated by TGA and DTF to evaluate the applicability of the pre-treated (torrefaction, ash removal technology) EFB to pulverized coal boiler. In all blending cases, char reactivity improved as the blending ratio increases (10, 20, and 30%), especially torrefied EFB blended at 30%. Also, unburned carbon decreased as the blending ratio increases in all types of EFB. NOx emission showed the increase and decrease characteristics according to the content of fuel-N of raw EFB and torrefied EFB. But the amount of NOx emission at ashless EFB blends is greater than that of Suek despite of lower fuel-N. It indicated that co-firing effect of using the pretreatment biomass fuel is relatively better than those of the untreated biomass fuel about char reactivity and emission characteristics.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2010

석탄으로부터 수소, 일산화탄소 등의 가스 연료를 생산하기 위하여 개발된 석탄 가스화 공정은 이산화탄소 저장, 환경 유해 물질 저감 등의 우수성으로 인하여 최근 세계 각국에서 앞다투어 개발에 나서고 있다. $75{\mu}m$ 이하의 미분탄을 이용하는 분류층 가스화 공정은 용량의 대형화가 쉽고, 에너지 전환 효율이 우수하여 석탄가스화복합발전(IGCC) 등에 널리 이용되고 있다. 특히 석탄슬러리를 원료로 사용하는 습식 분류층 가스화 공정은 기술적으로 성숙되어 가장 많이 보급되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 습식 분류층 가스화 공정을 이루는 석탄전처리, 버너, 가스화기, 슬래그용융, 가스화 운전 특성과 설계 및 해석을 위한 수치모사 등의 요소기술 개발 현황을 고찰하였다. 습식 석탄가스화는 IGCC 플랜트에서 뿐만 아니라 합성석유, SNG, 화학원료 제조용으로 활용될 수 있으며 융합 공정, 연료 다변화 등에 대응하기 위하여 요소기술별 추가적인 기술개발이 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 청정기술
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2017

기후 변화 대응을 위한 온실가스 감축 측면에서, 석탄화력발전소에서 바이오매스 사용량은 계속하여 증가되어 왔다. 파리 협정 이후 온실가스 감축 목표치가 더욱 구체화되면서 바이오매스 사용은 급격히 더 많아질 것으로 예상된다. 미분탄 석탄 화력발전에서 바이오매스 혼소시 가장 큰 문제점 중 하나는 바이오매스의 미분성이 석탄에 비해 훨씬 낮다는 것으로, 이를 해결하기 위해 가장 먼저 바이오매스의 미분성 측정 방법을 확립하는 작업이 필요하다. 석탄의 경우 HGI (hardgrove grindability index)측정 장치를 통해 분쇄도 측정이 가능하여 이를 표준으로 삼고 있지만, 바이오매스의 경우 표준 측정 방법이 확립되어있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 볼 밀과 입자 크기별 분포량을 이용한 석탄과 바이오매스의 분쇄 실험을 진행하였다. 실험에는 석탄 1종과 바이오매스 6종을 사용하였다. 분쇄시간에 따른 입자 분포량을 비교하고, $75{\mu}m$ 이하 입자 분포량으로 분쇄도를 평가하였다. 실험결과 반탄화 바이오매스 TBC (torrefied biomass chip)와 TWP (torrefied wood chip)는 발전용 사용적합 기준에 대해 대략적으로 70%의 값을 나타냈다. 다른 바이오매스들의 경우 반탄화 바이오매스와 비교했을 때 분쇄성이 훨씬 더 낮은 결과를 보였다. TBC와 TWP는 수분이 감소하고 섬유질 구조가 분해되는 반탄화 과정을 통해 분쇄가 향상되었다. 또한 분쇄도가 높은 반탄화 바이오매스가 소모전력이 낮게 측정되었다. 본 연구를 통해 바이오매스의 석탄화력발전 적용을 위한 표준화 작업의 기초 자료들을 확보할 수 있다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.326-334
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• 2007

In this study, graphite composites were fabricated by warm press molding method to realize commercialization of PEM fuel cells. Graphite composites have been considered as alternative economic materials for bipolar plate of PEM fuel cells. Graphite powder that enables to provide electrical conductivity was selected as the main substance. The graphite powder was mixed with phenolic resin and the mixture was pressed using a warm press method. First of all, the graphite powder was pulverized with a ball mill for the dense packing of composite. As the ball milling time increases, the average size of particles decreases and the size distribution becomes narrow. This allows for improvement of the uniformity of graphite composite. However, the surface electrical resistivity of graphite composite increases as the ball milling time increases. It is due to that graphite particles with amorphous phase are generated on the surface due to the friction and collision of particles during pulverizing. We found that the contact electrical resistivity of graphite particles increases as the particle size decreases. The contact electrical resistivity of graphite powders was reduced due to high molding pressure by warm press molding. This leads to improvement of the mechanical properties of graphite composite. Hydrogen gas impermeability was measured with the graphite composite, showing a possibility of the application for bipolar plate in fuel cell. And, I-V curves of the graphite composite bipolar plate exhibit a similar performance to the graphite bipolar plate.

• 공업화학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.337-344
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• 1994

높은 연소효율과 환경오염물질을 적게 배출하는 75kw급 소형 접선방향 연료주입식 수직형 사이클론 연소기를 이용하여 성상이 다른 수입 유연탄(역청탄, 아역청탄)을 시료로 하여 공기비 0.4~1.6 범위에서 각각의 연소 특성 및 연소 후 회분의 포집효율을 조사하였다. 로 내 온도 분포는 전영역에서 역청탄이 아역청탄보다 약 $100^{\circ}C$ 이상 높게 나타났고 로 내에서는 로 하부와 축선이 높게 나타났다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.383-387
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• 2012

The activation of Mg-10 wt%$Fe_2O_3$ was completed after one hydriding-dehydriding cycle. Activated Mg-10 wt%$Fe_2O_3$ absorbed 5.54 wt% H for 60 min at 593 K under 12 bar $H_2$, and desorbed 1.04 wt% H for 60 min at 593 K under 1.0 bar $H_2$. The effect of the reactive grinding on the hydriding and dehydriding rates of Mg was weak. The reactive grinding of Mg with $Fe_2O_3$ is believed to increase the $H_2$-sorption rates by facilitating nucleation (by creating defects on the surface of the Mg particles and by the additive), by making cracks on the surface of Mg particles and reducing the particle size of Mg and thus by shortening the diffusion distances of hydrogen atoms. The added $Fe_2O_3$ and the $Fe_2O_3$ pulverized during mechanical grinding are considered to help the particles of magnesium become finer. Hydriding-dehydriding cycling is also considered to increase the $H_2$-sorption rates of Mg by creating defects and cracks and by reducing the particle size of Mg.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2019

Spontaneous combustion propensity of various coals of carbonization grade as a pulverized fuel of coal-fired power plant has been tested from an initial temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ to $600^{\circ}C$ by heating in an oven with air to analyze the self-oxidation starting temperature. These tests produce CPT (Cross Point Temperature), IT (Ignition temperature), and CPS (Cross Point Slope) calculated as the slope of time taken for a rapid exothermic oxidation reaction at CPT base. CPS shows a carbonization rank dependence whereby wood pellet has the highest propensity to spontaneous combustion of $20.995^{\circ}C/min$. A sub-bituminous KIDECO coal shows a CPS value of $15.370^{\circ}C/min$, whereas pet coke has the highest carbonization rank at $2.950^{\circ}C/min$. The nature of this trend is most likely attributable to a concentration of volatile matter and oxygen functional groups of coal surface that governs the available component for oxidation, as well as surface area of fuel char, and constant pressure molar heat.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.489-497
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• 2006

국내 무연탄을 사용하는 미분탄 화력보일러(영동화력 2호기)를 대상으로 비교적 고효율, 저비용으로 전기를 생산하는 청정보일러인 순환유동층 보일러로의 전환 시 경제성 평가 및 민감도 분석을 수행하였다. 경제성 평가는 크게 순환 유동층 보일러로의 전환 시와 기존의 미분탄 보일러를 유지 시에 각각의 투자금액에 대한 경제성 평가와 이의 비교를수행하였으며, 더불어 전력시장의 상황 변화에 따른 경제성 민감도 분석을 수행하였다. 경제성 평가 결과, 현 상태에서는 전력산업기반기금이 지원을 받고 있는 무연탄 발전사업의 특성상 기존 보일러를 유지하는 것이 경제성 지표가 더 좋은 것으로 평가되었으나, 전력산업기반기금의 지원 형태 및 그 규모에 따라 순환유동층으로의 전환이 장기적 발전사업 및 기반기금의 효율적 집행 그리고 국가 에너지 이용률에 있어 더 좋은 경제 지표를 나타내는 것으로 평가되었다

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2006년도 제33회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.293-298
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• 2006

There are many researches in progress on co-firing of coal and biomass to reduce carbon dioxide produced from the coal consumption. This study carried out 200 Kg/h combustion test furnace by mixing coal with timber. Coal was mixed with domestic and imported-wood around 10% to 20% based on input energy. For the mixed fuel, combustion temperature, unburned carbon and the composition of flue gas were analyzed. In addition, the tendency of slagging and fouling was examined using a probe. According to the result of the experiment, combustion temperature was depended on the kind of wood and mixing ratio. The unburned carbon loss was higher with increase of wood biomass mixing ratio, as a result, the total heat loss of furnace was slightly increased. The emission of NOx and SOx were decreased by $3{\sim}20%$ and $21{\sim}60%$ respectively. There are no difference of slagging and fouling tendency between biomass co-firing and coal burning only.