• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.431-438
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• 2001

Oxygen saturation of blood is defined as ratio of total hemoglobins density to oxyhemoglobins density And the accuracy of pulse oxymeter that measures the oxygen saturation of blood by a noninvasive method is influenced by a measuring environment, breathing and motion of patient. Especially when patient moved his arms and fingers, it is difficult to eliminate motion artifact because the motion artifact signal has features that are overlap or closed at normal signal in frequency domain. We propose the filtering method that construct the filter banks and a matched falter to improve the Problem. When experimented by the proposed method, the ratio regulation of the proposed methods has 4.1% below than an adaptive filter (39.7%) and a moving average filter (11.2%). So. the Proposed method will be able to get a stable ratio of SpO2.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics) cream application on pain perception and pain response during insertion of implanted venous access port needle in children with cancer. Methods: From December 2010 to August 2011, at U university hospital, 20 patients scheduled for implanted venous access port needle insertion were recruited, and randomly assigned to receive either EMLA or a placebo cream 1 hour before the implanted venous access port needle insertion. While conducting needle insertion, changes in pulse and oxygen saturation on the pulse oxymeter monitor were measured and pain behavior reaction was also measured during needle insertion in the treatment room. After conducting needle insertion, self-reported pain reaction, and mothers' perception of the children's pain reaction were measured. Collected data were statistically processed using SPSS version 17.0 for Windows, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test. Results: Children's self-reported degree of pain, degree of pain as perceived by mothers and pain behavior reaction decreased significantly in the EMLA application group compared with the placebo group. Conclusion: Findings indicate that application of EMLA cream is effective in relieving pain in these children during implanted venous access port needle insertion.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety depending on the route of flumazenil, as an antagonist against midazolam. The subjects of this study were 15 volunteers of $22{\sim}24$ years old. They were sedated with midazolam 0.2mg/Kg intranasal spray, and then 40 minutes after midazolam administration, they were given flumazenil 0.2mg intranasal spray for their reversal. For evaluation of the efficacy and safety of intranasal spray for flumazenil, they were monitored with pulse-oxymeter(Nellcor symphony N-3000, Nellcor Puritan CO. USA) and electric sphygmomanometer (Heartcare 200, National CO. Japan), and were assessed themselves using visual analogue scale(VAS) for tranquilization, sleep, fatigue and attitude. All of these subjects were reduced completely without any undesired situations. The results from this study can be summarized as follows ; 1. Nasaly administered flumazenil using spray device produced much more rapid reduction than intravenously administered flumazenil, but soon after fell in more deep sedated state than intravenously administered flumazenil. 2. There were no considerable side effects or bad influence on vital signs of both nasaly administered flumazenil and intravenously administered flumazenil. These results suggested that the flumazenil administered nasaly using spray device for reversal, we could treat patients safely and effectively under conscious sedation using midazolam administration. But, We will have to research about its optimal dosages for flumazenil, used as intranasal spray for reversal agents against the midazolam by evaluating the blood plasma concentration of midazolam and flumazenil.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.78-85
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the pain reducing effects of the dextrose-coated pacifier on venipuncture in premature infants. Methods: The design of this study is a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design and a crossover trial. The analysed cases were 40 premature infants (20 in experimental group and 20 in control group) in neonatal intensive care unit of a University Hospital, Gyeongnam Province, Korea. The data were collected from April to October, 2009. The experimental treatment was carried out nursing 20% dextrose-coated pacifier on venipuncture for IV injection. The instruments were $O_2$ saturation and heart rate on pulse oxymeter monitor to measure physiologic pain responses, and NIPS to measure behavioral pain responses. Collected data were analyzed with $x_2$ test, t-test using SPSS program. Results: The effects of the 20% dextrose-coated pacifier were found in the physiologic (only heart rate) and behavioral pain response on venipuncture. Conclusion: These finding is suggested that the dextrose-coated pacifier could be an effective nursing intervention for reducing pain on venipuncture in premature infants.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1999

Background: In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). it is well known that hypoxemia increases the frequency of VPB, which is associated with the poor prognosis such as sudden death. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of short and long-term low flow oxygen therapy on the development of VPBs in patients with COPD by correcting the hypoxemia. Method: In 19 patients with COPD, oxygen saturation and VPB's were monitored by pulse oxymeter and 24-hour Holter EKG, with room air and oxygen saturation and VPB's were monitored on the 1st and on the 8th day during oxygen therapy with nasal prong (2L/min). Results : The arterial oxygen saturation was significantly higher on the 1st day of oxygen therapy compared with breathing room air, and was also higher on the 8th day of oxygen therapy than on the 1st day. We found that there was significant correlation between the lowest value of the arterial oxygen saturation and the mean value of the arterial oxygen saturation. The number of VPB's per hour was significantly lower on the 1st day of oxygen therapy compared with breathing room air, and also lower on the 8th day of oxygen therapy than on the 1st day. Our results showed positive correlation between the decrease in the frequency of VPB's and the increase in the lowest arterial oxygen saturation, even though correlation was not significant(p=0.056). Conclusion: With oxygen therapy, the arterial oxygen saturation was increased and the number of VPB's was decreased. Long-term oxygen therapy more than 7days, would be helpful to decrease the number of VPB' s in patients with COPD.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.35-50
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• 2001

This study was conducted for the evaluation of the effects of singing program combined with physical exercise on the physiologic changes, perception function and degree of depression. The subjects were the members of elderly women's glee club in D care center for the elderly, who have been singing for more than 6 months. 30 members were allocated to study group and 30 to control group. The singing program designed for both physical therapy and music therapy was consisted of initial physical exercise, singing art songs and classical song and the finishing physical exercise. This program was performed twice a week and about forth minutes was consumed for one session. We checked the heart rate, peripheral arterial oxygen saturation, perception function and degree of depression before and after the program. We used a pulse oxymeter to check the heart rate to oxygen saturation and a questionnaire for the evaluation of perception function and degree of depression. We need SPSS program for data analysis. The results of the investigated personnel complying with general characteristics were analyzed by frequency, two groups by t-test, data before and after the program by paired t-test, respectively. The results were as follows. 1) Heart rate after the program was significantly lower than that before program in test group(p<0.05). 2) Peripheral oxygen saturation after the program was significantly higher than that before the program(p<0.05). 3) Ability to match the right sign with a certain predetermined number was improved after the program. The frequency of wrong matching the sign with number before program was 30. But the frequency was decreased to 8 after the program. 4) Ability to calculate was improved after the program. The frequency of wrong calculation before the program was $1.10{\pm}1.94$. But the frequency after the program was decreased to $0.97{\pm}1.84$. 5) The degree of depression after the program($2.07{\pm}0.49$) was significantly lower than that before program(p<0.001). These results show that singing program combined with physical exercise improves the oxygen delivery to peripheral circulation, stability of heart function, the perception function(calculating and matching ability) and decreases the degree of depression. In conclusion, singing program combined with physical exercise can be used for the effective measure to improve the health of elderly and prevent dementia.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.415-425
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• 2001

Background : The correlation between the high resolution computed tomography(HRCT) emphysema score and the physiologic parameters including resting and exercise pulmonary function test was investigated in 14 patients($60.6{\pm}10.3$ years) with pulmonary emphysema. Methods : The patients underwent a HRCT, a resting pulmonary function test, and incremental exercise testing(cycle ergometer, 10 W/min). Computed tomography scans were obtained on a GE highlight at 10 mm intervals using 10 mm collimation, from the apex to the base after a full inspiration. The emphysema scores were determined by a CT program 'Density mask' outlining the areas with attenuation values less than -900 HU, indicating the emphysema areas, and providing an overall percentage of lung involvement by emphysema. Results : Among the resting PFT parameters, only the diffusing capacity(r=-0.75) and $PaO_2$ (r=-0.66) correlated with the emphysema score(p<0.05). Among the exercise test parameters, the emphysema score correlated significantly with the maximum power(r=-0.74), maximum oxygen consumption(r=-0.68), anaerobic threshold(V-slope method: r=-0.69), maximal $O_2$-pulse(r=-0.73), and the physiologic dead space ratio at the maximum workload(r=-0.80)(p<0.01). Conclusion: We could find that exercise testing parameters showed a much better correlation with the HRCT emphysema score, which is known to have a good correlation with the pathologic severity than the resting PIT parameters. Therefore it is suggested that exercise testing is superior to resting PIT for estimating in the estimation of the physiologic disturbance in emphysema patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2009

Background: From November 2006, The national health insurance system in the Republic of Korea began to cover prescribed long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. This study examined the current status of LTOT after national health insurance coverage. Methods: Between November 1, 2006 and June 30, 2008, the medical records of patients who were prescribed LTOT by chest physicians were reviewed. The data was collected from 13 university hospitals. Results: 197 patients (131 male and 66 female) were prescribed LTOT. The mean age was 64.3${\pm}$13.0 years. The most common underlying disease was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n=103, 52.3%). Chest physicians prescribed LTOT using arterial blood gas analysis or a pulse oxymeter (74.6%), symptoms (14%), or a pulmonary function test (11.2%). The mean oxygen flow rate was 1.56${\pm}$0.68 L/min at rest, 2.08${\pm}$0.91 L/min during exercise or 1.51${\pm}$0.75 L/min during sleep. Most patients (98.3%) used oxygen concentrators. Only 19% of patients used ambulatory oxygen supplies. The oxygen saturation before and after LTOT was 83.18${\pm}$10.48% and 91.64${\pm}$7.1%, respectively. After LTOT, dyspnea improved in 81.2% of patients. The mean duration of LTOT was 16.85${\pm}$6.71 hours/day. The rental cost for the oxygen concentrator and related electricity charges were 48,414${\pm}$15,618 won/month and 40,352${\pm}$36,815 won/month, respectively. Approximately 75% of patients had a regular visit by the company. 5.8% of patients had personal pulse oxymetry. 54.9% of patients had their oxygen saturation checked on each visit hospital. 8% of patients were current smokers. The most common complaint with LTOT was the limitation of daily activity (53%). The most common complaint with oxygen concentrators was noise (41%). Conclusion: The patients showed good compliance with LTOT. However, only a few patients used an ambulatory oxygen device or had their oxygen saturation measured.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.481-486
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• 2008

Purpose : The aims of this study were to test the efficacy of vapocoolant spray to decrease the symptoms associated with pain in newborns undergoing heel stick and intramuscular injection and compare the pain relief effect of oral glucose. Methods : Randomized, controlled study including sixty newborns undergoing heel stick and intramuscular injection. Group 1 was heelsticked, Group 2 was intramuscular injected, Group A did not recieve any treatment, Group B recieved 30% glucose solution orally, Group C was applied vapocoolant spray symptoms and signs associated with pain at heel stick and intramuscular injection were measured with the premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scale. Results : There was no significant difference in the PIPP score between intramuscular injected group control and heel stick group control (P=0.07). The mean PIPP score of Group 1A (control) $10.6{\pm}2.4$, Group 1B $5.5{\pm}2.0$, Group 1C $5.2{\pm}1.8$. The mean PIPP score 1B and 1C were significantly lower than control (1B P<0.001, 1C P<0.001). The mean PIPP score of Group 2A (control) $12.5{\pm}1.4$, Group 2B $7.0{\pm}1.7$, Group 2C $6.4{\pm}1.6$. The mean PIPP score 2B and 2C were significantly lower than control (2B P<0.001, 2C P<0.001). Conclusion : The antinociceptive effect of vapocoolant sparay is as effective as 30% oral glucose solution for pain control. So this study support the use of vapocoolant spray for reducing pain during painful procedure in the neonatal intensive care units.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 1994

To find out the predictors of nocturnal arterial oxygen desaturation in patients with respiratory diseases, transcutaneous oxygen saturation($StcO_2$) monitoring studies using a pulse oximeter were performed during sleep in 20 patients. $StcO_2$ was decreased more than 4% from the baseline value in 18 patients(90%) and more than 10%("Desaturator") in 8(40%). Five of the seven patients(71.4%) with awake $PaO_2$<60mmHg and three of the thirteen patients(23.1%) with awake $PaO_2{\geq}60mmHg$ were "desaturators". The awake $PaO_2/FIO_2$ and $PaO_2/PAO_2$ could distinguish "desaturator" from "nondesaturator", and $PaO_2,\;SaO_2$ or $StcO_2$ could not. These results suggest that the nocturnal oxygen desaturation depends on the severity of the underlying disease rather than the baseline $PaO_2$. Anthropomorphic and lung function factors could not separate between "desaturator" and "non-desaturator", and about a quater of patients with a wake $PaO_2{\geq}60mmHg$ developed significant desaturation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the nocturnal arterial oxygen saturation in patients with respiratory diseases regardless of their severity of airflow obstruction or awake $PaO_2$.