• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2023

Purpose : This study aimed to compare peripheral pulse oxygen saturation (SpO₂) values, measured at different monitoring sites, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) of neurocritical patients. Methods : The study included 110 patients admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit of a university hospital. The patients' SpO₂ values were measured in their index fingers, both second toes, both earlobes, and foreheads, using the patient monitoring system. These values were compared with the standard value of SaO₂ measured using a blood gas analyzer. Data were analyzed using descriptive values, Pearson's correlation coefficients, Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCC), and Bland-Altman plots. Result : Regardless of the measuring site, SpO₂ was correlated with the paired measurements of SaO₂ (r=.40~.60, p<.001, CCC range=.40~.58). No significant bias in paired measurements of SpO₂ and SaO₂ was observed at all sites (-0.06~0.19%, p>.05). SpO₂ values at the left finger and right earlobe had the narrowest range, with a 95% limits of agreement (LOA) (left finger -3.04~2.93% and right earlobe -3.18~2.79%). SpO₂ at the index finger, on the side without an arterial catheter, had a narrower range of 95% LOA than that of the opposing finger (-3.00~2.97% vs. -3.73~3.26%). Conclusion : SpO₂ at the finger without an arterial catheter had the highest level of precision. This study suggests using the index finger, on the side without an arterial catheter, for pulse oximetry in neurocritical patients.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.450-464
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• 2023

Pulse oximetry, a non-invasive technique for evaluating blood oxygen saturation, conventionally depends on isolated measurements, rendering it vulnerable to factors like illumination profile, spatial blood flow fluctuations, and skin pigmentation. Previous efforts to address these issues through imaging systems often employed red and near-infrared illuminations with distinct profiles, leading to inconsistent ratios of transmitted light and the potential for errors in calculating spatial oxygen saturation distributions. While an integrating sphere was recently utilized as an illumination source to achieve uniform red and near-infrared illumination profiles on the sample surface, its bulkiness presented practical challenges. In this work, we have enhanced the pulse oximetry imaging system by transitioning illumination from an integrating sphere to a multi-wavelength LED configuration. This adjustment ensures simultaneous emission of red and near-infrared light from the same position, creating a homogeneous illumination profile on the sample surface. This approach guarantees consistent patterns of red and near-infrared illuminations that are spatially uniform. The sustained ratio between transmitted red and near-infrared light across space enables precise calculation of the spatial distribution of oxygen saturation, making our pulse oximetry imaging system more compact and portable without compromising accuracy. Our work significantly contributes to obtaining spatial information on blood oxygen saturation, providing valuable insights into tissue oxygenation in peripheral regions.

• Annual Conference of KIPS
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.578-579
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• 2015

Transmission and reflectance are two non-invasive techniques to perform pulse oximetry. This paper presents a design of reflectance-based pulse oximetry for watch-type wearable device, in which sensor and detector are located on the same surface of the body part. The basic principle of a pulse oximeter is based on the measurement of the red and infrared (IR) light absorption. Oxygenated blood has significant differences of light absorption characteristics than deoxygenated blood under red (660 nm) and infrared (940 nm) wavelength. Infrared is absorbed more by oxygenated hemoglobin than red. So the hardware implementation is included placing of the two LEDs (red and IR) with single photo-detector in the middle on the patient's wrist to get the corresponding pulsatile signals which are used to estimate the $SpO_2$.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.612-613
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• 2016

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.245-249
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• 2010

Purpose: Numerous false alarms by pulse oximetry, which is widely used in neonatal intensive care unit, can delay response to true alarms. Masimo $SET^{(R)}$ was introduced lately, to overcome false alarms by motion. We compared the clinical performance of two devices (Nellcor $N-595^{(R)}$ and Masimo $SET^{(R)}$) for the evaluation of the false alarm frequency during usual motion artifacts and stable state. Methods: A total of 20 preterm infants weighing 1,000-2,500 g were enrolled in the study. The sensors of two devices were placed on the different feet on the same infants, and both devices were programmed to emit an alarm for episode of hypoxemia (SpO2$\leq$85%). The false alarms were defined as episodes of poor correlation with ECG heart rate, poor waveforms, and the absence of obvious signs of hypoxia. We compared the frequency of false alarms between the two devices. Results: The mean chronological age was 20.8 days and the mean body weight was 1,668 g on the study day. The frequency of total false alarm was significantly fewer for Masimo $SET^{(R)}$ pulse oximetry (48 in Nellcor $N-595^{(R)}$, 27 in Masimo $SET^{(R)}$) although the false alarm during usual motion artifacts was not significantly between two devices (32 in Nellcor $N-595^{(R)}$, 19 in Masimo $SET^{(R)}$). Conclusion: The Masimo $SET^{(R)}$ pulse oximetry has fewer false alarm rates and identified more true hypoxic events than Nellcor $N-595^{(R)}$ pulse oximetry. Therefore, it is useful for adequate oxygen therapy and helps to decrease unnecessary handling by clinicians and nurses.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2000

Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive optical method which measures arterial oxygen saturation with two different wavelength. We can obtain the pulsating component of the arterial blood superimposed on DC level attenuated by venous blood, skin and other nonpulsatile components. This study is based on computing algorithm of oxygen saturation using the integral ratio of pulsatile components. In this algorithm, we used the half cycle of the pulsatile signal rely on arterial contraction. It's period is about 1/4 in 1 cycle. In the result, Our algorithm with 1/4 period of 1 cycle is similar to existing model. Because of removal that A part have low amplitude and possession in long term from calculating, the effect of the motion-artifact is decrease.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.710-716
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the intravenous (IV) sedation technique with midazolam and ketamine for uncooperative dental child patients. Three child patients between the ages of 4.4 years and 5.6 years who required sedation for dental treatment were given midazolam and ketamine. Initial dosage was combined of $0.03{\sim}0.06mg/kg$ midazolam and 1.0mg/kg ketamine. Additional dosages of ketamine (0.33mg/kg) were given as needed to maintain deep sedation. Pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, adverse reactions, postoperative recovery and behavior were monitored with saturation pulse oximetry, ECG, NIBP and Cardiocap. In conclusion, the combination of midazolam and ketamine is efficacious in deep sedation for painful dental treatment. However, a significant drop in oxygen saturation was observed as a common adverse side effect. Therefore advanced airway management proficiency is required in order to achieve a successful IV sedation.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2000.06e
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• pp.117-120
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• 2000

Pulse oximetry is a well established non-invasive optical technique for monitoring the SpO$_2$ during anaesthesia, recovery and intensive care. Pulse oximeters determine the oxygen saturation level of blood by measuring the light absorption of arterial blood. The sensors consists of red and infrared light sources and photodetectors. In the measurement of the hemoglobin oxygen saturation, conventional method has required the technique of filtering of remove the noise, and of complex signal processing algorithm. So much time have required to signal processing. In this research, we separate AC signal and DC signal in the stage of signal detection. We filter the noise from each signal and convert A/D. We obtain the SpO$_2$ using the DSP algorithm.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2012

Polysomnography is used to diagnose many types of sleep disorders including sleep apnea, periodic limb movement disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder, parasomnias, and narcolepsy. It is a comprehensive recording of the biophysiological changes that occur during sleep. The polysomnography monitors many body functions parameters including EEG, EOG, EMG, ECG, respiratory airflow, respiratory effort, and pulse oximetry during sleep. Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) is performed for diagnosing narcolepsy and excessive daytime sleepiness. It is usually to be done after an overnight polysomnography. The test consists of four or five 20-minute nap opportunities that are scheduled two hours apart.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.48.1-48.11
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• 2020

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to identify mean oxygen saturation values (SpO₂) using pulse oximetry in permanent maxillary anterior teeth. Materials and Methods: The MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and Literatura Latino Americana em Ciências da Saúde electronic databases were searched. Combinations and variations of "oximetry" AND "dental pulp test" were used as search terms. Studies reporting means and standard deviations of SpO₂ values were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and all analyses were performed using R software. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: Of the 251 studies identified, 19 met the eligibility criteria and were included (total sample, 4,541 teeth). In the meta-analysis, the mean SpO₂ values were 84.94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.85%-85.04%) for the central incisors, 89.29% (95% CI, 89.22%-89.35%) for the lateral incisors, and 89.20% (95% CI, 89.05%-89.34%) for the canines. The studies were predominantly low-quality due to the high risk of bias associated with the index test, unclear risk regarding patient selection, and concerns about outcome assessment. Conclusions: Although most studies were low-quality, the oxygen saturation levels in normal pulp could be established (minimum saturation, 77.52%). Despite the risk of bias of the included studies, the reference values reported herein are clinically relevant for assessments of changes in pulp status.