• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.135-167
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• 2006

Air service agreements between EU Member States and third countries concluded by Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark and the United Kingdom after the Second World War infringe EU law. They authorize the third countries to withdraw, suspend or limit the traffic rights of air carriers designated by the signatory States. According to the Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC), these agreements infringe EU law in two respects. On the one hand, the presence of nationality clauses infringes the right of European airlines to non-discriminatory market access to routes between all Member States and third countries. On the other hand, only the EU has the authority to sign up to this type of commitment where agreements affect the exercise of EU competence, i.e. involve an area covered by EU legislation. The Court held that since the third countries have the right to refuse a carrier, these agreements therefore constitute an obstacle to the freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services, as the opening of European skies to third countries' companies is not reciprocal for all EU airlines. In the conclusion, in order to reconstruct these public international air law, The new negotiations between EU member states and third countries, especially the US, must be designed to ensure an adequate set of principles, so that Member States, in their bilateral relations with third countries in the area of air service, should consider following three models. The 1st, to develop a new model of public international air law such as a new Bermuda III. The 2nd, to reconstruct new freedoms of the air, for example, the 7th, 8th, and 9th freedoms. The 3rd, to explore new approaching models, such as complex system theory explored in the recent social sciences, to make access world-wide global problems instead of bilateral problems between EU member states and United States. The example will show any lessons to air talks between European Union and ROK.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.47-55
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose a new approach to detect peculiar features of license plates using intensity vector and composite color component in order to extract license plates from parking regulation images, which is captured in various locations around the front or the rear of cars at various times and places, and in which complex background is included. We fundamentally use both features that intensity value repeats frequently increasing and decreasing because intensity is obviously different at numerics and background, and that color is uniform in the area of license plates. First, we search each row at regular intervals starting from the bottom of a license-plate image, and we set up a rough region for a certain zone in which tile sign of intensity vector changes frequently enough and color of license plate is detected enough, assuming it as a candidate location of a license plate. And then, we extract an elaborate area of a license plate by projecting vertical edges horizontally and vertically. Here, type of cars, such as the urinate and the public, is easily classified according to the color of extracted plates. We used 200 actual regulation images, which are captured at various times and places, to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. As a result, the proposed method showed extraction rate of 96%, which is 9% higher than the previous method using only intensity vector.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2011

This study aimed to devise the method to construct safe and convenient bicycle road by considering the peripheral environmental factor related to using bicycle. Analyzing the existing design of bicycle road and construction case, this study established the method to design bicycle road that reflects site condition and presented the optimal design method for each type of bicycle road to construct safe and convenient bicycle road by analyzing the type of traffic accident for each type of bicycle road, surveying present situation and local survey. It was found that the optimum design of bicycle road for specification, width, curve radius, ascending slope, etc in consideration of peripheral environment and separating traffic between users of traffic means should be done by installing safety sign, safe facilities and separation facilities to design safe bicycle road. Further, the minimum traffic space of bicycle users and connection between bicycle roads should be ensured to design safe bicycle road. It is judged that information related to safety and convenience of bicycle road such as slope, route information, location of convenience facilities, information to the public traffic should be provided so as to activate the users of bicycle.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.19-27
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• 1976

Perilla (frutescens) seed oil, which is widely used as a source of vegetable oil in Korea, contains a strikingly large amount (58.4% of total fatty acids) of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (18 : 3) which is one of the essential fatty acids. Our hypothesis was that vitamin E contained in this oil would not be enough to prevent peroxidation of this polyunsaturated oil. A comparative study was carried out using rats and chicks devided into seven groups with various diet combinations emphasizing fat sources for the period of four weeks. The level of fat in each diet was 15% and animals were fed ad libitum. Various diet combinations were as follows; perilla seed oil and sesame seed oil with and without vitamin E supplementation, tallow as a saturated fat source and perilla seed hull group (10% at the expense of carbohydrate). The fat constituents of control group were consisted of 50% vegetable oil and 50% animal fat. A few important findings are as follows: 1. Rats fed perilla seed oil lost their hair focally around the neck and suffered from a bad skin lesion at the same place. In chicks, yellow pigmentation both of feather and of skin was clearly observed only in groups fed perilla seed oil with or without vitamin E supplementation. The basis of biochemical mechanisms of this phenomena remains as an important research interest. 2. The mean value for hematocrit was significantly lower for the chicks fed perilla seed oil than for those fed control diet. This result seems to be attributable to the effect on the red cell membrane known as peroxidation-hemolysis of vitamin E deficiency. 3. The serum cholesterol level was higher for the rats fed perilla seed oil than for those fed control diet, whereas in chicks the group fed perilla seed oil showed lower value than the control group indicating that different animal species could vary in their responses to the same diet. 4. In pathological examinations, the sign of hepatic fibrosis was seen in the perilla seed hull group and it was noticeable that the level of hepatic RNA was significantly increased in the rat recovering from vitamin E deficiency. It is hoped that more detailed studies on perilla seed oil and hulls will soon be carried out in many aspects especially i) at various levels of fat in the diet, ii) in relation to dietary selenium level and iii) to find an optimum level of dietary essential fatty acids in terms of P/S ratio using various animal species. In the mean time, the public should be informed to preserve this particular oil with care to minimize fatty acid oxidation and should be discouraged from overconsuming this oil. This study was supported by UB (United Board) Research Grant (Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea)

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.93-102
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• 2016

This study examined effects of the communication accompanied with music therapy on the anxiety of patients during a MRI examination. In the experiment group consisting of thirty patients and the control group consisting of thirty patients, the experiment was performed from February 1st 2014 to March 31st 2014 in hospital C located in Daegu Korea. The research design was a non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental study. The results showed that the anxiety score (VAS score) on communication with music therapy of the experimental group was significantly lower (p=.001), than that of the control group. Among the vital signs, the blood pressure was similar in both groups. On the other hand, the pulse rate of the experiment group was significantly lower (p=.001). Four categories of the physical discomfort (perspiration, facial change, change in physical posture, and change in vocal sound) did not show any statistically significant difference between the control and experiment group. Among the mental discomforts, dizziness did not have a significant difference between the experiment group and the control group, but the experimental group had significantly low fear (p=.001) and anxiety (p=.001). From the above results, communication accompanying music therapy proves is an effective alternative examination method that reduces the anxiety of patients.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.117-127
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• 1979

This study attempts to shed additional light on the national diffusion process and interaction of welfare services for children and mothers. The central hypothesis examined is the following : In general, the implant of social welfare system is first considered on the characteristics of their own socio-economics , and diffusion prodess of welfare services tends to occur faster in countries with open sicieties than in countries where entry barriers are high and society ranking rigid. The scope of the study is limited in several ways. Attention is concentrated on the agency of woman in the belief that an in-depth case study of one field can yield more insight than a less detailed investigation embracing a number of social welfare systems. The angency of woman is selected for several reasons. a) It is important the agency of woman alone produce more effective than services affecting both the child welfare and women's libertion bradually. Moreover, these services will form the heart of mother's welfare. b) The services of women's agency is gradually wide spread, since a role of government is still negligible before a full realization of economic income. c) The services of women agency is a prime example of a social welfare. d) statistical data and other information are more readily available. One of major findings of our study is the existence of the barriers inhibiting child welfare form " motherhood cult". Despite all the distinct advantages for mother and child , social attitudes appear to be some resistant on child welfare system among men and women even the agenices of women. What is surprised is the extent of the awareness that strategies of women's agency to liberate woman and to increate activities of women involve the strategies to liberate child. The conviction that solving application problems for child welfare in line with the activities of agency by women offer greater freedom and more advantage to mother are not apparent on the data collected from 18 of multi-functional agencies in our country. there are little sign that such agencies cooperate toward attainment of common goals. The intensive early focus of the movement on consciousness raising is a necessary beginning and such efforts by women's organizations would help both in the continuous evolution of women and child. Some of the agencies offer a variety of services to women and children, others are specialized in that they offer fewer services or even only one. Social welfare agenices giving service to children and their families are identified by various names usually women service and child welfare from govern , mental agency and voluntary public agency to foreign aided. What is totally missing , however, is an integrated synthesis of child welfare program Through women's agency. Social changes to occur, but delineation of appropriate and comprehensive social policy is also necessary at this point at this point since efforts, social changes and polices must be well coordianted and focused, as well as mutually supprotive and reinforcing.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.13-28
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• 2020

This study attempted to understand the characteristics of images of scientific experiments represented and consumed on YouTube, a representative of today's new media. In particular, this paper analyzes the case studies of YouTube's hydrogen peroxide decomposition experiment based on Baudrillard's theory of Simulation and Simulacra, which discusses the strong status of images and the ambiguity of the boundary between virtual and reality. A total of 14 YouTube videos related to hydrogen peroxide decomposition experiments were analyzed. In those videos, hydrogen peroxide decomposition experiments were typically conducted with several signs representing scientific experiments, but the most important sign in the videos were bubbles produced through experiments. For more public consumption of the content, the bubbles resulted from hydrogen peroxide decomposition reproduced in YouTube have been transformed into a more spectacular image as 'super-huge' and 'explosive' bubble. Considering the influence of new media that can be accessed by students anytime and anywhere, it is positive that science experiments in new media enhance students' intimacy and access to science. At the same time, however, it is also important to note the danger that the purpose of scientific experiments will be limited to only 'showing specular images', due to the nature of new media, which mainly deals with immediate and superficial images. Furthermore, this study argues that improving students' science media literacy is required to critically examine the science-related images represented in the new media based on understanding the characteristics and limitations of new media that deeply affect daily life.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.14
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• pp.6055-6059
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• 2015

Background: Medication policy development in Thailand is continually promoting rational drug use. Letrozole, an endocrine therapy drug, is usually prescribed for post-menopausal status early and advanced stage breast cancer. After Ministry of Public Health announced Letrozole as compulsory licensed drug in 2009, more breast cancer patients can access to this drug at low cost especially those within universal coverage schemes. To ensure that Letrozole is rationally prescribed, the drug utilization study was conducted. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the appropriate use of Letrozole in breast cancer and the relationship between appropriate use and health benefit schemes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study to evaluate use of Letrozole in breast cancer patients was performed for six months between January - June 2010 in seven regional cancer hospitals, Thailand. All prescriptions of Letrozole were identified from pharmacy dispensing databases and prescription papers. A medical record review was also performed to evaluate appropriate use referring to the drug use evaluation criteria. The approved criterion of this study was referred from the guideline of Thai National Formulary version 2010. Results: There were 681 prescriptions of Letrozole for 254 breast cancer patients with an average age of $58.6{\pm}10.0years$. The patients in universal coverage scheme (UCS), civil servant medication benefit scheme (CSMBS) and social security scheme (SSS) were 77.7%, 18.5% and 8.7% respectively. 10.6% were prescribed Letrozole for the first time. Letrozole were prescribed by oncologists (82.8%). The average number of tablets per prescription was $58{\pm}10$. Calcium supplements were prescribed concomitant with Letrozole for 19.4%. To assess drug use evaluation criteria, 45 prescriptions were excluded because of uncompleted clinical data, 636 prescriptions were evaluated. The study showed 86 prescriptions (13.5%) with inappropriate use including 6 (0.9%) not prescribed for estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positive, 31 (4.9%) not prescribed for post-menopausal and 49 (7.7%) not prescribed for an appropriate duration. Appropriate use percentages in different health benefit schemes were similar, 85.7% of CSMBS, 86.4% of SSS and 86.7% of UCS. The relationship between health benefit scheme and appropriate use of Letrozole was not significantly different, ${\chi}^2$ (2, N = 636) = 0.081, p > 0.05. Conclusions: The study showed inappropriate use in breast cancer patients because of non-compliance with duration, menopausal status and hormone receptor requirements. To prescribe appropriate indication did not referred to the appropriate practice along the treatment. Drug use evaluation proved very useful for detecting the sign of inappropriate use and allows immediate feedback to the stakeholder for developing medication policy in the future. Importantly, there was no significantly difference in appropriate use of Letrozole across health benefit schemes.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.213-220
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• 2005

Objective : Thyroid diseases are one of the most common endocrine disorders. However, the first chosen-treatments including anti-thyroidal and hormone-supplement therapy in western medicines, sometimes have failed to improve abnormal thyroid hormone secretions and clinical symptoms. Therefore, there has been a growing expectation for Oriental Medicine to take the role of alternative therapy. However, there has been little analysis of clinical characteristics. In this study, clinical characteristics of thyroidal disease patients who visited Kyung-Hee oriental hospital from January to July 2004 were analyzed. Methods : A total 86 patients diagnosed as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or thyroid nodule were selected. Clinical history, including sex, age, symptoms, disease duration and methods of previous therapy and thyroidal test, such as thyroid function test (TFT), thyroid scan and other thyroid examinations. Results : In distribution of onset age and sex, the patients who have visited oriental hospital with thyroidal diseases showed similar characteristics with typical patients. In clinical symptom, the most frequent clinical sign was fatigue in both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, which differs from the classical characteristics of those diseases. Most patients complained the unresolved symptoms, some of which are attributable to abnormal thyroid hormone secretions, in spite of western therapy with anti-thyroidal and hormone supplement agents. Conclusions : In oriental therapy, it will be necessary to consider the unique clinical features of thyroidal diseases different from classical patterns, and this study suggests that oriental therapy is a good alternative method for patients whose first treatment with western agents failed. Furthermore, more public information to these patients about oriental medicine would be helpful to increase cure rates, and give various choices to patients with thyroid diseases.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.53-63
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to look at the way that speech-to-text (STT) services are used at present, and to explore measures to institutionalize such services for ease of communication for the hearing impaired. The results of this study show the following: 1) 17.8% of those surveyed had experience of using STT services, with younger individuals showing a higher rate of use; and 2) In terms of organizations providing STT services, social welfare organizations followed by civic groups (18.3%) and public organizations (18.3%). The following institutional measures are needed for STT services. First, STT services should be actively promoted as one of the reasonable conveniences defined in the 'Act on the Prohibition of Discrimination Against Disabled Persons, Remedy Against Infringement of Their Rights, etc.' Second, STT services should be additionally listed as one of the clauses of the 'Act on Welfare of Persons with Disabilities'. In particular, establishing a communication system for those with hearing impairments should serve as a catalyst for integration with sign language interpretation and welfare services. If STT services for face-to-face contacts can be improved or further enhanced using ICT, it will not only open the way for a new influx of disabled workers to join vocational rehabilitation, but also help to improve quality of life for the hearing impaired.