• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.247-264
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• 1999

In this study, I investigate how city parks have been created, and what are some characteristics of the location and function of 69 city parks in Tokyo. The city parks in Tokyo have been made in three patterns. The first is planned parks which have been created as a urban facilities considering the scales and types. The second is memorial parks which have been made to memorialize the national monumental event or to preserve natural and cultural resources. The third is public property parks which have been made by occurrence of public vacant land which is resulted from the grant of Royal Garden, restoration of public rented ground, producton of reclaimed land, utilization of dry river bed. The city parks can be classified in five patterns according to distance from CBD and park area. The first is central parks which have historical characteristics strongly. The second is planned parks that are specialized functionally. The third is large scale urban edge parks which are located in the edge of 23-Gu(district) in Tokyo. The fourth is hill parks which have natural characteristics strongly. The fifth is waterside parks that are located along a lake, a pond, a river, or artificial waterside facilities. From this study I have found out that a great effort has been made to activate the utilization of parks for residents in Tokyo, through mnagement goals and ways of parks, composition and chatacteristics of park facility resources, various Events, residents participation in undertaking of parks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.83-97
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to perform a gap analysis between public-private partnership urban parks of Korea currently in their initial stage and various foreign cases that have been established in terms of planning(formation of public-private partnership${\rightarrow}$creation of parks${\rightarrow}$operation and management of parks) and to propose improvements for each process of planning. As a result of the gap analysis on domestic and foreign public-private partnership urban parks, the future course to be followed by urban Korean parks can be summarized as follows. First, if the public-private urban parks that exist at present were led by a single or small number of partners centered on local government entities, urban parks from that point on must be created and managed based on efficient multi-sector partnerships. Since urban parks are public spaces where public benefit is more important than profit, diverse voices of public-private sectors must be reflected with a long-term perspective. Second, urban parks are not a place to be completed but a public space which continues to develop. Therefore, they must be approached with a focus on the process instead of the result. The existing concept of domestic public-private partnership is inclined to creation of urban parks. This suggests than the government had been focusing only on quantitative increase in urban parks. In order to create values as a public space for local communities, public-private partnership is also required in operation and management of urban parks. Third, public-private partnership management of urban parks can become more effective through active community participation. Participation by local communities takes long time because transition in the consciousness about values of urban parks must be presumed. Thus in Korea, non-profit organization like Seoul Green Trust should accumulate successful creation and management of small and large urban parks through public-private partnership will settle in our nation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.20-33
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• 2020

This study aims to examine the trends in the preservation of urban public parks with a focus on the international movement to acknowledge and preserve the heritage value of urban parks. First, the background in which the concept of "historic urban park" first appeared internationally, as well as the current situation were investigated. Then, the cases of the United Kingdom (UK), the United States (US), and Japan, all of which are already preserving and managing urban public parks, were analyzed. In the ICOMOS-IFLA Document on Historic Urban Public Parks, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), which is a group of specialists dedicated to the conservation and management of cultural heritage, mentions that it is necessary to maintain the social, intangible, aesthetic, ecological, and civic values of historic urban public parks. In addition, according to ICOMOS, it is necessary to preserve elements of parks, such as space composition, topography, light, and environment. The UK, the USA, and Japan have their own unique characteristics for the background of preserving urban parks, the preservation system, the selection of parks to be preserved, and the elements to be preserved within the park. The UK has categorized parks into certain types from each period and has tried to preserve the common elements in each type. The US has selected the parks to preserve by determining the meaning of the parks itself considering multiple aspects, embracing not only the physical form of the parks, but also the culture, monumentality, and social values. Recently, Japan began the preservation of historic urban parks as a matter of policy and started to implement a preservation policy by investigating modern parks that are believed to be worth preserving. Specialists in cultural heritage preservation have argued that the method of preservation of historic urban parks must differ from that of other parks or gardens. Nonetheless, observing cases in these three countries showed that, regardless of their administrative and legal systems regarding cultural heritage and urban public parks, their policies were still limited to preserving only the physical elements of parks. The direction and methodology for the preservation of historic urban parks must be developed further and elaborated upon in terms of the evolving concept and definition of heritage. Urban parks are where various historic values are accumulated, connoting historical meanings dealing with the memories of the parks and the urban dwellers. This study found that, worldwide, park management has been carried out in a way that the historic values of parks are respected and preserved. This global trend in preserving the historic values of urban public parks has significant implications for the management of urban public parks in Korea that are being formed and renewed repeatedly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.36-54
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• 2004

The disposition of public parks pursue proper distribution and hierarchy formations on the basis of the neighborhood units theory. However, problems like price of land has brought about a large gap between theories and real conditions. This paper examines the problems of the practical disposition and disposition standards of public parks to solve these contradictions with reference to examples in Japan metro-cities. Study results are as follows; 1) The existing disposition theories are based on the district-boundary of men’s acting and settling down. Therefore, the disposition standards of large-scale parks or special parks beyond the humane scale have not been explained exactly. 2) As city sizes have expanded, these large-scale parks have developed greatly, however, they are located out of urban areas on the ground of nature’s geographical features. As a result, many small parks developed in urban areas. This extreme phenomenon of location would break up proper distribution and hierarchy. 3) Large parks over 4 ha not only take an important role in forming greenbelts but their location is also mainly based on their natural geographical features so that they are absorbed into the network -structure of greenbelts. 4) It is suggested that in planning parks, location and size of large parks over 4 ha should be selected and decided in the relation not with parks but with greenbelts. Parks of 4 ha or below are properly disposed. Also, these parks take a great role in forming the district boundary for settling down. Accordingly, proper distribution and hierarchy formation needs to be based on established neighborhood as they were previously.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 2004

Nowadays the parks in Shanghai tend to develop towards two directions. Small and medimn parks are being gradually transformed from closed management to open management, while large ones emphasize their nature of theme and nature of functions. Simultaneously, the number of large and open public green spaces has been significantly increased. Although the public green space does not adopt the management pattern for parks, there is almost no difference between public green space and ordinary parks so far as the functions and scales are concerned. Due to the fact that there is no obvious boundary between a public park and a public green space, this paper raises a suggestion to coordinate continuously their management and functions so that the distribution of and the connection between the urban green spaces can be more rational and more definite and a sound green network can be formed. Starting from the viewpoint of emphasizing accessibility to green spaces and enhancing the angle of linking green spaces, we aim at transforming a park system to a multifunctional green system, extending the effects and service radius of large green spaces, and strengthening the internal connections with the surrounding areas so that a high-quality green space can be formed with the connection of the green space network.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2010

Currently, understanding the characters of Rural Industrial Parks' regional distribution is insufficient. Therefore, regional characters of the Rural Industrial Parks all over the country were studied through indications such as sales, worker-sales increase rate, worker increase rates. Portfolio analysis and IDW by using ArcView 3.2 were used as a method of analysis. As a result, most of the Rural Industrial Parks' size and size increase rate showed low figures. Respective regional analysis shows that there is an increase in the scale of the Kyungnam area using portfolio analysis, whereas the scale of Chonbuk is high using IDW. As a result, it shows that there is difference on the scale between Rural Industrial Parks when individual or Associated with peripheral. Therefore, not only do the Rural Industrial Parks need stimulation individually, but adjacent parks need to be supported and managed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.385-396
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• 2013

National park, as a natural park, has a dual purpose, to promote both protection and enjoyment. The educational activities of the national park can be partly understood as one of the appropriate means to balance its double purposes. This study provides a review of environmental education in the US National Parks according to social transition. Taking historical perspective and case studies, environmental education has played roles in helping the balance between preservation and enjoyment. Since the environmental movement, environmental education goals, particularly understanding the natural processes observable at national parks, has become more a part of the interpretation and education missions of the parks. Also non-governmental and non-profit partners have played important educational-based roles in support of both the National Parks Service and environmental education goals. The two different models also differ in the public's perception of them. Federal employees are resented in some rural areas in the U.S., but the general population automatically attributes authority, friendliness, and national-interestedness to NPS Rangers. This may in turn limit how strongly such staff could serve as strong advocates for the environment. On the other hand, the non-profit may be seen by some as strongly liberally biased and associated with urban wealth. It is also not as universally recognized as the NPS. It can, however, go far to develop new partnerships and undertake public relations. Non-profits vary greatly in quality, also affecting public perception.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2010

Eggs of parasite were found 73 of 1,459 in sand samples from public parks and playgrounds in Incheon for 5 years (from 2004 to 2008). Of the 1,459 sand samples examined, 17.8% of samples were found to be positive ova of Toxocara canis, 11.0% for Toxocaris leonina, 5.5% for Toxocara cati, 2.7% Ancylostoma caninum and 1.4% for Strongyloides spp. It was found mixed infestation with Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati 60.2%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.40-49
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• 2009

Urban park facilities and services offer a number of opportunities to fulfill individual, social, economic, and environmental benefits. Urban parks, provided through political measures as public goods, require balanced distribution in order to ensure social equity. The primary objectives of this study are to analyze the accessibility of urban parks and to examine whether urban parks are distributed equitably. GIS and statistical methods were used to investigate correlations between accessibility to neighborhood parks and socioeconomic status. As results, percentage of low-income population within the city was negatively related to park accessibility. Low-income dominated residential area, such as Sujeong-gu and Jungwon-gu have large low-income communities and less park accessibility compared with Bundang-gu, which are dominated by high-income residents. So, results from this study indicate that urban parks are not distributed equitably within Seongnam city. Therefore, creative strategies to provide urban parks for areas in need through the utilization of vacant lots, abandoned sites, and schools sites are necessary. Furthermore, budgetary priorities should be set to create new parks and revitalizing parks within the city's older neighborhoods are also needed.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.153-167
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• 2021

Background and objective: With the revision of the Act on Urban Parks, Green Areas, Etc. in 2013, the "urban agricultural park" was newly established under the subcategory of "themed park," thereby establishing the institutional basis for the creation of urban agricultural parks. However, urban agricultural parks are still in the early stages of their introduction. There is a lack of research on direction setting and specific operation management that considers urban residents' needs and the city's physical infrastructure. Methods: We utilized the public service design process suggested by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety of the Republic of Korea in 2019 to identify problems and develop directions for urban agricultural parks. The process consisted of the following four steps: Understanding, Discovering people's needs, Defining real problems, and Developing ideas. Results: As four types of ideas for revitalizing urban agricultural parks, 'information users want to know,' 'user participation in design,' 'venue for local communities,' and 'urban agricultural parks as health and rest areas' were derived. This means that urban agricultural parks must provide the information users want; users must plan, decide, and implement such information by directly participating in the creation and efficient management and operation of urban agricultural parks; and urban agricultural parks must be used as a venue for local communities. Urban agricultural parks should also be spaces for health and relaxation. Conclusion: Urban agricultural parks should avoid the unified space and passive participation patterns of existing urban parks, and become real spaces for resident participation that can satisfy all the production, leisure, landscape, ecology, and psycho-social needs of the users of urban agricultural parks. Furthermore, it is necessary to introduce a more systematic and diverse operating system so that it can work to revitalize the local community and connect organically with the function of the city.