• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.165-203
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• 1987

This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However, $85{\sim}90%$ of the services provided by the health workers were other than FP/MCH, mainly for immunizations such as the encephalitis campaign. In the control area, a similar pattern was observed. Over 75% of their service was other than FP/MCH. Therefore, the pattern shows the health workers are a long way from becoming multipurpose workers even though the government is pushing in this direction. 3. Villagers were much more likely to visit the health sub-center clinic in the study area than in the control area (58% vs.31%) and for more combined care (45% vs.23%). C) Organization factors (admistrative integrative issues) 1. When MW (new workers with higher qualification) were introduced to HSC, it was noted that there were conflicts between the existing HSC workers (Nurse aids with less qualification than MW) and the MW for the beginning period of the project. The cause of the conflict was studied by an anthropologist and it was pointed out that these functional integration problems stemmed from the structural inadequacies of the health subcenter organization as indicated below; i) There is still no general consensus about the objectives and goals of the project between the project staff and the existing health workers. ii) There is no formal linkage between the responsibility of each member's job in the health sub-center. iii) There is still little chance for midwives to play a catalytic role or to establish communicative networks between workers in order to link various knowledge and skills to provide better FP/MCH services in the health sub-center. 2. Based on the above findings the project recommended to the County Chief (who has power to control the administrative staff and the technical staff in his county) the following ; i) In order to solve the conflicts between the individual roles and functions in performing health care activities, there must be goals agreed upon by both. ii) The health sub·center must function as an autonomous organization to undertake the integration health project. In order to do that, it is necessary to support administrative considerations, and to establish a communication system for supervision and to control of the health sub-centers. iii) The administrative organization, tentatively, must be organized to bind the health worker's midwive's and director's jobs by an organic relationship in order to achieve the integrative system under the leadership of health sub-center director. After submitting this observation report, there has been better understanding from frequent meetings & communication between HW/MW in FP/MCH work as the program developed. Lessons learned from the Seosan Project (on issues of FP/MCH integration in Korea); 1) A majority or about 80% of the couples are now practicing FP. As indicated by the study, there is a growing demand from clients for the health system to provide more MCH services than FP in order to maintain the achieved small size of family through FP practice. It is fortunate to see that the government is now formulating a MCH policy for the year 2,000 and revising MCH laws and regulations to emphasize more MCH care for achieving a small size family through family planning practice. 2) Goal consensus in FP/MCH shouBd be made among the health workers It administrators, especially to emphasize the need of care of 'wanted' child. But there is a long way to go to realize the 'real' integration of FP into MCH in Korea, unless there is a structural integration FP/MCH because a categorical FP is still first priority to reduce the rate of population growth for economic reasons but not yet for health/welfare reasons in practice. 3) There should be more financial allocation: (i) a midwife should be made available to help to promote the MCH program and coordinate services, (in) there should be a health sub·center director who can provide leadership training for managing the integrated program. There is a need for 'organizational support', if the decision of integration is made to obtain benefit from both FP & MCH. In other words, costs should be paid equally to both FP/MCH. The integration slogan itself, without the commitment of paying such costs, is powerless to advocate it. 4) Need of management training for middle level health personnel is more acute as the Government has already constructed 90 MCH centers attached to the County Health Center but without adequate manpower, facilities, and guidelines for integrating the work of both FP and MCH. 5) The local government still considers these MCH centers only as delivery centers to take care only of those visiting maternity cases. The MCH center should be a center for the managment of all pregnancies occurring in the community and the promotion of FP with a systematic and effective linkage of resources available in the county such as i.e. Village Health Worker, Community Health Practitioner, Health Sub-center Physicians & Health workers, Doctors and Midwives in MCH center, OBGY Specialists in clinics & hospitals as practiced by the Seosan project at primary health care level.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.98-114
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 홀로코스트 강제수용소 메모리얼을 대상으로 하여 역사적 경관의 특성, 장소 및 유적의 특성, 그리고 기념적 모뉴멘트의 특성을 분석하고, 이를 통해 홀로코스트 메모리얼의 기념적 경관에 나타난 의미를 규명하였다. 연구대상은 폴란드에 있는 아우슈비츠-비르케나우 절멸수용소 메모리얼, 마이다네크 절멸수용소 메모리얼, 벨젝 절멸수용소 메모리얼, 소비보르 절멸수용소 메모리얼, 트레블링카 절멸수용소 메모리얼, 헤움노 절멸수용소 메모리얼 6개소와 독일에 있는 다하우 강제수용소 메모리얼 및 베르겐-벨젠 강제수용소 메모리얼 2개소를 포함하여 전체 8개소를 연구 대상지로 선정하였다. 2015년 9월 1일부터 9월 15일까지 독일에 있는 홀로코스트 메모리얼을 대상으로 1차 현지조사와 2016년 4월 19일부터 4월 28일까지 폴란드에 있는 절멸수용소 메모리얼에 대한 2차 현지조사를 시행하였으며, 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 다하우, 아우슈비츠, 마이다네크 수용소 메모리얼에서는 미국이나 러시아 등 연합군에 의해 수용소 시설 및 공간 구조가 유지된 상태로 해방되었기 때문에 수용소 경관을 잘 보여주고 있으며, 정치사회적 담론을 유발했던 모뉴멘트와 메모리얼이 제한적으로 설치되었다. 그러나 벨젝, 소비보르, 트레블링카, 헤움노 수용소 등 절멸수용소에서는 시설이 완전히 파괴된 후 인공적으로 조림이 되었기 때문에 자연경관이 지배적이었으며, 발굴된 유해와 유적을 보호하고, 기억의 장소에 모뉴멘트를 세웠다. 둘째, 가스실 및 화장장, 유해 및 공동묘지, 경비초소 및 전기울타리, 철로 및 램프, 수용소 막사, 배수로는 수용소 구조를 나타내는 대표적인 시설로 나타났다. 특히, 가스실 및 화장장과 수용소에 버려진 유해 및 대규모 공동묘지는 수용소의 참혹한 역사를 잘 나타내고 있고, 수감자들이 이송되어 도착한 철로 및 램프도 강한 장소적 의미를 갖고 있었다. 이러한 수용소 유적은 폐허 속에서 사건과 장소의 기억을 강하게 불러일으키는 상징적 요소가 되었다. 셋째, 기념의 내용에 있어서는 희생자를 추모하는 것을 기본으로 하여 홀로코스트의 기억을 되살리기 위해 노력하였다. 특징적으로 다하우 수용소 메모리얼에서는 종교적 화해와 평화를 나타내었으며, 트레블링카 및 벨젝 수용소 메모리얼에서는 유대인 공동체와 유대교에 근거하여 집단적 정체성을 강하게 나타내었다. 넷째, 모뉴멘트는 반추상 및 추상적 조각이나 상징적이고 은유적으로 홀로코스트를 표현하였으며, 아우슈비츠-비르케나우 수용소 메모리얼과 베르겐-벨젠 수용소 메모리얼에서는 지나친 추상성이나 기억의 경관을 훼손한다는 문제로 심각한 갈등을 빚기도 하였다. 다섯째, 사건 및 장소적 기억을 만들어내는 수용소 유적과 홀로코스트에 대한 공공의 기억을 위한 상징적 모뉴멘트가 병치되어 있으며, 이러한 관계에서 홀로코스트 사건 및 장소를 기억하며 수용소 부지의 진정성을 살리는 것과 사건을 의도적으로 기념하기 위한 시도가 대립되었다. 본 연구는 독일과 폴란드에 있는 대표적인 홀로코스트 강제수용소 메모리얼을 대상으로 연구를 진행함으로서 메모리얼을 구성하는 다양한 기념물에 대한 심층적 분석을 못하였다는 한계를 갖고 있으며, 우리나라의 기념공간에 나타난 기념적 경관에 대한 비교 분석이 미흡하므로 이에 대한 후속 연구가 필요하다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.654-667
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• 2005

To survey the different view points about food service programs among parents and teachers, 2 types of questionnaires, which consisted of attitude, perception, satisfaction and demand of the food service program in child education centers, were used. The data was collected from 2450 parents and 450 teachers who attended a child education center in 16 provinces, nationwide. SPSS was used for descriptive analysis and ANOVA test and $X^2-test$. The frinding results were as follows. 1. The average serving size of meal (lunch) were 80 meals per day and 167 meals per day at large institutions. Mean cost of snacks was 14,709 won per month and mean costs of lunch were 29,319 won per month. The mean price was not significantly different according to the scale of institution. The numbers of servings of lunch, morning snack and afternoon snack were 5, 3.4 and 3.5 times per week each. $56.4\%$ of the institutions served meals to children in classrooms, but the national/public institutions, which were attending elementary school, served meals in a dining place in the elementary school. 2. Teacher controlled serving portion size of snacks $(79.6\%)$ and lunch $(88.8\%)\;and\;30.1\%$ of teacher did not allow leaving lunch food. The ratio of knowing about preserved meals of the teacher who worked at a small institution was significantly higher than the teacher who worked at large institutions (p<0.01). 3. Between parents and teachers, several different view points about school lunch programs were detected. Most parents and teachers wanted that the school lunch to be fully cooked and served at the child education institution itself, but $12.2\%$ of parents and $14.4\%$ of teachers wanted a catering service. The teachers group preferred 'lunch box from home' and 'home partially prepared lunch' as an ideal meal serving type than the parent groups (p<0.01). And there were significantly different view points about price factors in school meals, teachers group highly answered that operating expenses must be added in meal prices. 4. The teacher groups' priorities of education activities during meal time were a significantly lower score than parents group in overall education activities. Teacher and parent groups pointed out that individual sanitation activities were most important of the education activities during meal time, but promoting good eating habits was the lowest score in both groups. 5. 'Improving taste and food quality' was most urgent in food service at child education centers, but there were significantly different view points between parent groups $(64.5\%)$ and teacher groups $(43.8\%)\;(p<0.05)$. They answered at a lower percent in 'employee qualified person' and 'cost control' point to improve food service, but there were also different opinions between the two groups (p<0.01). 6. As to the matter of the advantages and disadvantages of catering services, two group answered that the advantages of a catering service were 'convenience' and 'to solve facilities and labor problems', disadvantages were 'lower in food freshness' and 'sanitation problems'. There were also several different view pionts in catering services, the parents groups were more anxious about food sanitation than teachers. This study found several different view points about school food services among parents and teachers. To improve food services at child education institutions, there is a need to adjust the differences between the two groups through interactive communication channels and education and to employ dietitians as taking charge of adjusting roles between the two groups.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2011

한국 유통산업이 무한 경쟁에 박차를 가하고 있다. 저성장시대를 맞으면서 각 소매업태간의 경쟁 중에 힘이 약한 자는 생존의 문제에 직결되기 마련이다. 근 수년간 대형할인마트가 매년 꾸준한 성장세를 보여 왔다. 그러나 점포수의 포화, 신규부지 확보의 어려움, 불경기로 인한 소비자의 소비행태 변화 등의 이유로 고객밀착형의 새로운 업태의 진출을 모색하게 되었다. 이에 따라 최근 대기업은 대기업 계열 기업형 슈퍼마켓을 만들었고 전통시장 상권에 따라서 대형유통업체의 막강한 바잉파워를 배경으로 SSM이라는 신업태에 역량을 집중하여 전국적 다점포화를 공격적으로 전개해 왔다. 이러한 출점은 지역사회에 기반을 둔 중소유통 그중에서도 일정규모이상의 개인 슈퍼마켓에 직격탄을 날리고 있다. 개인 슈퍼마켓과 소매상인들은 낡은 판매시설과 기존 운영방식으로 인하여 사업의 경쟁력을 잃어가고 있다. 최근 대기업 계열 기업형 슈퍼마켓의 전통시장 상권에 대하여 언론, 학계, 업계 등에서 매우 논란이 많고 이와 관련된 세미나와 공청회도 많이 열리고 있다. 이에 따른 규제로 출점 속도를 늦출 수는 있으나 결정적 대안은 아닐 것이다. 기업형 SSM이 최근 급증하는 이유는 정체로 접어든 오프라인 할인마트 업체들의 새로운 성장분야를 찾기 위한 목적이 크다. 이미 대형할인마트 형태로는 전국 대부분의 지리적 요지에 다 입점해 있어 포화상태에 이르렀기 때문이다. 할인마트로 커버하지 못하는 소규모 상권을 공략하기 위해서는 SSM 형태의 사업이 확대가 절실하다. 이에 반하여 개인 슈퍼마켓은 경쟁력을 잃어 간다. 개인 슈퍼마켓의 취약점은 가격적인 면에서 규모의 경제를 실현 할 수 없기에 소량으로 판매 물건을 구입하고 있으며, 이로 인해 구입단가 할인이 어려운 상황이다. 또한 조직화 및 협업화가 부진하고 상인교육이 활성화 되지 못한 부분이 서비스로 직결되기 때문에 힘든 상황이다. 이에 따른 해결책으로 농산물, 청과, 공산품 등의 전문점을 만들어 상권을 형성하는 방법이 있다. 둘째, 개인 슈퍼마켓의 가맹점 가입 추진을 통한 조직화. 협업화를 촉진하여 규모의 경제를 취득함과 동시에 정부에 제안 할 수 있는 하나의 기업형태가 되는 것이다. 셋째, 중소상인 교육의 활성화로 서비스 의식을 고취하고 좋은 서비스로 소비자를 모아야 한다는 점이다. 또한 SSM에서 할 수 없는 심리적 점포 운영으로 소비자의 심리를 자극 하는 것도 하나의 방법이 될 것이다. 일본에는 이미 전일식 체인으로 소상공인들의 생활이 한편 나아졌다. 이에 개인슈퍼마켓을 비롯한 중소유통점들의 취약 부분을 알아보고 경쟁력 강화 방안에 대해 자세히 제안하고자 한다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.61-77
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• 2019

밀집도가 높은 국내 기존 도심지를 대상으로 공동구를 새로이 계획할 경우에는 정량적 평가지표에 의한 타당성 평가시스템과 경제성 평가를 이용한 최적 설계용량 결정 등의 합리적인 의사결정 과정이 필요하다. 그러므로 이전 연구에서는 도심지 유형별 특성을 고려한 의사결정 계층구조를 구성하고 정량적 평가지표 항목에 대한 계층의사분석(AHP)을 통해서 개별 상위지표(3개) 부문과 하위지표(16개) 항목의 중요도 가중치를 제시하였다. 또한 도심지 공동구에 적합한 비용 편익 분석을 위해서 교통사고 감소효과, 차량소음 저감효과, 사회 경제적 손실 등의 3개 항목을 새로이 추가하여 10개의 편익 항목, 8개의 비용 항목을 고려한 경제성 평가방법이 제시되었다. 본 연구는 도로관리, 공공시설, 도시환경 부문의 하위 16개 평가지표의 중요도 가중치를 활용한 정량적 타당성 평가방법을 제시하고 서울시 주간선도로 123개 구간을 대상으로 타당성 평가를 실시하였다. 또한 타당성 평가결과와 경제성 평가결과를 비교하여 문제점을 분석하고 두 평가결과의 조합에 의한 종합평가 방법을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 정량적 타당성 평가와 경제성 평가시스템의 로직을 프로그래밍하여 개발할 예정인 설계용량 최적화 프로그램은 도심지 공동구의 계획 및 설계 단계에서 활용되며 궁극적으로 도심지 공동구 활성화에 기여하게 될 것이다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.85-143
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• 1997

The main purpose of the investigation of an accident caused by aircraft is to be prevented the sudden and casual accidents caused by wilful misconduct and fault from pilots, air traffic controllers, hijack, trouble of engine and machinery of aircraft, turbulence during the bad weather, collision between birds and aircraft, near miss flight by aircrafts etc. It is not the purpose of this activity to apportion blame or liability for offender of aircraft accidents. Accidents to aircraft, especially those involving the general public and their property, are a matter of great concern to the aviation community. The system of international regulation exists to improve safety and minimize, as far as possible, the risk of accidents but when they do occur there is a web of systems and procedures to investigate and respond to them. I would like to trace the general line of regulation from an international source in the Chicago Convention of 1944. Article 26 of the Convention lays down the basic principle for the investigation of the aircraft accident. Where there has been an accident to an aircraft of a contracting state which occurs in the territory of another contracting state and which involves death or serious injury or indicates serious technical defect in the aircraft or air navigation facilities, the state in which the accident occurs must institute an inquiry into the circumstances of the accident. That inquiry will be in accordance, in so far as its law permits, with the procedure which may be recommended from time to time by the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO). There are very general provisions but they state two essential principles: first, in certain circumstances there must be an investigation, and second, who is to be responsible for undertaking that investigation. The latter is an important point to establish otherwise there could be at least two states claiming jurisdiction on the inquiry. The Chicago Convention also provides that the state where the aircraft is registered is to be given the opportunity to appoint observers to be present at the inquiry and the state holding the inquiry must communicate the report and findings in the matter to that other state. It is worth noting that the Chicago Convention (Article 25) also makes provision for assisting aircraft in distress. Each contracting state undertakes to provide such measures of assistance to aircraft in distress in its territory as it may find practicable and to permit (subject to control by its own authorities) the owner of the aircraft or authorities of the state in which the aircraft is registered, to provide such measures of assistance as may be necessitated by circumstances. Significantly, the undertaking can only be given by contracting state but the duty to provide assistance is not limited to aircraft registered in another contracting state, but presumably any aircraft in distress in the territory of the contracting state. Finally, the Convention envisages further regulations (normally to be produced under the auspices of ICAO). In this case the Convention provides that each contracting state, when undertaking a search for missing aircraft, will collaborate in co-ordinated measures which may be recommended from time to time pursuant to the Convention. Since 1944 further international regulations relating to safety and investigation of accidents have been made, both pursuant to Chicago Convention and, in particular, through the vehicle of the ICAO which has, for example, set up an accident and reporting system. By requiring the reporting of certain accidents and incidents it is building up an information service for the benefit of member states. However, Chicago Convention provides that each contracting state undertakes collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures and organization in relation to aircraft, personnel, airways and auxiliary services in all matters in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation. To this end, ICAO is to adopt and amend from time to time, as may be necessary, international standards and recommended practices and procedures dealing with, among other things, aircraft in distress and investigation of accidents. Standards and Recommended Practices for Aircraft Accident Injuries were first adopted by the ICAO Council on 11 April 1951 pursuant to Article 37 of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation and were designated as Annex 13 to the Convention. The Standards Recommended Practices were based on Recommendations of the Accident Investigation Division at its first Session in February 1946 which were further developed at the Second Session of the Division in February 1947. The 2nd Edition (1966), 3rd Edition, (1973), 4th Edition (1976), 5th Edition (1979), 6th Edition (1981), 7th Edition (1988), 8th Edition (1992) of the Annex 13 (Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation) of the Chicago Convention was amended eight times by the ICAO Council since 1966. Annex 13 sets out in detail the international standards and recommended practices to be adopted by contracting states in dealing with a serious accident to an aircraft of a contracting state occurring in the territory of another contracting state, known as the state of occurrence. It provides, principally, that the state in which the aircraft is registered is to be given the opportunity to appoint an accredited representative to be present at the inquiry conducted by the state in which the serious aircraft accident occurs. Article 26 of the Chicago Convention does not indicate what the accredited representative is to do but Annex 13 amplifies his rights and duties. In particular, the accredited representative participates in the inquiry by visiting the scene of the accident, examining the wreckage, questioning witnesses, having full access to all relevant evidence, receiving copies of all pertinent documents and making submissions in respect of the various elements of the inquiry. The main shortcomings of the present system for aircraft accident investigation are that some contracting sates are not applying Annex 13 within its express terms, although they are contracting states. Further, and much more important in practice, there are many countries which apply the letter of Annex 13 in such a way as to sterilise its spirit. This appears to be due to a number of causes often found in combination. Firstly, the requirements of the local law and of the local procedures are interpreted and applied so as preclude a more efficient investigation under Annex 13 in favour of a legalistic and sterile interpretation of its terms. Sometimes this results from a distrust of the motives of persons and bodies wishing to participate or from commercial or related to matters of liability and bodies. These may be political, commercial or related to matters of liability and insurance. Secondly, there is said to be a conscious desire to conduct the investigation in some contracting states in such a way as to absolve from any possibility of blame the authorities or nationals, whether manufacturers, operators or air traffic controllers, of the country in which the inquiry is held. The EEC has also had an input into accidents and investigations. In particular, a directive was issued in December 1980 encouraging the uniformity of standards within the EEC by means of joint co-operation of accident investigation. The sharing of and assisting with technical facilities and information was considered an important means of achieving these goals. It has since been proposed that a European accident investigation committee should be set up by the EEC (Council Directive 80/1266 of 1 December 1980). After I would like to introduce the summary of the legislation examples and system for aircraft accidents investigation of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden, Swiss, New Zealand and Japan, and I am going to mention the present system, regulations and aviation act for the aircraft accident investigation in Korea. Furthermore I would like to point out the shortcomings of the present system and regulations and aviation act for the aircraft accident investigation and then I will suggest my personal opinion on the new and dramatic innovation on the system for aircraft accident investigation in Korea. I propose that it is necessary and desirable for us to make a new legislation or to revise the existing aviation act in order to establish the standing and independent Committee of Aircraft Accident Investigation under the Korean Government.