• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.2
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• pp.169-190
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• 2004

The purpose of this article is to delve into the problems of originality of the artwork by examining issues of reproduction within the contemporary art market. In contemporary arts, especially in terms of art production and consumption, we can't overlook society and its economic structure and its connection with of capitalism. As the purity of art creation has turned into an exchange value, art, especially an object as artwork, has fallen into the status of production in an economic marketing system. Walter Benjamin mainly referred to that point in his thesis Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, which originated the sociology of plastic arts. This thesis, published in 1936, traced how the artistic functions of photograph and movie had been changed through the social development. His main concerns were movie and photograph but what I am concentrating from his point of view, is that even in the field of plastic arts, the manufacture of reproduction has been practiced as a primary method within the social and political contexts and development. Though I am referring to this in the main body of this article, reproduction in contemporary art strongly needs a new definition since it has been spread all over like a newest virus, not only by collector's personal taste or hut also by commercial circulations of these reproductions to the public. This relates to Benjamin's argument about the value of an exhibition at a museum(Ausstellungswert). Since the function of an artwork has been one of cultural industry, the manufacturing of reproduction raises unexpected problems, such as, the originality of the artwork, the value of an exhibition at a museum, its achievement as documentary and as a territory of art criticism. In this point of view, I want to inquire into the value and criteria of an exhibition in contemporary art through the review of the definitions and the intrinsic attributes of reproduction. Somehow in a broad sense, the reproduction is a product coming out of representation or copy (replica) of an original art work or an model. Therefore, the problems it presents differ from the Simulacre, which is an image without an original one. In terms of the Meanings of reproduction, we can distinguish it as reproductions, copies, and productions. These types of reproductions are not the original artworks reflected by the creative intention of the artists. For example, a publishing company reproduced some of lithographs of Salvador Dali in the 1960s. They are commercial copies in the form of representation or reproduction with no artistic and creative intention of the artist. However, In despite of this theoretical basis, reproductions of the famous artists are still displayed without any verification for of the public's quest for the artworks. Moreover, many commercial companies that are planning to exhibit art works of the world-famous artists only for their profits keep trying to speak ill of and judging by the law the honest art critics' articles which discuss the true values of exhibition. If freedom of expression is one of the ideals of democracy, even the judgment of the originality of the artworks should be freely expressed.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.7
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• pp.105-127
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• 2005

This research is on the characteristics and roles of important cities of Germany based on the history of the modern art museum and its possessions. Especially, it is focusing on the modern art museums in the western Germany including Dusseldorf, Koln, and Frankfrut that have shown economic recovery from the Miracle of Rhine; the capital city of Germany, Berlin, as well as Munich, the second capital city of Germany. Here, it harmonizes with the tradition of the past and simultaneously, it spreads the concept and role of the new museum as a forerunner. After the WWII, this is the most active of supporting investment for art museums and authors from the economic development. Also, it represents Germany with its national promotion of culture and arts. The modern art museums of Germany emphasize the mission that they exist for the people and the nation as well as creation of new art culture. These art museums working for national culture and art development do not simply collect and preserve arts. They induce active involvement from the public and keep in mind of national objectives. Here, art museums become and educational setting for the people and a room for new art culture. This research is on Germany modern art museum and it is composed of important 'public institutions' of Germany that critically influence the growth of world-renown authors. After the unification of Germany, Munchen and the western region became an important places centering around new Berlin modern art museum. They are the best places that show the national objectives and regional characteristics. Also, there are art museum educational curriculum and open space for the people by explaining exhibition plans and contents. Furthermore, there are two characteristics of German modern art museums that are noteworthy. Firstly, there are Berlin's Neue Nationalgalerie, Munchen's Pinakothek de Moderne, and Dusseldorf's 'K20' (Kunstsammlung N-Westfalen K20) that are the roots of modern art. These modern art museums exhibit popular author's collection repeatedly. This has a tendency to standardize audiences' view or to make audiences bored. It is becoming more like a trend for art work to appear and disappear. Despite these problems, German modern art museums play a critical role for a new cultural art creation and for the national identity by attempting to show the works of domestic authors as well as an intensive collection of world-renown authors' works. Secondly, there is a role as a new art museum to work together with people. It strives to continuously educate difficult modem arts, exhibits in an open space stimulating interest, participation, and conversations. From these roles, Hamburger Bahnhof Museum fur Gegenwart or Dusseldorf's 'K21, Frankfurt Museum $f\"{u}r$ Moderne Kunst, $Kf\"{o}ln$ Museum Ludwig are given new attention. Here, they emphasize the importance of communicating with the audiences and provides experiences that are different from the original spaces by showing the architecture tecture style of the art museum. In conclusion, German modern art museums attempt various changes by connecting to art education. With art museum activities, there forms a connection between arts and the lives of people, and from this, creative cultural art focused on the art museum borns. This is not only limited to Germany, the U.S., etc. We, too, should pay attention to new art culture creation from changes of role and function of modern art museums.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.33
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• pp.155-206
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• 2012

Interests in archives management are getting expanded from the public sector into the cultural and artistic field for the ten years after legislation of "Act on the Management of Public Archives" in 1999. However, due to lack of recognition on the importance of archives in the cultural and artistic field, it is rather frequent that information is kept scattered or archives are lost. As an example, absence of precise contract documents or notes of bestowal keeps people from locating great amount of cultural properties, and because of it these creative properties are in the risk of thefts, the closed-door auctioning, or trades in unofficial channels. As how a nation manages cultural and artistic creation inside the nation reflects its cultural level, it can be said that one of the indexes to notice the extent of a nation's cultural level is to take a look at how they are circulated. This study started from this point. Growing economy and rising interests in culture and art made the society more cognizant of the importance and value that visual artworks have, but the archives and information which are showing the context of these artworks and are produced in the course of social interaction are relatively disregarded because too much emphasis lies on the work itself. It is harder to find archives or documentations in Korea than in other advanced countries about the artists themselves or philosophical discourse on the background of the artworks. There is not so much interest to preserve the archives and information produced after the exhibition also, and they are used for no more than promotion or reference. Hereupon, the researcher recognized the importance of visual arts archives and believed that systemic management on them are high in need. And metadata is an essential way for the systemic management, as recently management on artworks or their archives are conducted using the system of the agencies even though they are not produced electronically. The objective of this study is to manage visual arts archives systematically by designing a data model reflecting traits of visual arts archives. Metadata are needed in the every course of archives from acquisition to management, preservation and application. Visual arts archives find its rich value only when a systemic relationship is established among information on artist, artwork and events including exhibition. By establishing a Multiple Entity Data Model, in which artworks, artists and events (exhibitions) make relationship all together, metadata for management on visual arts archive gets more efficiency and at the same time explanatory trait of the archive gets higher. For this reason we, in the study, tried to design a data model by setting each as an independent entities and designating relations between them, in order to find a way to manage visual arts archives more systematically.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.23
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• pp.263-301
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• 1992

In recent years, Korean public libraries, placed under changing circumstances, require that some new and positive financial policies be formulated for the improvement of their services. T he purpose of this study is to propose a scheme to ensure the revenues of Korean public libraries. The main contents of this study are as follows : (1) Public finance theory is applied to the question of why the public library is publicly supported. The public library does not contribute to stabilization, but it does playa role in each of the other public sector functions : allocation of resources and redistribution of income. In public finance terms there is justification for at least partial subsidy of public library services, which have the attributes of public goods, merit goods and externalities. (2) Public libraries in Korea find themselves suffering from limited budgets. They are neglected in national and local budgets. The lack of adequate funding for library collections prevents libraries from rendering efficient services. (3) In order to put the finances of the Korean public library system on a firm basis, the following proposals are made: 1) It is proposed that the parallel administration under which public libraries are organized be unified to be directly under the local governments. 2) It is proposed that the legislative and administrative system for public library finance be strengthened. (1) Library expenses should be itemized independently in the calculation of general grants-in-aid to local governments. (2) A fixed portion of the total municipal revenue should be appropriated for public library services. It can be executed by making provisions expressly in the annual guidelines for budgeting, municipal ordinances, or in the Library Promotion Law. The rate of allocation should be specified as a part of the national public library development plan. (3) Library tax as a local tax can be imposed. An indirect tax is preferable in order to avoid public misunderstanding and antagonism. 3) The augmentation of the specific grants-in-aid for the public library is proposed. The Library Promotion Law and the Law on Budget and Administration of Grants should be amended to oblige the central government to give financial assistance to local public libraries. 4) It is proposed that strategies to encourage private endowments be worked out. Revision of the Law on Tax Reduction and Exemption and the activation of an advisory library committee at each public library are recommended. 5) Funding and utilization of the envisioned Library Promotion Foundation is proposed. Government contributions, contributions from the Culture and Arts Foundation, and donations from individuals, corporations, and enterprises can be considered as the financial resources of the Foundation. 6) It is proposed that the structure of the Korean Library Association be consolidated to exercise greater influence over the formation of national policy on the public library system. 7) It is proposed as an ultimate guarantee of the health of the public libraries that the citizenry be educated to strongly support library services in responce to the active services provided by the public libraries.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.557-570
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to develop a digital-based non-face-to-face instructional design model for national public servants. For this purpose, we reviewed the direction of non-face-to-face instructional design based on previous research, and interviewed a total of 10 instructors and learners with experience in non-face-to-face education to identify the success factors of non-face-to-face instructional design for government employees. In addition, to ensure the validity of the instructional design model, a Delphi survey was conducted with experts in instructional design and educational management. As a result, the digital-based instructional design model for national public servants reflects the importance of learning objectives and content design to enhance learning motivation and improve educational effectiveness, and includes detailed implementation plans to support specific and clear performance activities for instructors in non-face-to-face education situations. The instructional design model developed through this study can be expanded as a standard for improving the quality of education in public human resource development, and can be used as a teaching and learning guide according to learner types and characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.231-235
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• 2001

Language is not abstract. We use language to communicate out thoughts and emotions. Films are the most public form of arts, where language is all essential part; however, there have been, if any, few films the main theme of which is language. Although language may not be the main theme of films, we can find many kinds of information relating to language and linguistics by careful examination. In reference to some films, we can talk about subjects in the fields of theoretical linguistics such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. In addition, subjects in applied linguistics such as sociolinguistics and computational linguistics may be discussed with reference to other films.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.140-149
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• 2021

Background: The aim of these two (pre COVID-19 pandemic) public health studies in Amsterdam were to promote the profession of the oral hygienist and to increase oral health care awareness among (pregnant) women and young mothers, who were visitors of public consumer's exhibitions. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were carried out. In 2018, during the first study, 1,765 visitors of the Household Fair completed a questionnaire. In 2020, during Study 2, 304 visitors of the Nine-Month Fair completed a semi-structured online questionnaire. At both fairs a team of 'outspoken' oral hygienists, i.e., members of the Foundation 'Goed Gebekt', provided the visitors with tailored advices about general health related to adults, mothers', and their children' oral health, using natural routine interviewing, that was based on their own professional daily practical experience. Results: In Study 1, just over half (53.5%) of a total of 1,742 visitors, (85.7% female) was younger than 45 years old. In Study 2, 210 visitors with a mean age of 30.7 years were included. Most women reported their self-perceived oral health as 'good' (mean=8.0, standard deviation=1.3; range 3~10). Qualified (self) employed oral hygienists seem to be known among the visitors, but still only visited upon referral of the dentists. Up to the age of 18 reimbursements by the basic insurance is still unknown to the public. Conclusion: The Foundation 'Goed Gebekt' encourages other oral hygienists to make their own initiatives and experiences public and to share it. Public awareness is needed for oral health promotion and the development of optimally targeted interventions among (pregnant) women and young mothers by oral hygienists.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.22-39
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• 2015

This research is a qualitative based study by using data gleaned from documentary analysis and in-depth interviews of 10 potential stakeholders were involved in the proposed high-speed train project in Thailand. Many perspectives from key informants revealed that this project would bring Thailand sustainable development in the future due to the fact that it is supposed to be an environmentally friendly mode of transportation and timesaving for passengers. Key informants who tend to have negative opinions towards the project feel apprehension due to the huge monetary investment during a time of monetary crisis. However, there was one complaint that the high-speed train is harmful to the environment surrounding the proposed area of this project. Several key informants agreed that ticket fares must be in between the cost of a bus ticket and airfare.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.18-27
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• 2020

This study is to corroborate the relationship between organizational size and performance in the Korean government context. Hence, this study aims to advance research on the relationship between organization size and performance by considering mediating variable: organizational goal ambiguity, which helps understand how organizational size affects organizational goal ambiguity in government and the organizational goal ambiguity has an influence on organizational performance. Bases on theoretical review, we assume that there is the inverted U-shaped relationship between the number of employees and budget size and organizational performance. From the results of path analysis, it shows that organizational size in the Korean government has a negative correlation, "a linear relationship", with organizational performance. Budget size has mediating variables, but the number of employees not. We try to suggest implications on the relationship between organizational size and performance in terms of theoretical perspectives in the context of the Korean government.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.47-57
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to propose the design elements useful to give place identity to street space. The theory for place identity is studied and the components-Physical element, Sense, Program, Activity, Context-for identity of place is created. In the case study of SamcheongdongGil, the qualitative research method of Free Picturing Technique and Cognitive Mapping is executed and the samples gathered from the research are analyzed. In the process of analysis, the contents of qualitative evaluation by users is put in order as components for identity of place. Moreover, the design elements for street space are extracted from the case study and theories of urban design. The design elements are summarized as the followings: street pattern with high permeability, various streetscapes, greenscapes, semi public(private) spaces, the third places, public arts, transparent facades, and outdoor activities. Finally, the fruits and boundary of this study are described and the importance of place identity is.