• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.25-32
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• 2004

All the works including sculpture created by modern artists contain a message that represents both the ideas and spirit of an era. We are entrusted with the responsibility of transmitting to future generations modern art in as nearly as perfect condition as possible. Thus despite the challenges we face in preserving modern art, we are obliged to conserve it. Especially, outdoor sculpture can be considered as not only works of art themselves, but also a public art. The work of contemporary sculptors often refers to the complexity of social relationships between the art and the public space, so that the public space tends to include the actual public in the art. The conservator at this point needs to preserve tile concept of the public art which is incorporated in the public participation in the sculpture, in addition to the materials of the sculpture itself. Once the sculpture is damaged, it will need restoration. Restoration may be essential to prevent further deterioration, or it may be necessary in order to make an object usable again. It is difficult to generalize about restoration because, as with preventive treatment, the acceptable degree of intervention varies from one discipline to another The degree of treatment including restoration may depend on such variables as available resources, the future use of the object, and the needs of the particular discipline to which it belongs. When conservators start to treat artworks or during the treatment, they will face many moments where they have to make a choice. Codes of ethics are necessary in order to provide a basis for making choices. Even though ethics have always been subject to change depending on an era or culture, the ethics subject will be much easier to reached an agreement on than one involving aesthetic value. The aesthetic value will be one of the most prominent factors for defining the damage: even minor loss of parts or discolouration can be considered as fatal damage for artworks. Sometimes, an alteration of the appearancecould be intended by the artist himself so that the artist's intention could be important factor for judging the damage of artworks. But, modern hermeneutic theories show that the artist's intention cannot be the only factor for consideration, so that the interpretation and application of artist's intent should be an interdisciplinary task regarding distinctive social and cultural backgrounds.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3 s.110
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• pp.43-55
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• 2005

Since 1990s, increasing number of public arts have been installed in housing projects in Korea. Most of them were made of granite, bronze and stainless steel and were sculptures as well. Then it resulted in monotony. New technology and community need various Dials in material and genre of Public art. The author wonders if people really want granite sculpture, so started the study of public arts in housing projects. Unfortunately most of people related public art wanted granite sculpture. But there were some hope in survey. They wanted the other genre and material like ceramic wall, art fountain and landmark tower. This means that they care about real world like vandalism and Product Liability, but also want more fantastic and beautiful world in the second step. Recently, the facades of apartments are changing rapidly as more diverse materials in their forms, textures, and colors. And landscape designs are changing their clothes in every second as well. According to these flows public arts in apartments needs more diversified trial within genres and materials to avoid monotonous outdoor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.167-175
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• 2001

After World War II, Japan experienced a great political and social shift, which brought a concern of emerging public landscape in urban development. This paper analyses the management of the aesthetic intentions in urban design effort. We reviewed the development of various public installation of artworks concerning urban landscape aesthetics through its administrative process in chronological order. The monuments during the first decade marked a shift in emphasis from the militarism of the pre-war and wartime period to one of peace. However, some of the monuments and sculptures are not immune to controversy. This became an issue that could no be ignored by public officials whose responsibility was to place the sculptures while maintaining sensitivity to public opinion. As public administrators began to consider the possibility that sculptures may contribute to improving public amenities, the contextual concepts were basically ignored. Some of the programs in 1970s began to show more respect to the context, while other programs in this period expressed more interest in educational aspects of sculptures in the public spaces. Urban development projects also seek to introduce artworks integrated to their urban design concepts in 1990s. Generally, the administrators responsible for these programs were rarely trained in any relative field study other than public administration. Installing sculptures tended to be considered as part of public works projects on the level of urban planning and construction. The general public is basically removed from participating in the critical decisions that actually impact their lives in relation to the artworks. In conclusion, public art in japan has unique social and historic background both in its advantages and disadvantages. Issues pertaining to art in public spaces have evolved over the decades as the term "sculpture pollution" began to appear by the mid 1990s. most of the problems originated in either the lack of monumentality, contextual consideration, quality, or public participation. From another point of view, these programs played great roll in the development of modern Japanese sculpture and patronizing process, and the creation of new urban landscape with aesthetic value. In this sense, they must be considered as successful and noteworthy examples of cultural administration and urban design policy.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.323-334
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• 2004

Environmental sculpture is not just a decoration for architecture. It is a work of art with public interest and one of the best ways to improve street landscape design. Place of installation is very important for environmental sculpture, because it has close relationship with its surroundings and regional context. Field survey was performed on Teheran-Street, between Samsung station and Yeoksam station, central business district of Kang-Nam where lots of major buildings are located. All the 28 environmental sculptures facing Teheran-Street were examined. Relationship between environmental sculpture and street landscape design was investigated by three different points of view, relationship with architecture, intimacy with pedestrian, and space defined by the environmental sculpture. Environmental sculpture needs its own space and appropriate place to have beneficial influence on the sense of place. Environmental sculpture is important factor to control the quality of street landscape design. We should have macroscopic approach to determine place of installation, method and material of Environmental sculpture.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.349-354
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze color image scale when viewing the public objects installed in Kongju National University and the installation environment, and preferred colors and color image scale in the color planning. The research was conducted with the analysis of the sculpture installed in the school and the questionnaire for the students. As a result of the study, suggestions were made for points to be considered for user's perception of environmental sculptures in the school and when constructing the sculpture. This study approaches the color of the public environment sculpture installed in the school academically, and proposes factors to be considered in the color planning stage in the future. Therefore, it is expected that this study will provide appropriate guidelines for the installation and planning of the sculpture in the school.

• Architectural research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2014

Utilizing spaces for awareness could be superficially noble. However, the typology of spaces played an important role in addressing the awareness of translating the messages through tangible forms, which in this context are sculptures. Assuring the efficacy of the typology of the spaces that is compatible with the content is important to ensure its timelessness to the dynamic demographical change of viewers. Therefore, the study proposes an investigation of the efficacy of typology of public urban space; garden that accommodates memorial sculptures. The study intends to analyze the features and flaws of ASEAN Sculpture Garden, as a mediatory role of ASEAN in instilling awareness of unity between ASEAN members to the public. The objective of the study is to analyze the efficacy of the garden to accommodate the rich memorial sculptures. The body of the research is formed by theoretical and case study research. It is projected by three methods; archival research, semi structured interviews and site documentation; direct observations and site visit. The qualitative data then will be analysed using Actor Network theory, keyword coding and site findings. Findings showed that as the main objective of the garden is to exhibit the sculptures, it could be summed up that it has failed to meet the apparent intention based on the site analysis conducted by the researcher. The typology of the space should be able to communicate the project's aims continuously rather than serving the function temporarily. The variables, which are space and time factors are debatable, as the neighboring tourist spot, National Monument residing the wide square managed to attract public attention due to its great efficacy of typological space regardless the time factor. As a conclusion, the typology of space is a huge factor to ensure the park's success.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.447-457
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• 2013

Given the our life environment being the original space which surrounding human today's our environment turned in the artificial and dried space because it's focus on planned and made by city's function and efficiency. So Isamu Noguchi is try to express the formative space which can live nature and human, and human and space together just for a bit. And he succeeded to create the new molding formation named the environment and sculpture to deeply get the problem on nature of place and understanding of place for aesthetic satisfaction. So he makes great contribution towards the monument and field of environmental sculpture. So this thesis is for making clear the importance of space for the sculpture and effect on Isamu Noguchi's environmental sculpture by analyzing the various artworks by Isamu Noguchi and studying his space concept and space sensation of his through generating the experiment of space and eclecticism. Noguchi pursed the harmony with the artwork by expending the architectural space to the full, and he focus his energies to left the artwork which with the public in their lives.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.345-350
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• 2016

Modern design started from having form of nature and biology and had gradually faced limit on the design subject, therefore changed to something with emotions. However, personal emotion is hard to receive sympathy from the public. Therefore the researcher have selected subject that is already receiving love from the public and tried to visualize it through metal sculpture. The subject selected for visualization is 'Counting Stars at Night' by poet Yoon Dong Ju who the Koreans love the most and the aesthetic factor was selected through prior studied literature and have made by applying metal, gemstone and coloring method. As a result the aesthetic factor could be selected understanding the emotion inside the poet 'Counting Stars at Night' by Yoon Dong Ju and have not lost objectivity in the emotions and could be able to feel the beauty of the metal sculpture with deep emotions of the 'Counting Stars at Night' by Yoon Dong Ju through completed metal sculpture. This served as a momentum for suggesting possibility of shaping the immaterial subject.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2017

As interest in the public display of art and outdoor sculptures is increasing, the conservation and treatment of these sculptures is becoming increasingly crucial. Long-term exposure to the natural elements and atmospheric pollution can cause corrosion and deterioration in outdoor sculptures. In the case of Kim Chan Shik's "Feeling", which was exhibited in the outdoor sculpture park at the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art (MMCA), the patina of the sculpture was damaged during a long outdoor exhibition. Therefore, the treatment process was as follows: recording of condition, sanding, repatination, and wax coating. Consequently, the sculpture was restored similar to the original. Chemical analysis revealed that the sculpture was crafted from bronze and was cast from a quaternary alloy of Cu-Pb-Sn-Zn. The welding is lower in Zn, Sn, and Pb content than the metal used in the sculpture itself. Bright strains contain about 13.0 wt% Sn and 10.5 wt% Pb. The strains are higher in Sn and Pb content than the rest of the metal in the sculpture (7.0 wt% Sn and 4.4 wt% Pb). As a result of component analysis and microstructure observation, the material is estimated to have been made by casting without artificial treatment.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.216-232
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• 2020

This research aims to analyze the characteristics of modern public sculptures in Chinese historical and cultural cities, and explore how public sculptures can effectively intervene in historical and cultural elements to show their placeness. In addition, this research provides basic information for the place significance and application of public sculptures. First, the theoretical basis was provided by understanding the concept of historical and cultural city and the concept of Placeness. Second, the related literature and cases were summarized to analyze the expressive characteristics of public sculptures, and the eight factors most related to the place-related characteristics were selected through the evaluation of characteristics from 10 experts. Third, as a case analysis, this study selected 60 cases from 7 magazines with the highest publication volume among public sculptures in China's representative cities, Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou, and finally 15 public sculptures were selected through expert selection. In general, Whether to explore historical and cultural elements or the city's modern humanistic atmosphere, the public sculptures of the three cities all reflect different places.It is the development trend of public sculpture to combine the artistic originality and interaction with the public brought by unique advanced technology, and use the unique historical and human elements of the city to create places that are different from other regions.