• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2020

The PtBi/C and PtBiPd/C electrocatalysts were synthesized via the irreversible adsorption of Pd and Bi ions precursors on commercial Pt/C catalysts. XRD and XPS revealed the formation of an alloy structure among Pt, Bi, and Pd atoms. The current of direct formic acid oxidation (I_d) increased ~ 8 and 16 times for the PtBi/C and PtBiPd/C catalysts, respectively, than that of commercial Pt/C because of the electronic, geometric, and third body effects. In addition, the increased ratio between the current of direct formic acid oxidation (I_d) and the current of indirect formic acid oxidation (I_ind) for the PtBi/C and PtBiPd/C catalysts suggest that the dehydrogenation pathway is dominant with less CO formation on these catalysts.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.479-485
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• 2011

Pt-Bi/C catalysts supported on carbon black with various Pt/Bi ratios were synthesized by a reduction method. Chloroplatinic acid hydrate ($H_2PtCl_6{\cdot}xH_2O$) and bismuth (III) nitrate pentahydrate ($Bi(NO_3)_3{\cdot}5H_2O$) were used as precursors for Pt and Bi, respectively. Before loading metal on carbon, heat treatment and pretreatment of carbon black in an acidic solution was conducted to enhance the degree of dispersion. The physical property of the synthesized catalysts was investigated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The XRD pattern of untreated Pt-Bi/C catalyst showed BiPt and $Bi_2Pt$ peaks in addition to Pt peaks. These results imply that Bi atoms were incorporated into the Pt crystal lattice by Pt-Bi alloy formation. The catalytic activity for methanol oxidation was measured using cyclic voltammetry in a mixture of 0.5 M $H_2SO_4$ and 0.5 M $CH_3OH$ aqueous solution. The addition of proper amount of Bi was found to significantly improve catalytic activity for methanol oxidation. The catalytic activity for methanol oxidation was closely related to the stability between electrode and electrolyte. In order to investigate the stability of catalysts, chronoamperometry analysis was carried out in the same solution at 0.6 V.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1543-1550
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• 2010

This work presents oxidation of formic acid on Bi-modified Pt nanoparticles of various sizes. The sizes of the studied Pt nanoparticles range from 1.5 to 5.6 nm (detailed in Rhee, C. K.; Kim, B.-J.; Ham, C.; Kim, Y.-J.; Song, K.; Kwon, K. Langmuir 2009, 25, 7140-7147), and the surfaces of the Pt nanoparticles are modified with irreversibly adsorbed Bi. The investigated coverages of Bi on the Pt nanoparticles are 0.12 and 0.25 as determined by coulometry of the oxidation of adsorbed hydrogen and Bi, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammetric behavior of formic acid oxidation reveals that the adsorbed Bi enhances the catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles by impeding a poison-forming dehydration path with a concomitant promotion of a dehydrogenation path. The chronoamperometric results indicate that elemental Bi and partially oxidized Bi are responsible for the catalytic enhancement, when the Bi coverages on Pt nanoparticles are 0.12 and 0.25, respectively. The size effect of Bi-modified Pt nanoparticles in formic acid oxidation is discussed in terms of specific activity (current per unit surface area) and mass activity (current per unit mass).

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2000

천연에서 발견되는 geversite (PtSb2), stumpflite (PtSb), insizwaite (PtBi2), unnamed PtBi 등의 광물에 대한 안정영역과 원소치환에 따른 고용체 존재를 규명하기 위해 백금-안티모니-비스머스 등 3성분계에 대한 합성실험적 연구를 실시하였다. 이번 연구에서 설정된 $600^{\circ}C$ 온도의 실험결과에 의하면, 등축정계의 geversite와 insizwaite 사이에 완전고용체가 형성되며, Sb를 치환하는 Bi의 함량에 따라 단위포 상수는 6.4415(0 at.%), 6.4361(15 at.%), 6.5204(30 at.%), 6.5411(51 at.%), 6.6261(70 at%), 6.6540(85 at%), 6.728$\AA$(100 at.%)로 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 육방정계인 stumpflite와 unnamed PtBi 사이에도 완전고용체가 형성되며, Sb를 치환하는 Bi의 함량이 증가함에 따라 a 단위포 상수의 크기는 4.1388(0 at.%), 4.2118(20 at.%), 4.2118(40 at.%), 4.2485(80 at.%), 4.3242$\AA$(100 at.%)등 연속적으로 증가하지만, c 단위포 상수는 각각 5.4902, 5.4799, 5.508, 5.4817, 5.5045$\AA$등 불규칙하게 변함을 알 수 있었다. 0~33.33 at.% Pt 영역에서의 상평형 관계는 액체가 Pt(Sb,Bi)2 고용체와 공존하고 있고, Sb가 많이 함유된 액체에서는 geversite+원소광물 안티모니+백금이 거의 함유되지 않은 액체와 공생하는 3-phase assemblage를 형성한다. 자연계에서는 geversite와 insizwaite 및 stumpflite와 unnamed PtBi 사이의 화학조성을 가지는 광물이 발견되고 있는데, 이들은 각각 독립적인 광물종이 아니라 위 광물들의 고용체에 속하는 것임을 알 수 있었다. 이들 광물을 명명하고 해석하는데 매우 세심한 주의가 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 단위포 상수를 측정을 통해 해당 고용체 광물의 Sb↔Bi 치환 양을 추정할 수 있다는 점과 광물 공생관계를 통해 생성온도를 추정할 수 있다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.697-700
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• 2008

The underpotential deposited Bi on Pt($Bi_{upd}/Pt$) anode for formic acid fuel cells (FAFCs) was developed using multi-layered preparation method for better electrocatalytic utilization of Pt. The electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) result indicated that $Bi_{upd}$ remains through the catalyst layer during stability test. In performance test, the multilayered $Bi_{upd}$ on Pt black showed superior performance by approximately 200 mV at current density of $150mA/cm^2$ compared with PtRu black anode catalyst. Based on preparation condition of $Bi_{upd}/Pt$ black, carbon supported $Bi_{upd}/Pt/C$ electrode was prepared and it showed enhanced performance and stability.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 1998

Crystallization behavior of platinum minerals within Pt-Sb-Bi bearing ore magmas and mineralogical properties of the existing minerals were investigated at 1,00$0^{\circ}C$ by synthetic experiment. High purity reagents were used as starting materials and silica tubings as containers. Reaction products were analysed by reflecting microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, and micro-hardness test. Stable minerals at 1,00$0^{\circ}C$ are platinum, electron probe microanalysis, and micro-hardness test. Stable minerals at $1,000^{\circ}C$ are platinum, stump-flite (PtSb) and geversite (PtSb2). They are in equilibrium with liquid (ore magma). Platinum contains considerable amount of Sb of 7.5 at.%, whereas Bi only up to 0.9 at.%. Pure stumpflite is hexagonal with space group P63/mmc, and unit cell parameters are a=4.1318(6), c=5.483(1)$\AA$. VHN50=417(2)$\AA$. Geversite has cubic structure with space group Pa3. Cell parameters are a=6.4373(2)$\AA$ and Vicker hardness values VHN50=663.5 (566~766). Both stumpflite and geversite show solid solution and their end-members are Pt48.8Sb40.7-Bi10.5, and Pt33.7-Sb59.8Bi6.5, respectively. Although stumpflite (m.p. $1,043^{\circ}C$) and unnamed PtBi (m.p. 7$65^{\circ}C$) do not form a complete solid solution at $1,000^{\circ}C$, they are known, at $600^{\circ}C$, to form a continuous solid solution. Geversit (m.p. $1,226^{\circ}C$) also forms complete solid solution with insizwaite (m.p. $660^{\circ}C$). Unit cell dimensions of the minerals above increases with the amount of Bi substituting for Sb.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.97.2-97.2
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• 2011

Pt-Ru and Pt-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared and tested for heavy hydrocarbon reforming. Metals were supported on CGO($Ce_{0.8}Gd_{0.2}O_{2.0-x}$) by incipient wetness method. The prepared catalysts were characterized by Temperature programmed reduction(TPR). Oxidative steam reforming of n-dodecane was conducted to compare the activity of the catalysts. The reforming temperature was varied from $500^{\circ}C$ to $800^{\circ}C$ at fixed $O_2$/C of 0.3, $H_2O$/C of 3.0 and GHSV of 5,000/h.Reduction peaks of metal oxide, surface CGO and bulk CGO were detected. Reduction temperature of metal oxide decreased over the bi-metallic catalysts. It is considered that interaction between metals leads to decrease interaction between metal and oxygen. On the other hands, reduction temperatures of surface CGO were dectected in the order of Pt-Ru > Pt-Ni > Pt. low reduction temperatures of surface CGO indicates the low activation energy for oxygen ion conduction to metal. Oxygen ion conduction is known as de-coking mechanism of ionic conducting supports such as CGO. In activity test, fuel conversion was in the same order of Pt-Ru > Pt-Ni > Pt. Especially, 100% of fuel conversion was obtained over Pt-Ru catalysts at $500^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.474-475
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• 2007

The $Sr_{0.8}Bi_{2.2}Ta_2O_9$(SBT) thin films are deposited on Pt-coated electrode(Pt/$TiO_2/SiO_2$/Si) using RF magnetron sputtering method. The aging properties of SBT capacitor with top electrodes represents a favorable properties in Pt electrode. The dielectric constant and leakage current density with Pt electrode is 340 and $6.81{\times}10^{-10}\;A/cm^2$ respectively. The maximum remanent polarization and the coercive electric field with Pt electrode are $12.40{\mu}C/cm^2$ and 30kV/cm respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.893-896
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• 2000

The SrBi$_2$Ta$_2$O$\sub$9/(SBT) thin films are deposited on Pt-coated electrode(Pt/TiO$_2$/SiO$_2$/Si) using RF sputtering method. The SBT thin films deposited on substrate at 400-500[$^{\circ}C$]. SBT thin film deposited on Pt-coated electrodes have the cubic perovskite structure and polycrystalline state. With increasing annealing temperature from 600[$^{\circ}C$] to 850[$^{\circ}C$], flourite Phase was crystalized to 650[$^{\circ}C$] and Bi-layered perovskite phase was crystalized above 700[$^{\circ}C$]. The maximum remanent polarization is 11.73 ${\mu}$C/cm$^2$at 500[$^{\circ}C$] of substrate temperature and 750[$^{\circ}C$] annealing temperature for 30min.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 1999

$SrBi_2Ta_2O_9$ thin films were prepared on $Pt/SiO_2$/Si p-tyPp (100) substrate by r.f. magnetron sputtering method. The films were annealed at $800^{\circ}C$ and characterized in terms of micro-structures and electrical properties depending on film deposition conditions. XRD patterns of SBT films annealed at $800^{\circ}C$ indicated the typical SBT phase of (006), (111), and (200) with BiPt additional peaks. SEM images show that crystal gram become to grow with increasing the substrate temperature and decreasing the gas pressure. The remanant polarization(2Pr) and the coercive field(Ec) of 200nm thickness SBT film which was deposited at 10$0^{\circ}C$ under 50mtorr gas pressure and annealed at $800^{\circ}C$ were 20.07$\mu$C/$\textrm {cm}^2$ and 79kV/cm, respectively.