• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.115-136
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• 2007

A trustworthy counseling relationship is an important variable for an effective counseling progression and counseling goal achieving. This study was designed to examine effects of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and counselor perception on working alliance. Objects of this study were clients in university counseling centers, counseling centers for adolescents and private counseling institutes. Clients were asked to answer an ambivalence over emotional expressiveness questionnaire, a counselor perception questionnaire and a working alliance questionnaire. Total 97 cases were collected and the data was analysed by multiple regression method. The results were as followed; ambivalence over emotional expressiveness was not significantly related to working alliance. However, counselor perception was significantly related to working alliance. That is, the more positively counselors were perceived, the better working alliance was. Effects of counselor perception's sub-factors on working alliance were also found; attractiveness was significantly related to working alliance but trustworthiness and expertness were not. An interaction of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness and counselor perception on working alliance was also significant. As for those clients who were high at the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, working alliance was increased in case they had positive counselor perception. In conclusion, it is not personality factors but that counselor perception that makes the difference in working alliance

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.431-446
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• 2009

This study was intended to validate and develop the driving stress coping behavior scale. In a preliminary investigation, literature studies on the driving stress and open questionnaire were administered and examined in four regions in Korea. As a result, 64 items driving stress questionnaire were developed. In the study, this Driving Stress Coping Behavior Scale(DS-CBS) was examined to 372 drivers located seven regions in Korea. The factors analysis revealed 2 meaningful factors[(Good Coping: GC), (Bad Coping: BC) with 24 items. When internal consistency for each 2 factor was calculated, all sub-scale revealed a satisfactory level of Cronbach's α. Also, correlations with Driver Coping Questionnaire(DCQ) and risk driving behaviors(speed driving, drunken driving, traffic violation, offence accident, defence accident) supported consistently validity of the Driving Stress Coping Behavior Scale(DS-CBS). Also, We investigated the influences of 'Good Coping', 'Bad Coping' consisting of driving stress coping behavior, on traffic accidents risk. As a result, 'Good Coping' and 'Bad Coping' influenced traffic accidents risk. 'Good Coping' had decreased effects, the other side 'Bad Coping' had increased effects on traffic accidents risk(TARI).

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.487-505
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• 2009

We focused on the missing confirmation domain of the hasteful behavior. We tried to identify the variety of hasteful behavior and the effects of missing confirmation behavior domain of the hasteful behavior on driving behaviors. 388 drivers responded to Hasteful Behavior Questionnaire, Driver Behavior Questionnaire(DBQ), and Driving Experience Questions. Data which have missing values among them were removed, 374 data were analyzed. As a result of factor analysis, hasteful behavior consist of time pressure, uncomfortableness, isolation, boring condition, and expecting rewards, and the DBQ consist of violation, error, and lapse. The components of hasteful behavior was divided into the missing confirmation behavior and the need for achievement domain by the second factor analysis and difference verification of coefficient of correlation. The missing confirmation behavior domain of hasteful behavior had significant influence on error and lapse. The isolation of the missing confirmation behavior domain had a negative effect, and the uncomfortableness of the missing confirmation domain had a positive effect on violation. The time pressure had a negative effect, and the isolation and the uncomfortableness had a positive effect on error and lapse.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.177-185
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• 2024

The socio-cultural notion that appearance is something that can be created and managed, as opposed to something that is innate, has led to increased demands and expectations for appearance management. As the perception of appearance affects not only the oneself but also interpersonal relationships, increased satisfaction with one's appearance has the positive aspect of psychological stability, which leads to more active social participation. This study examined the effects of makeup and clothing adopted as appearance management behaviors and appearance satisfaction on interpersonal relationships, and analyzed the mediating effect of appearance management behaviors on interpersonal satisfaction through appearance satisfaction. The research method was a questionnaire, and 85 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. SPSS 28.0 and SmartPLS 4 were used to analyze the data. As a result of the analysis, it was found that among the women's appearance management behaviors, makeup has a defining effect on appearance satisfaction, and appearance satisfaction has a defining effect on interpersonal relationships. In addition, it was found that appearance satisfaction mediates the relationship between makeup and interpersonal relationships among appearance management behaviors. Although this study is limited in its generalizability to members of society as a whole because it was conducted on a sample of female college students in their 20s, it is significant in that it confirmed that practicing appearance management behaviors, reflecting the socio-cultural notion that appearance is created and managed, positively affects the formation of interpersonal relationships with psychologically stable members of society by making them confident in their appearance.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.101-120
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• 2024

Due to the expanding roles of corporations, the significance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has escalated, fostering continued efforts for organizations to integrate CSR into the context of recruitment. Additionally, demand for CSR authenticity is increasing. Damaged CSR authenticity can give rise to negative consequences, but research on the CSR authenticity is lacking, particularly within the realms of job search and recruitment. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate whether organizational attractiveness varies with CSR authenticity (high CSR authenticity, low CSR authenticity, and control conditions) through a scenario design. Additionally, the study examined the mediating effects of value congruence, as well as the moderating effect of moral identity in this relationship. Conducted among 300 undergraduate students, the results indicated that the organizational attractiveness was highest in the high CSR authenticity condition, followed by the control condition, and the lowest in the low CSR authenticity condition. However, the difference between the high CSR authenticity condition and the control condition was not statistically significant. PROCESS macro was employed to analyze the mediating model of value congruence. The results revealed that the mediating effect of value congruence was significant across all conditions. In sequence, examining the moderating effect and the moderated mediating effect of moral identity, it was found that these effects were significant in the high CSR authenticity condition in comparison to the other conditions. The findings of this study suggest the importance of considering CSR authenticity in the context of job search and recruitment and also, provides an insight into the mechanism through which CSR authenticity influences organizational attractiveness.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.459-471
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• 2024

In modern society, where tension and stress are ubiquitous, individuals often experience psychological imbalances. These stressors not only affect mental well-being but also manifest physically, through the skin. Consequently, a new term psychodermatology combining psychiatry and dermatology, has emerged, garnerning attention and research focus. In this study, we aimed to develop materials improving chronic skin conditions caused by stress by utilizing a compound of Cucurbita moschata, Paeonia japonica, and Prunus cerasus known to alleviate skin disorders. We sought to develop and validate the efficacy of materials alleviating chronic skin conditions induced by stress in keratinocytes..Therefore, in this study we analyzed the effects of a complex extract using Cucurbita moschata, Paeonia japonica, and Prunus cerasus on HaCaT keratinocyte cells to understand how it influences them. The complex extract on HaCaT keratinocyte cells showed a concentration-dependent decrease in the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDC, and TARC at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 ㎍/mL. Particularly noteworthy was the efficacy observed in inhibiting IL-1β, with a reduction of over 40% at a concentration of 100 ㎍/mL. Additionally, the production levels of AQP-3, HA, and filaggrin exhibited a significant concentration-dependent increase. The protein expression of p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38, which were elevated by TNF-α/IFN-γ, was significantly decreased with the treatment of the complex extract. These findings suggest that the compound extract may be utilized as a material for treating and preventing skin conditions, potentially mitigating the adverse effects of the mutual relationship between skin disorders and stress.

• CELLMED
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.12.1-12.13
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• 2024

This study investigated the psychological effects of the creative music fairy tale 'I am a music creator' education program, which was implemented as the convergence educational program of the Seocho Innovation Education District in 2021 for a total of 8 weeks for elementary school students, on Musical Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem. Before verifying the effects after conducting the education program for a total of 8 weeks, a homogeneity verification of the group composition was conducted through a pre-measurement, and it was confirmed that the composition by gender and grade was homogeneous. The results of this study are as follows. First, the results of the pre-test/post-test by research subject showed that the post-test scores in Musical-Interest and Self-Efficacy were slightly higher than the pre-test scores, but there was no significant difference. When Self-Esteem was considered, There was a significant difference, and the post-test scores showed a higher average than the pre-test scores. Second, the results of the pre-test/post-test by gender of the research subject showed that the post-test scores in Musical-Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem for male students were slightly higher than the pre-test scores, but there was no significant difference. The post-test scores in Musical-Interest and Self-Efficacy for female students were slightly higher than the pre-test scores, but there was no real significant difference. Self-Esteem showed a significant difference, and the post-test scores showed a higher average than the pre-test scores. Third, the results of the pre-test/post-test by grade of the research subject showed that the post-test scores in Musical-Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem for second graders were slightly higher than the pretest scores, but there was no real significant difference. In the 3rd grade, there was a significant difference in the sub-factors of Musical-Interest, interest in music classes, and Self-Esteem, and the post-score showed a higher average than the pre-score. In the 4th grade, the post-scores were slightly higher than the pre-scores in Musical-Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem, but there was no significant difference. Through these results, it was confirmed that the integrated music activity approach has a positive influence on elementary school students' Musical-Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem, which are formed in the process of growth and development.

• Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare
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• v.74 no.2
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• pp.9-34
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the social welfare implications and to secure the quality of lives(QOLs) of elderly victims from disaster, and by analyzing the effect of depression on their QOLs and the moderating effects of social support and social participation. This study utilized data from the third year (2017) of the Long-term Investigation of Disaster Victims established by the National Disaster Management Research Institute(NDMI) in the Republic of Korea. The subjects were 666 elderly people aged 65 and over who had experienced disaster. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 statistical package. The results were as follows: First, the depression of elderly victims of Disaster had a significant effect on the quality of life in the elderly. Second, the social support was found to have a moderating effect on the quality of life of elderly depression. Third, the social participation didn't show any significant moderating effect. But the social participation had a significant effect on the quality of life in the elderly. The results of this study suggest that in order to reduce the depression of elderly victims of Disaster and improve the quality of life, it is necessary to provide various types of psychological support services, to form a social support system and to activate social participation reflecting the disaster and characteristics of the community.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1-19
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• 2016

The researchers in strategic management have focused on identifying the effects of CEO's demographic characteristics and experience on the strategic choices and performance of firms. On the other hand, they have failed to identifying the effects of CEO's psychological characteristics on them because of the difficulties over data collection and measurement for variables. To overcome this limitation of prior researches, this study is designed to achieve two specific objectives. The first is to examine the effect of CEO narcissism on diversification strategy and performance of listed corporations on Korean securities market in an economic downturn. The other is to examine the moderating effects of various corporate governance systems that are related to board and/or ownership structures on those relationships. The empirical setting for this study was drawn from a multi-year(2011~2014) sample of large listed corporations in Korean securities market. To achieve the objectives, the hypotheses of research are analyzed by implementing multiple regression analyses in two separate models. The results of these analyses show that CEO narcissism is positively related to the diversification of listed large corporations in Korean securities market. Regrading the moderating effects, the stake of institutional investors weakens the positive relationship between CEO narcissism and firm's diversification. The findings of this research imply that CEO narcissism can intensify the tendency of Korean corporations to adopt high-risk and high return strategy in an economic downturn. Thus, firms might be able to use CEO narcissism to drastically restructure the business portfolio in an economic downturn. However, Korean corporations should be very cautions to maximize the positive effect of CEO narcissism. They might be use the institutional investors as their corporate governance system to monitor and control the opportunism of CEO in the decision for diversification in an economic downturn.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.69-98
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• 2009

We investigated what factors motivate gamers to participate in a guild and why they continue to be engaged as members of the guild. We find that, based on the result of focus group interviews with MMORPG gamers, social support and self-esteem factors play important roles. Considering both prior research and the focus group interviews we have conducted, we define social support and character control as independent variables. Character identity, guild identity, and self-esteem are proposed as mediating variables while guild flow and game loyalty as dependent variables. Accordingly, we develop the research model and hypotheses, and verify them empirically. Based on our experiences of playing the WoW game, we proposed a research model and conducted focus-group interviews (FGIs). FGIs involve formulating a hypothesis and then collecting some relevant data. FGIs were conducted face-to-face with students of C University in Korea. We formulated structured interview schedules, and the questions were based on our research variables and personal experiences. The questions for the interviews encompassed the following areas: (a) the demographic characteristics of the focus group; (b) the number of years for which respondents had played online games; (c) the motive for starting a game; (d) the number of game-characters assumed by each gamer; (e) the type of game played; and (f) other issues such as the reasons for involvement in the play, the willingness to reuse the game in case new versions were released, etc. On average, it took two hours to interview each of three groups. A primary set of FGIs was conducted with three groups on the premise that there would be some differences caused by character race (Horde vs. Alliance) or by playable server (Normal vs. Combat). With respect to the manner of playing, we found that guild members shared information, felt a sense of belonging, and played computer games for quite a long time through the guild; however, they did not undergo these experiences when playing alone. Gamers who belonged to a specific guild helped other players without expecting compensation for that, freely shared information about the game, gave away items for free, and more generous with other members who made mistakes. The guild members were aware of the existence other members and experienced a sense of belonging through interactions with, and evaluations from, other players. It was clear that social support was shown within the guild and that it played an important role as a major research variable. Based on the results of the first FGIs, a second set of in-depth FGIs was carried out with a focus on the psychology of the individual within the guild and the social community of the guild. The second set of FGIs also focused on the guild's offline meetings. Gamers, over all, recognize the necessity of joining a community, not only off-line but also online world of the guild. They admit that the guild is important for them to easily and conveniently enjoy playing online computer games. The active behavior and positive attitudes of existing guild members can motivate new members of the guild to adapt themselves to the guild environment. They then adopt the same behaviors and attitudes of established guild members. In this manner, the new members of the guild strengthen the bonds with other gamers while feeling a sense of belonging, and developing social identity, thereby. It was discovered that the interaction among guild members and the social support encouraged new gamers to quickly develop a sense of social identity and increase their self-esteem. The guild seemed to play the role of socializing gamers. Sometimes, even in the real world, the guild members helped one another; therefore, the features of the guild also spilled over to the offline environment. We intend to use self-esteem, which was found through the second set of FGIs, as an important research variable. To collect data, an online survey was designed with a questionnaire to be completed by WoW gamers, who belong to a guild. The survey was registered on the best three domestic game-sites: 'WoW playforum,' 'WoW gamemeca,' and 'Wow invent.' The selected items to be measured in the questionnaire were decided based on prior research and data from FGIs. To verify the content of the questionnaire, we carried out a pilot test with the same participants to point out ambiguous questions as a way to ensure maximum accuracy of the survey result. A total of 244 responses were analyzed from the 250 completed questionnaires. The SEM analysis was used to test goodness-of-fit of the model. As a result, we found important results as follows: First, according to the statistics, social support had statistically significant impacts on character control, character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Second, character control had significant effects on character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Third, character identity shows its clear impact on self-esteem and game loyalty. Fourth, guild identity affected self-esteem, guild flow and game loyalty. Fifth, self-esteem had a positive influence on the guild flow. These days, the number of virtual community is rising along with its significance largely because of the nature of the online games. Accordingly, this study is designed to clarify the psychological relationship between gamers within the guild that has been generally established by gamers to play online games together. This study focuses on the relationships in which social support influences guild flow or game loyalty through character control, character identity, guild identity, and self-esteem, which are present within a guild in the MMORPG game environment. The study results are as follows. First, the effects of social support on character control, character identity, guild identity and self-esteem are proven to be statistically significant. It was found that character control improves character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Among the seven variables, social support, which is derived from FGIs, plays an important role in this study. With the active support of other guild members, gamers can improve their ability to develop good characters and to control them. Second, character identity has a positive effect on self-esteem and game loyalty, while guild identity has a significant effect on self-esteem, guild flow and game loyalty. Self-esteem affects guild flow. It was found that the higher the character and guild identities become, the greater the self-esteem is established. Contrary to the findings of prior research, our study results indicate that the relationship between character identity and guild flow is not significant. Rather, it was found that character identity directly affects game players' loyalty. Even though the character identity had no direct effect on increasing guild flow, it has indirectly affected guild flow through self-esteem. The significant relationship between self-esteem and guild flow indicates that gamers achieve flow, i.e., a feeling of pleasure and excitement through social support. Several important implications of this study should be noted. First, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to conduct this study. Through FGIs, it was observed that both social support and self-esteem are important variables. Second, because guilds had been rarely studied, this research is expected to play an important role in the online community. Third, according to the result, six hypotheses (H1, H5, H6, H7, H8, and H11) setup based on FGIs, were statistically significant; thus, we can suggest the corresponding relationships among the variables as a guideline for follow-up research. Our research is significant as it has following implications: first, the social support of the guild members is important when establishing character control, character identity, guildidentity and self-esteem. It is also a major variable that affects guild flow and game loyalty. Second, character control when improved by social support shows notable influence on the development of character identity, guild identity and self-esteem. Third, character identity and guild identity are major factors to help establish gamers' own self-esteem. Fourth, character identity affects guild flow through self-esteem and game loyalty. The gamers usually express themselves through characters; the higher character identity is, the more loyalty a gamer has. Fifth, guild identity, established within the guild, has clear effects on self-esteem, guild flow and game loyalty. Sixth, qualitative and quantitative methods are employed to conduct this study. Based on the results of focus group interviews and SEM analysis, we find that the social support by guild members and psychological factors are significant in strengthening the flow of guild and loyalty to the game. As such, game developers should provide some extra functions for guild community, through which gamers can play online games in collaboration with one another. Also, we suggest that positive self-esteem which is built up through social support can help gamers achieve higher level of flow and satisfaction, which will consequently contribute to minimizing the possibility for the players to develop negative attitude toward the guild they belong to.