• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2019.08a
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• pp.149-149
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• 2019

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 1984

The Populus maximowiczii dominated forest of the Sangcheon ravine, Mt. Seolag, is distributed in the area with the conglemerates substrate, along the ravine stream from 170m to 550m in altitude. Toward the both slopes of the northern and southern peak from the stream side, the zonal distribution of vegetation was recognized; P. maximowiczii forest of Pinus densiflora forest and deciduous broad leaved forest. The pure community of P. maximowiczii with even more 80-98% in relative basal area (aspen basal area/basal area) was found in the ravine area from 360m to 420m in altitude, the optimal ranges in the species and community by two dimensional ordination with thermal and xeric cline axis. The species compete with Pinus densiflora, in the ravine stream side, and with deciduous broad leaved tree species such as Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Prunus sargentii, Lindera obtusiloba, in the mountain slope sides. On the other hand, the ravine vegetation, including the aspen forest, was classified into Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora, Pinus densiflora-Populus maximowiczii, jessoensis, Acer mono-Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis-Quercus ariena, Quercus ariena, Quercus variabilis-Stephanandra incisa, Picrasma quassioides-Celtis sinensis, Betula davurica-Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Styrax obassia-Lindera obtusiloba association.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.81-98
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• 2005

Leaf morphology was examined for Prunus species from Jeju Island. Analyzed were the leaf blade length, petiole length, width of blade, number of veins and angle of the base to the mid-vein as quantitative characters and the distribution of trichome, position of glandsand leaf features qualitative characters. A total of 25 OTU were phenetically analyzed by UPGMA. The resuling phenograms slightly differ from the currently recognized taxonomic system in two points. Prunus mume was clustered with P. padus and P. buergeriana. Prunu spendula and P. yedoensis were separated from the cluster of P. jaamasakura, P. speciosa, P. sargentii and P. jamasakura var. quelpaertensis. Except for the members of subgenus Cerasus, subgenera Padus (P. buergeriana and P. padus), Microcerasus (P. japonica) and Amygdalus were well defined. Some morphological characters of leaves such as the ratio of blade length to width, the length of blade to petiole, number of veins, the distance between the gland and base, the angle of base to mid-vein, and the distribution of trichome were useful as diagnostic features for Prunus from Jeju Island.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 2011

This study was carried out to improve planting and use of landscape plants in Gangwon-do. The designated plants by schools and cities in Gangwon-do were surveyed and then compared with the planted trees on streets, public parks, schools, etc. in 2009. There were 45 tree species and 43 flower species designated as school trees and school flowers at 632 schools in Gangwon-do. The majority of school tree species were Juniperus chinensis, Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, Zelkova serrata, and Pinus thunbergii. The ratio of native species to exotic was 35:10. The majority of school flower species Rosa centifolia, Forsythia koreana, Zinnia elegans, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Chrysanthemum morifolium, and Rosa rugosa. The ratio of native species to the exotic was 22:21. There were 12 flower species and 7 tree species designated as city trees and city flowers in 18 cities and guns. The high frequency flower species were Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Forsythia koreana, Magnolia sieboldii, and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu. The high frequency tree species were Ginkgo biloba, Pinus koraiensis, and Taxus cuspidata. There were 87 woody landscape tree species planted, and a total of 619,835 landscape plants were planted in Youngseo region (western part of Gangwon-do) in 2009. The ratio of native species to exotic species was 56:31. The majority of landscape trees planted were Pinus densiflora, Prunus yedoensis, Prunus sargentii, Comus officinalis, Pyrus pyrifolia, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, Hibiscus syriacus, Forsythia koreana, Zellkova serrata, Acer triflorum, Rhododendron obutusum, and Ligustrum obtusifolium A in 2009. The ratio of native species to the exotic was 64:36. There were 77 woody landscape tree species planted, and a total of 914,668 landscape plants were planted in Youngdong region (eastern part of Gangwon-do) in 2009. The ratio of native species to exotic was 52:25. The major landscape trees planted were Pinus thunbergii, Rhododendron lateritium, Rhododendron schlippenenbachii, Hibiscus syriacus, Prunus yedoensis, Pinus densiflora, Syringa dilatata, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Rosa rugosa, Prunus sargentii, Rosa centifolia, Juniperus chinensis, Euonymus japonica, Forsythia koreana, Chionanthus retusus, Acer palmatum, and Chaenomeles sinensis. The results indicate that landscape plants need to be diverse in species in each region of Gangwon-do. Selection of suitable plants for each region and the use of native species need to be emphasized.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.119-136
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• 2014

This work aims to select the potentially vulnerable plant species against climate change at alpine and subalpine belts of Mts. Sorak, Jiri, and Halla, from central, southern, southern insular high mountains of the Korean Peninsula, respectively. The selection of global warming related vulnerable plants were performed by adapting various criteria, such as flora, endemicity, rarity, floristically specific and valuable species, species composition at mountain summits, horizontal and vertical ranges of individual species, and their distributional pattern in the Korean Peninsula. Line and quadrat field surveys along the major trails from all directions at height above 1,500 meters above sea level of Mts, Sorak, Jiri and Halla were conducted each year during spring, summer, and autumn from 2010 to 2011. Based upon above mentioned eight criteria, high level of climate change related potentially vulnerable arboral plants, such as Rhododendron aureum, Taxus caespitosa, Pinus pumila, Oplopanax elatus, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Thuja koraiensis are noticed from at subalpine belt of Mt. Sorak. Species of Abies koreana, Rhododendron tschonoskii, Oplopanax elatus, Taxus cuspidata, Picea jezoensis, and Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii belong to climate change concerned vulnerable species at subalpine belt of Mt. Jiri. High level of climate change related species vulnerability is found at alpine and subalpine belts of Mt. Halla from Diapensia lapponica var. obovata, Salix blinii, Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum, Vaccinium uliginosum, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Taxus cuspidata, Rhamnus taquetii, Abies koreana, Hugeria japonica, Prunus buergeriana, and Berberis amurensis var. quelpartensis. Countermeasures to save the global warming vulnerable plants in situ are required.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.7-20
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• 2004

This study was executed to find out how to improve the planting and use of landscaping plants in Chuncheon. The number of street trees was 17,877 in 2003. The major species of street trees were Ginkgo biloba(52.7％), Prunus sargentii(15.3％), Zelkova serrata(8.9％), Platanus occidentalis(7.3％). Salix babylonica and Platanus occidentalis were decreased, while Prunus sargentii and Zelkova serrata were increased. Salix babylonica is a good species for a lakeside city, but its seeds cause allergies to some people. Most of the trees have been removed in Chuncheon. The planting of Salix babylonica(♂) resulted in no problems, and it should be propagated to plant. The soil of several areas was analysed to investigate soil conditions. The outskirts of city had good conditions in pH, organic matter and minerals, but the downtown areas had high alkalic, due to alkali from footpath concrete blocks. Appropriate pruning adds to the aesthetic and prolongs the useful life; it also requires less managing of insects and diseases to maintain good healthy of street trees. Street trees were not properly pruned due to electric lines and shortage of pruning information. The pruning was controlled by Korea Electric Power Co, which has no pruning information. Pruning must be maintained by a professional landscape company to maintain good shape such as with Bonsai. The Shrubs planting zone between street trees and other trees, and preservation plates were established for healthy of street trees. They have to be repaired and maintained well to keep better environmental conditions. The number of tree and flower species of 68 schools in Chuncheon were 12 and 16, respectively. The species that showed high preference were Juniperus chinensis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora, Rosa centifolia, Forsythia koreana, and Rhododendron schlippenbachii. The high frequency of the protection trees designated by Chuncheon were Pinus densiflora, Ginko biloba, Zelkova serrata, Quercus species. It was thought that the diversification of street tree species, the selection of street trees suitable to each space, the generalization of use of native species, the appropriate pruning and proper fertilization, the control of pests and diseases, and the opinions of citizens concerning landscape plants were needed to improve the planting, use and maintenance of landscaping plants in Chuncheon.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2006

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Miwangjae to Cheonwhangbong, 11 plots($2000m^2$) set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups of Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica-Styrax japonica community, Q. mongolica-Pinus densiflora community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica was a major woody plant species in the ridge area from Miwangjae to Cheonwhangbong, and Styrax japonica and Pinus densiflora was partly occupied. High positive correlations was proved between Prunus sargentii and Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatus; Quercus serrata and Euonymus alatus; Sorbus alnifolia and Euonymus alatus, Magnolia sieboldii; Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatus; Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatandus; Euonymus alatus and Lindera obtusiloba, Castanea crenata, Lindera erythrocarpa; Lespedeza bicolor and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Castanea crenata and Magnolia sieboldii; Magnolia sieboldii and Lindera erythrocarpa, and relatively high negative correlations was proved between Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Euonymus alatus; Lespedeza bicolor and Castanea crenata; Stephanandra incisa and Magnolia sieboldii; Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense and Lindera erythrocarpa; Euonymus alatus for. ciliato-dentatus and Magnolia sieboldii; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Sapium japonicum; Prunus sargentii and Lespedeza maximowiczii; Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lindera erythrocarpa. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups was ranged $2.3225{\sim}2.7721$, and it was relatively low value compared to that of mountain ridge area of other national parks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2015

To fulfill the need for reuse indigenous tree to mitigate the elimination of nature forests due to road construction, one representative method for this reuse is to transplant them and re-establish in similar conditions. In order to investigate the transplant and establishment of indigenous tree, a correlation and regression analysis was conducted by species and tree size. Data were collected for 6 years(2008~2013) in 7 construction sites in cooperation with the Korea Expressway Corporation. Regarding the transplanted indigenous trees status, the success rate of transplant was 15,519(69%) of 22,521. The tree most transplanted was Pinus densiflora(15,562), followed by Quercus spp.(6,156), Prunus sargentii(235), and P. thunbergii(154). P. densiflora and P. thunbergii belong to the conifer group while Quercus spp., Prunus sargentii belong to the broadleaf group. As a result of a contrast test, the conifer group had a significantly lower success rate of transplant than the broadleaf group. In the relation of root collar diameter and success rate of transplant, there was the tendency that the larger the root collar diameter, the lower the success rate of transplant. This study demonstrated that there is a strong negative correlation between the two factors(r=-0.730, p>0.000). The predicted regression equation of the success rate of transplant was Y= -0.811X+88.627(X: root collar diameter, Y: success rate of transplant) and the $R^2$ value for the linear equation was 0.532.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.231-244
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to offer the basic information for the rational management plan in construction and running of eco-forest by analyzing the vascular plant of the constructreserved site of eco-forest in Mt. Daeun, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The vascular plants were 280 taxa; 75 families, 179 genera, 245 species, 3 subspecies, 28 varieties and 4 forma. The Korean endemic plants were 6 taxa including Pseudostellaria coreana, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Primula modesta var. hannasanensis and so forth. The rare plants were Juniperus chinensis var.sargentii, Prunus yedoensis, Primula modesta var. hannasanensis, Chionanthus retusus and Scopolia japonica. The naturalized plants were 14 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Lepidium apetalum, Trifolium repens, Oenothera biennis, Veronica persica and so forth. The invasive alien plants were Rumex acetosella and Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Specific plant species by floristic region were total 24 taxa; Prunus yedoensis and Primula modesta var. hannasanensis in class V, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii and Acer pictum subsp. mono in class IV, 5 taxa including Dryopteris bissentiana, Scolopolia japonica and so forth in class III, Pseudostellaria coreana, Potentilla dickinsii and Chionanthus retusus in class II, 12 taxa including Acotinum jaluense, Clematis patens and so forth in class I.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.292-298
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• 1999

Huber value and leaf specific conductivity were investigated for determining the hydraulic conductance of six deciduous hardwood species subjected to five levels of artificial shade treatments. Huber values measured in full sun were in the ranges of $1.5{\sim}9.1mm^2/dm^2$, $1.3{\sim}2.6mm^2/dm^2$, $1.5{\sim}5.3mm^2/dm^2$ in June, July, and September, respectively in the first year. The values generally decreased with increasing the shading in most of the species studied. Because of early defoliation in September, most of the values measured were also higher in September than in July. Huber values were quite different between those of the first year and those of the second year in most of the species studied, but the seasonal variation of Huber values and shading effects to the values seemed to be similar between the first and the second years. The values of leaf specific conductivity(LSC) measured in Betula platyphylla var. japonica. B. schmidtii, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono for 2 years were in the range of $4.0{\sim}80.0{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$ by season and by shading treatment. But in Ligustrum obtusifolium and Prunus sargentii, the values were in the ranges of $4.0{\sim}280.0{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$ and $8.0{\sim}120{\mu}{\ell}/dm^2$, respectively with having quite different values compared with those of the above species. Seasonal variation of LSC values was more or less irregular by species and by treatment year, but the LSC values of B. platyphylla vac. japonica, B. schmidtii, and P. sargentii in the first year and also those of Z. serrata and P. sargentii in the second year were mostly higher in September than in July. The LSC values seemed to be generally decreased with increasing the artificial shading in all of the species studied.