• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.98-104
• /
• 2020

Objective: The shoulders are a particularly an important body part for elite boxers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the upper trapezius (UT), infraspinatus (IS) muscle tone, pain, and isokinetic muscle function of shoulder movements such as external rotation, internal rotation, protraction, and retraction according to the scapular position of elite boxers of the Korean national team. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Using the double square method, the scapular position was measured and divided into the forward scapular position group (n=8) with a measurement distance of 135 mm or more, and the normal scapular position group (n=10) with a measurement distance of less than 135 mm. Through the numeric rating scale of the subject, the pain value displayed during movement was measured. The muscle tone of the subjects' UT and IS were measured. The isokinetic muscle function of ER, IR, protraction, and retraction were measured using isokinetic exercise equipment. Results: The results of this study showed statistically significant differences when comparing muscle tone of the UT and IS, shoulder pain, isokinetic function of ER and IR, protraction, and retraction according to scapular position (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study were that shoulder muscle tone, pain, and isokinetic muscle function were affected according to the scapular position of elite boxers. In the future, this information may be a useful indicator when studying the effects of medium and long-term intervention in elite boxers who possess these characteristics.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.29-36
• /
• 2019

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of leg lift difference on the serratus anterior muscle and the upper trapezius muscle when a subject with winged scapula performs a scapula protraction exercise in a four-leg crawling posture. Method: Twenty normal adults and 20 subjects with winged scapula participated in the experiment. Surface EMG recordings were collected from serratus anterior muscle and back trapezius muscle during scapula protraction exercises. Scapular winging is measured with the lifting distance of scapula retraction to the back using an electronic digital caliper. In two groups of four-leg crawling posture, the two legs support, the dominant leg lifting, and the non-dominant leg lifting, including the scapula protraction, were performed. To examine the difference between groups in the variance analysis, the Bonferroni correction was used (significance level ${\alpha}=.017$). Statistical significance level ${\alpha}$ was .05. Results: There was a significant difference in serratus anterior muscle and upper trapezius muscle during push-up plus exercise in leg lifting in four-leg crawling posture, but there were no significant differences in muscle activity between serratus anterior muscle and upper trapezius muscle, and there was no significant difference according to the presence or absence of scapular winging. Conclusion: For the shoulder stability of the ipsilateral side with the serratus anterior muscle, the leg-lifting posture is effective in the four-leg crawling, and also when a subject with winged scapula chooses an exercise, lifting the ipsilateral side of leg with scapula protraction exercises at the same time may have a positive effect on scapula dysfunction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2012.05a
• /
• pp.1201-1202
• /
• 2012

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.152-158
• /
• 2015

Background: Acromioclavicular (AC) stability is maintained through a complex combination of soft-tissue restraints that include coracoclavicular (CC), AC ligament and overlying muscles. Among these structures, the role of the CC ligament has continued to be studied because of its importance on shoulder kinematics, especially after AC injury. This study was designed to determine the geometric change of conoid and trapezoid ligaments and resulting stresses on these ligaments according to various scapular motions. Methods: The scapuloclavicular (SC) complex was isolated from a fresh-frozen cadaver by removing all soft tissues except the AC and CC ligaments. The anatomically aligned SC complex was then scanned with a high-resolution computed tomography scanner into 0.6- mm slices. The Finite element model of the SC complex was obtained and used for calculating the stress on different parts of the CC ligaments with simulated movements of the scapula. Results: Average stress on the conoid ligament during anterior tilt, internal rotation, and scapular protraction was higher, whereas the stress on the trapezoid ligament was more prominent during posterior tilt, external rotation, and retraction. Conclusions: We conclude that CC ligament plays an integral role in regulating horizontal SC motion as well as complex motions indicated by increased stress over the ligament with an incremental scapular position change. The conoid ligament is the key structure restraining scapular protraction that might occur in high-grade AC dislocation. Hence in CC ligament reconstructions involving only single bundle, every attempt must be made to reconstruct conoid part of CC ligament as anatomically as possible.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.8-13
• /
• 2018

Purpose: The present study was to investigate effects of scapular position and pain on a trunk stabilization exercise with gym ball for patients with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Methods: Subjects were patients after 2 weeks of rotator cuff repairs. Subjects were randomly assigned to conservative treatment group (CTG, n=10) or trunk stabilization with gym ball group (SBG, n=10), and participated one of those groups for 2 weeks. Measurements about pain and scapular position were assessed in before and after treatment programs. Results: Pain reduced in both rest and night in SBG compared to CTG. In the case of scapular position, decreased scapular retraction (increased protraction) was found in CTG and vice versa in SBG. Reduced scapular anterior tilting was also found on SBG. Conclusion: The present study showed that early performed trunk stabilization with gym ball could bring a scapular alignment that increases subacromial space and reduces pain. This suggests early trunk stabilization with gym ball programs to restore shoulder functions for patients with rotator cuff repair.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.229-234
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare a control group and an experimental group, consisting of arthroscopic shoulder surgery patients who had received acute rehabilitation treatment and who were to perform scapular stabilization exercise. Methods: Sixteen subjects were studied. The control group, n=8, received instruction for basic physical therapy intervention. An experimental group, n=8, received instruction for doing scapular stabilization exercise (protraction, retraction, elevation, depression) 10 times, 6 times per week. To evaluate the effects of exercise, subjects were evaluated using a joint position sense of shoulder (JPS), disability of the arm, shoulder index (DASH), shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI). Results: Participants showed after the intervention, both groups saw their JPS errors at $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$ significantly decrease relative to before the intervention (p<0.05). Both groups saw their JPS rates at $90^{\circ}$ significantly decrease (p<0.05), with no significant changes in JPS at $30^{\circ}$ and $60^{\circ}$ (p>0.05). SPADI and DASH significantly decrease after the intervention (p<0.05), with no significant decreases before the intervention (p>0.05). The change rates of SPADI and DASH significantly reduced (p<0.05). Conclusion: Low-intensity scapular stabilization exercise is considered effective as a clinical treatment for arthroscopic shoulder surgery patients who receive acute rehabilitation treatment.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 1987

The tentacular retractor muscle has many arrays of muscle fiber bundles under the epithelial layer. Most of muscle fiber bundles are arranged in parallel to the longitudinal axes of muscle fibers and a small number of them perpendiculary to them. These smooth muscle cells are filled with compactly arranged myosins and actins. These microfilaments, when the tentacle is protracted, keep abreast with straight for-ward-lined shapes while these microfilaments, when it is retracted, with curved shapes. The foldings in the sarcolemma of the muscle cell, when the tentacle is retracted, lead to the formation of normal subsurface tubules along with which a few mitochondria are included. It is thought that the formation of the sarcolemmal differentiation like the subsurface tubules has a close relation with the protraction and retraction of the tentacle. Mitochondria are found throughout the muscle cell, and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) developed greatly in the exoplasm close to the sarcolemma and associated with the cell membrane. Dense bodies are distributed irregularly and thin filaments are scattered around the thick filament in cross-sections, but the thin filaments may be arranged in complete or partial orbits around thick filaments. Complete orbits are infrequent.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.34 no.1 s.102
• /
• pp.33-45
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this experimental study was to determine appropriate magnitude of the Gable bends to produce maximum retraction of the anterior teeth. The Calorific Machine was used to illustrate the tooth movement in three dimension. The experimental teeth except the first premolar were embedded in the artificial alveolar bone part. In a series of experiments, the extraction space was closed using arch wires with bull loops into which the gable bends of $10^{\circ},\;20^{\circ},\;30^{\circ}$ degrees were incorporated. The experiments were repeated three times for each degree of the gable bend. Before and after the space closure, radiographs were taken in the sagittal and occlusal directions using occlusal films. Analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc test were used to determine significant differences among the three groups. The following results were obtained. 1. As magnitudes of the gable bends increased, more bodily anterior tooth movement was seen and the distance of retraction also increased. 2. As magnitudes of the gable bends increase, the amount of posterior tooth protraction decreased while intrusive and buccal movement increased. 3. The arch was coordinated by distal-in rotation of the canine and mesial-in rotation of the second premolar adjacent to the extraction space.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.33-45
• /
• 2024

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of elastic band-resistive exercise using audio-visual medium on pain, proprioception, and motor function in adults with chronic neck and shoulder pain. Design: One group pretest-posttest follow-up experimental design. Method: Twenty adult women with neck and shoulder pain voluntarily participated in this study. Elastic band-resistive exercise using audio-visual medium including cervical flexion and extension, shoulder external rotation, and scapular retraction-protraction motions was conducted 5 times a week for 3 weeks. The Numerical Rating Scale, pressure threshold tool, CROM goniometer, and Image J software were used to assess subjective pain level, tenderness threshold (pain), joint position sense error (proprioception), joint range of motion, and postural alignment (motor function), respectively. Result:: The pain intensity and threshold and joint position sense error showed significant decreases after the intervention, whereas the joint range of motion angle revealed significant increases. The postural alignment including forward head posture and rounded shoulder revealed significant improvements after the intervention. Conclusions: Therefore, we suggest that elastic band-resistive exercise through audio-visual medium would be helpful in preventing and managing pain and physical dysfunction in individuals with chronic neck and shoulder pain, and then it would support the development of health management-related online education content.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 1988

The behavior and circadian rhythm of emergence, copulation and oviposition in the Oriental tobacco budworm (Heliothis assulta Guenee) were studied to obtain the following results. More than three quarters of adults emerged within 3 hours after the light-off. It took about 33 min for an adult to expand and tan its wings after emergence. Adult male showed a sequential pattern of mating behavior, such as antennal movement, wing elevation and vibration, exten¬sion of hairpencils, and tapping of female ovipositor leading to a copulation. However, adult female revealed a rather simple behavior, such as protraction and retraction of her terminal abdomen and vibration of wings. All of the mating took place during the early part of the scotophase, with the peak from 1 hr to 2 hrs after the light-off. But the mating peak in virgin females tended to advance with age. Adult females showed the highest rate of mating among 24 hr-olds and the rate declined with age. The rate of first matings in males gave a very similar pattern to that of females. The duration of copulation was $77\pm$14min. Oviposition occurred throughout the entire scotophase, with the peak during the first 2 hrs. The most nu¬mber of eggs deposited daily was seen on the 3rd day after the mating. Mating rate, number of eggs laid and longevity we~e compared under different sex ratio. Unmated adults lived longer than mated adults.