• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 1997

This study was nudertaken to investigate the major food sources of energy, frotin, fat, carbohydrate and crude fiber based on the data from the National Nutrition Survey in 1993. Results were summarized as followed : the most important source of energy was rice providing 52.9% of total energy intake. Instant noodle, pork, bread and beef were major sources of energy in order. Protein sources were rice, beef, pork, egg and pollack in order. And the primary sources of fat was pork and the rank next to pork were soybean oil in large city, instant noodle in small city and rice in rural. Rice contributed the most to total carbohydrate followed in order by instant noodle, bread, apple and kimchi. Crude fiber was impartially provided from various foods such as kimchi, red pepper powder, apple, red pepper and radish. Number of foods providing 90% of nutrient intake were 41 for energy, 43 for protein, 32 for fat, 19 for carbohydrate and 29 for crude fiber. Among region, mean amount of nutrients intake didn't show any significant differences(p>0.05). In conclusion, rice was found to be the most important sources of various nutrients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1106-1109
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted with 30 adult wool producing Angora rabbits of either sex, to evaluate the effect of replacing soyflakes (SF), on equal protein basis, with low gossypol containing cottonseed meal (CSM) either alone or in combination with lysine and methionine; on the biological performance, total wool yield, wool yield per shearing, wool characteristics and mortality. Three experimental mash diets were prepared by incorporating SF (6%) as standard / control protein source $(T_1)$ and CSM (9%) as test protein source ($T_2$ and $T_3$). In $T_3$, amino acids-lysine and methionine (0.1 % each) were added. Animals were given the experimental diets about $150g{\cdot}day^{-1}{\cdot}head^{-1}$, for a period of 225 d or three shearing, and ad libitum Kudzu-vines. No significant effect of $T_2$ or $T_3$, on the body weight gain, total wool yield, wool yield per shearing and wool characteristics, was observed compared to $T_1$. However, the digestibility of dry matter, crude fibers, ether extract, acid detergent fibers, neutral detergent fibers, cellulose and hemicellulose was significantly (p<0.05) depressed in CSM based diets. Mortality of about 20% was recorded in $T_2$ and $T_3$, but not related to the addition of CSM or gossypol toxicity. More studies are needed to standardize the safe level of CSM, duration of safe feeding of CSM, and level of amino acids supplementation in CSM based diets.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2006

This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the nutrient contributions of the five meal components of school lunch menus planned for elementary students in two school districts (District A and B) in the Midwestern state of the United States. The 4-week cycle menu was planned for two time periods (Period 1 and Period 2) following guidelines for NuMenus and general menu planning principles. Menu components of planned and served menus for two time periods were analyzed using $Nutri-Kids^{TM}$. No significant differences in the nutrient content of between Periods 1 and 2 were found for District A. District B served significantly more vitamin A and total fat in Period 1 and significantly more calories, iron, vitamin A, protein, and total fat in Period 2 than was planned. The major nutrients provided by the entree component included protein, calories, cholesterol, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium. Milk was an important source of calcium and provided approximately one-third of the total protein and vitamin A in the meal. The vegetable/fruit component was the major source of vitamins A and C. The grain/bread component provided approximately 20% of the carbohydrates among five meal components. The miscellaneous component affected the sodium and fat content of the menus. Menu planners can use the results of this study to enhance their knowledge of the nutrient contributions of each meal component and as inputs for planning menus that meet children's nutritional requirements.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.6-10
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• 2020

[Purpose] Milk is a commonly ingested post-exercise recovery protein source. Casein protein, found in milk, is characterized by its slow digestion and absorption. Recently, several studies have been conducted with a focus on how pre-sleep casein protein intake could affect post-exercise recovery but our knowledge of the subject remains limited. This review aimed at presenting and discussing how pre-sleep casein protein ingestion affects post-exercise recovery and the details of its potential effector mechanisms. [Methods] We systematically reviewed the topics of 1) casein nutritional characteristics, 2) pre-sleep casein protein effects on post-exercise recovery, and 3) potential effector mechanisms of pre-sleep casein protein on post-exercise recovery, based on the currently available published studies on pre-sleep casein protein ingestion. [Results] Studies have shown that pre-sleep casein protein ingestion (timing: 30 minutes before sleep, amount of casein protein ingested: 40-48 g) could help post-exercise recovery and positively affect acute protein metabolism and exercise performance. In addition, studies have suggested that repeated pre-sleep casein protein ingestion for post-exercise recovery over a long period might also result in chronic effects that optimize intramuscular physiological adaptation (muscle strength and muscle hypertrophy). The potential mechanisms of pre-sleep casein protein ingestion that contribute to these effects include the following: 1) significantly increasing plasma amino acid availability during sleep, thereby increasing protein synthesis, inhibiting protein breakdown, and achieving a positive protein balance; and 2) weakening exercise-induced muscle damage or inflammatory responses, causing reduced muscle soreness. Future studies should focus on completely elucidating these potential mechanisms. [Conclusion] In conclusion, post-exercise ingestion of at least 40 g of casein protein, approximately 30 minutes before sleep and after a bout of resistance exercise in the evening, might be an effective nutritional intervention to facilitate muscle recovery.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.239-243
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• 1996

Three hundred and twenty-four 1 day old chicks were used to determine the effects of fat source and energy to protein ratio on growth performance , carcass composition and the efficiency on nutrient utilization. Chicks were assigned. in a completely randomized design, to 3*3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Chicks received one of three fat sources (n0 fat, tallow, corn oil) and one of three energy to protein ratios(16, 14 and 12kcal ME/g CP). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric(3.2Mcal ME/kg diets) using published ME values for the diet ingredients. Addition of tat to the diet increased ADG, average daily feed intake, and gain to feed, Chicks fed diets containing fat had increased percentage body DM and ether extract(EE), but percentage CP was not different, Chicks fed diets containing fat had increased efficiency of protein and energy deposition. Addition of fat ad either fallow or corn oil yielded similar results. Reducing the energy to protein ratio of the diet did not affect ADG or gain to feed, but tended to decrease average daily feed intake(p=0.80), as well as resulting in linear(p<0.05) reductions in body percentage DM., EE and also total EE. Increasing the energy to protein ratio did not affect percentage or total body Cp. Adding fat to poultry diets improved growth performance and the efficiency of growth chicks. Decreasing the energy to protein ratio did not affect growth performance, but reduced EE in the body of Chicks.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.85-90
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• 2001

Yolk platelets, one of the main food stores in the embryonic development, are composed of proteins. However, little is known about the identity of proteins utilized at certain stages of embryogenesis. In this study, we followed the fates of embryonic storage proteins by using an anti-polyubiquitin monoclonal antibody (mAB) as a probe. The mAb recognized the major storage proteins of Drosophila, Xenopus and chicken eggs. In the Drosophila embryo, the mAb-reactive 45-kDa protein was not used until stage 11 but was used up at stage 16 when the embryo completed segmentation. In the Xenopus embryo, the mAb-reactive 111 kDa protein was mostly utilized between stages 42 and 45 implying that the protein might be an energy source used just prior to feeding on food. By N-terminal sequencing the storage protein of Xenopus embryo was identified as a lipovitellin 1. This study confirms that storage proteins are used almost simultaneously at certain stages of embryogenesis and that vitellogenin 1 is the last storage protein in Xenopus embryogenesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.93-93
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• 1997

Analysis of protein is often frustrated by the inability to isolate large amounts of purified protein from a native source. To overcome this problem, fusion protein expression systems such as pGEX system have been widely used. Using pGEX system, the desired protein could be easily obtained in a large amount in E. coli, and then the fusion protein could be used for the study of the function of the given protein. To analyze and purify the GST fusion protein, anti-GST antibody could be used as one of the system of choice. However, the production and characterization of monoclonal anti-GST antibody has not been studied extensively yet. To produce monoclonal anti-GST antibody, GST was purified from E. coli transformed with pGEX-cs, one of the pGEX system and was used as an antigen. The monoclonal antibody was produced by fusion of the immunized spleen cells with SP2-0 myeloma cells. The antibody was characterized by ELISA, western blotting, etc. The monoclonal antibody produced in this study (mAb-GSTA) showed strong and specific immunoreactivity against not only GST but also GST-fusion proteins. Also, mAb-GSTA was successfully used for the immunoaffinity purification of the GST ${\beta}$-Rc.-third intracellular-loop fusion protein. The results of the present study suggest that mAb-GSTA may be used for the identification and purification of GST fusion proteins.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.107-112
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• 1992

Feeding of bypass protein to lactating animals have been suggested by many research scientists as a way to increase the nutrient supply at the intestinal level thereby enhance animal production in ruminant animals. A feeding trial with a formulated bypass protein feed on straw based ration was carried out by using lactating cross bred cows at the stage of 4th month of their lactation. Bypass protein feed was fed at 5 different levels. Urea Molasses Block was used as a nitrogen source to the rumen microflora. In order to reduce the heat increment straw intake was restricted to all the animals. Urea Molasses Block intake was noticed varying in proportion with the bypass protein feed intake. Milk production was observed increasing in accordance with the level of bypass protein feed intake. However, the maximum response was noticed in cows that were fed 3 kg bypass protein feed. The nutrient availability at this stage was below the NRC (1988) requirements. Other remarkable finding was that the cows maintained the persistency of milk production even after 3rd month of lactation when the ambient temperature was $40^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.644-649
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• 2007

In this study a purified protein was prepared from pork meat. The product consisted of 0.5% moisture, 3.0% ash, 5.5% ether extract and 88.7% crude protein. Also, a meat oligopeptide mixture was prepared from a pepsin digest of the protein preparation. The two preparations were colorless and odorless powders with low fat contents. The nutritive values of the pork meat protein and oligopeptide mixture were estimated by two methods, one using biological value(BV) and the other employing net protein utilization(NPU) by the nitrogen balance method. The meat oligopeptide mixture showed an excellent nutritive value by both methods. The true digestibilites of both the pork meat protein and the oligopeptide mixture were more than 98%. The above results indicate that the oligopeptide mixture is an excellent material as a dietary nitrogen source for many purposes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.568-576
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• 2014

TIM-1 (also known as KIM-1 and HAVcr-1) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein member of the TIM family that may play important roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. The overexpression of proteins associated with membrane proteins is a major obstacle to overcome in studies of membrane protein structures and functions. In this study, we successfully coupled the overexpression of the TIM-1 protein with a C-terminal enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag in Escherichia coli. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe the overexpression of human TIM-1 in E. coli. The purified TIM-1-EGFP fusion protein recognized and bound directly to apoptotic cells and did not to bind to viable cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that the interactions of TIM-1-EGFP with apoptotic cells were blocked by TIM-1-Fc fusion proteins. This fusion protein represents a readily obtainable source of biologically active TIM-1 that may prove useful in future studies of human TIM-1.