• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1110-1117
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• 1993

The purpose of this was to analyse zinc intakes and effect of Zn(30mgZnSO4/day) supplementation on plasma zinc level, serum HDL-cholesterol and serum Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) activity of Korean adults. The men consumed 8.52($\pm$2.08)mg of zinc, and the women consumed 6.4($\pm$2.62)mg of zinc. Although protein intakes of subjects were lower than normal values. The first source of zinc was cereal and grain group, the second was meat, fish, egg and soybean group. Two food groups supplied about 80% of zinc. After two weeks of zinc supplementation, the zinc concentration in plasma was significantly increased. The highest plasma zinc level was 78.80ug/dl(men), 76.04ug/dl(women) at 2 weeks after zinc supplementation(p<0.05). Serum DHL-cholesterol was significantly decreased by zinc supplementation. The lowest serum HDL-cholesterol level was 39.29mg/dl(men), 44.84mg/dl(women) at 4 weeks after zinc supplementation(p<0.01). Serum AP activity was significantly increased by zinc supplementation. The highest AP activity was 86.40units/L(man), 67.93units/L(women) at 2 weeks after zinc supplementation(p<0.05). It seems that the supplementation of 30mg ZnSO4/day can be beneficial for improving zinc nutriture. However it can be negative factor on coronary heart disease because serum HDL-cholesterol was significantly decreased(p<0.01)

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.15-30
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mixed extracts of aralia cortex and phellodendron cortex (P55A) on activities of human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells in vitro. First experiment was done to evaluate the effect of P55A in normal condition. In control group, the cells($4.5{\times}10^4$ cells/ml) were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium contained with 10% fetal bovine serum. In experimental groups, P55A was added to the above culture condition at the final concentrations of 0.1 ${\mu}g/ml$(Test group 1), 1 ${\mu}g/ml$(Test group 2) and 10 ${\mu}g/ml$(Test group 3). Then each group was tested for the cell proliferation rate at $\frac{1}{2}$, 2, 5 days, protein levels at 2, 5 days, and alkaline phosphatase activity at 2, 5 days. Second experiment was done to evaluate the effect of P55A in high glucose condition. 200 mg/dl glucose was added to the same culture condition of all groups in first experiment. Then each group was tested for the cell proliferation rate at $\frac{1}{2}$ , 2, 5 days, protein levels at 2, 5 days, and alkaline phoaphatase activity at 2, 5 days. The results were as follows ; 1. First experiment 1) As P55A concentration increased, cell proliferation rate increased significantly in test group 2 at 2 days, and test group 2 and 3 at 5 days in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells(P<0.05). 2) In human gingival fibroblasts, all test groups showed significantly increased protein levels as compared to control group at 5 days. In periodontal ligament cells, test group 2 and 3 showed significantly increased protein levels as compared to control group at 2, 5 days(P<0.05). 3) Alkaline phosphatase activity of human periodontal ligament cells increased as P55A concentration increased. The test group 2 and 3 showed significant increase as compared to control group at 5 days(P<0.05). 2. Second experiment 1) As P55A concentration increased, cell proliferation rate increased significantly in test group 2 at 2 days, and test group 2 and 3 at 5 days in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells(P<0.05). 2) In human gingival fibroblasts, test group 3 showed significantly increased protein levels as compared to control group at 2 days, and all test groups at 5 days. In periodontal ligament cells, test group 2 and 3 showed significantly increased protein levels as compared to control group at 2, 5 days(P<0.05). 3) Alkaline phosphatase activity of human periodontal ligament cells increased as P55A concentration increased. The test group 2 and 3 showed significant increase as compared to control group at 2 days, and all test groups at 5 days(P<0.05). From the above results, mixed extracts of aralia cortex and phellodendron cortex appeared to enhance cellular activities including cell proliferation rate, protein levels and alkaline phosphatase activity of human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells in normal and high glucose condition. This study suggests that mixed extracts of aralia cortex and phellodendron cortex seem to be able to subside the inflammation of periodontal tissue and regenerate the destructed periodontal tissue.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.923-931
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• 2002

Sopungsungi-won (SP) is a known for\mula for senile constipation and diabetes mellitus, based on traditional Korean medicine. The preventive effect of SP on the development of overt diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats was evaluated. When administered orally through a diet for 8 weeks, diabetic conditions such as hyperglycemia, polydipsia and hypertriglyceridemia were all ameliorated in SP-treated rats. In parallel with the onset and progression of hyperglycemia in the ZDF control rats; there was a marked decline in plasma insulin concentrations from 26.1 $\mu$U/ml, at age 7 weeks, to 14.8 $\mu$U/ml at age 15 weeks. In the SP-treated rats, however, the plasma insulin concentrations did not decline, and SP at a dose of 5 g/kg significantly increased the insulin levels to 31.9 $\mu$U/ml. Early normalization of plasma insulin and a retained ability to subsequently increase plasma insulin were indicative of a pancreatic $\beta$ cell protective action by the SP for\mula. In addition, expressions of an insulin-responsive gene and corresponding protein, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), in skeletal \muscle, were also determined in SP- and rosiglitazone-treated ZDF rats. mRNA and protein levels of GLUT4 in SP-treated rats were upregulated in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, when ZDF rats were treated with 2 g/kg of the SP for\mula, the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was decreased by 49%, whereas the activity of glucokinase was increased by 196%, compared to the ZDF control rats. Taken together, these data provide evidence that the SP for\mula markedly lowered the plasma glucose levels, probably through an effect not only on improvement of insulin action, but through a combined sti\mulation of glycolysis and an inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver, and also suggest the validity of SP's clinical use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus following further toxicological investigation.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.326-333
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• 2020

The aerial parts of Eclipta prostrata is used as a traditional medicine and vegetable. In traditional folk medicine, it is used for treatment of hemorrhages, hepatic, disease, renal injuries, hair loss, tooth mobility, and viper bites. In this study, ten compounds (1 - 10) were isolated from the aerial parts of E. prostrata. A reliable high performance liquid chromatography equipped with photometric diode array detector (HPLC-PDA) method was developed to simultaneously quantitate 10 marker compounds [chlorogenic acid (1), paratensein 7-O-��-ᴅ-glucoside (2), quercetin 7-O-��-ᴅ-glucoside (3), luteolin 7-O-��-ᴅ-glucoside (4), apigenin 7-O-��-ᴅ-glucoside (5), apigenin 4'-O-��-ᴅ-glucoside (6), apigenin (7), luteolin (8), wedelolactone (9), and paratensein (10)]. In addition, compounds 5 and 6 showed considerable inhibitory effects against protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) enzyme. Moreover, compounds 6 - 8, and 10 exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 24.5 ± 1.9, 33.0 ± 0.5, 45.5 ± 0.1, and 23.8 ± 1.0 µM, respectively. All compounds (1 - 10) showed considerable acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effects with IC50 ranging from 30.1 to 75.2 µM.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.345-357
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• 2005

Prostaglandin plays a significant role in the local control of bone metabolism associated with periodontal disease. ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ is a natural $PGD_2$ metabolite that is formed in vivo in the presence of plasma. It is known for ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ to stimulate calcification in osteoblastic cells. Bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in various types of cells and greatly enhanced healing of bony defects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rhEMP-2 on ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ induced osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in vitro. A human osteosarcoma cells line Saos-2 were cultured. In the test groups, 10-7M of ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ or mixture of 10-8M of ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ and 100ng/ml of rhBMP-2 or 100ng/ml of rhEMP-2 were added to culture media. After 1 day, 2 days and 4 days of culture period, the cell number was measured. Alkaline phosphatase activity was measure at 3 days. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was performed to determine the expression of mRNA of bone matrix protein at 8 hours, 1 day and 7 days. The ability to produce mineralized nodules in rat osteoblasts(MC3T3-E1) was evaluated at 21 days. The results were as follows : 1. rhEMP-2 or mixture of rhBMP-2 and ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ inhibited cell proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells. 2. rhEMP-2 or mixture of rhBMP-2 and ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity significantly higher than ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ alone. 3. rhBMP-2 or mixture of rhEMP-2 and ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ stimulated mineralization compared to ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ alone. 4. mRNA of alkaline phosphatase, BMP-2, cbfa 1, Type I collagen were detected in the group treated with ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$/rhBMP-2, rhBMP-2 alone, ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ alone. These results show that mixture of ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ and rhBMP-2 causes more bone formation than ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ alone while the bone formation effects of mixture of ${\Delta}^{12}-PGJ_2$ and rhBMP-2 are less than those of rhBMP-2 alone. Further researches would be necessary to clarify the interactions of these agents.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.263-273
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the Korean Safflower (Carthamus inctorius L) seed powder on serum level of hormones and trabecula area during the recovery from osteoporosis induced ovariectomized rats. Four month-old rats were ovariectomized (OVX), remained untreated for 8 weeks, and were subsequently administered safflower seed (0.03 g/kg) every other day 30 for days. We examined the effects of treated safflower seed every 10 days on ovariectomy-related changes in Insulin-like Growth Factors, Insulin-like Growth Factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), Estrogen, Bone-specific alkaline phosphotase, Calcium, and Phospotase in the serum, and also histomorphology of the proximal fibula metaphysis and femur/body weight rate. Ten and 20 days after safflower seed treatment in OVX rats, serum levels of IGF-I, -II and IGFBP-3 were not different from the Sham and OVX groups. In 30 days, serum levels of IGF-I,-II and IGFBP-3 were higher after safflower seed treatment in OVX rats as compared to the other two groups (p<0.05). Bone alkaline phosphatase levels were increased through safflower seed treatment in OVX rats compared to the other two groups in 30 days. There were no differences between OVX and safflower seed treated OVX rats in serum levels of estrogen and femur/body weight rate, but estrogen levels for the sham group were higher than for the other two groups. The safflower seed is increased to serum levels of IGFs, IGFBP-3 and BALP of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomized rats. Thus, we conclude that the safflower seed is a possible role for improvement of osteoporosis induced-ovariectomized rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.456-466
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• 2000

Aquaperin 4 (AQP4) is the mercurial water channel expressed abundantly in brain, especially the region related with cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption and osmoregulation. The primary structure of AQP4 water channel was elucidated but the molecular mechanism of AQP4 channel regulation is still unknown. To investigate the possible regulation of AQP4 water channel by phosphorylation via various protein kinases, osmotic water permeability of AQP4 expressed in Xenopus oocytes was measured by videomicroscopy technique. Forskolin (10 $\mu$M) did not affect osmotic water permeability of oocytes injected with AQP4 cRNA, excluding the regulation of AQP4 water cnannel by protein kinase A. Osmotic water permeability (P아래첨자) of AQP4-expressed oocytes was ingibited by the pretreatmeat of BAPTA/AM (up to 500$\mu$M), an intracellular Ca윗첨자 chelator, and calmidazolium (100$\mu$M), a specific Ca윗첨자/calmodulin antagonist, in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of osmotic water permeability (P아래첨자) by the calmidazolium treatment was completely reversed by the addition of calyculin A (0.1$\mu$M), a nonspecific phosphatase inhibitor. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C activator, had biphasic effects on osmotic water permeability in AQP4 cRNA injected oocytes depending on its concentration; 21% increase by 100 nM PMA, 35% decrease by 1$\mu$M PMA. These effects were reversed with 2$\mu$M staurosporine, a nonspecific PKC inhibitor. These results suggest that phosphorylation of AQP4 water channel by Ca윗첨자/calmodulin kinase and protein kinase C might regulate the osmotic water permeability.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2004

in this study, hybrid bioreactor was used to apply physical stimuli in cell culture. Effect of the applied physical stimuli on the growth and differentiation of MC3T3-El cell in a three-dimensional Chitosan scaffold were studied by using the hybrid bioreactor. The hybrid bioreactor for physical stimulus was specially designed to apply uniaxial cyclic compressive and shear strain. Physical stimulus was applied over a period of 14 days with 150 cycles per day at a frequency of 0.5Hz. Strain magnitude was 2.5% of the scaffold size. Control group and physically stimulated group of the MC3T3-El tell were incubated and harvested at the indicated times (Day 6, 8, 10, 12, 14). The total amount of protein, which obtained information of cell growth, was determined by Lowey method. Alkaline phosphatase activity was examined by ELISA. Physically stimulated group using the hybrid bioreactor was increased in alkaline phosphatase activity comparing with control group. The nodule formation and calcium deposit of the physical stimuli group which resulted in cell differentiation was faster than that of control group.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.180-192
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• 2022

Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 (NCOA6) is a transcriptional coactivator of nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. A general Ncoa6 knockout mouse was previously shown to be embryonic lethal, but we here generated liver-specific Ncoa6 knockout (Ncoa6 LKO) mice to investigate the metabolic function of NCOA6 in the liver. These Ncoa6 LKO mice exhibited similar blood glucose and insulin levels to wild type but showed improvements in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and pyruvate tolerance. The decrease in glucose production from pyruvate in these LKO mice was consistent with the abrogation of the fasting-stimulated induction of gluconeogenic genes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (Pck1) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc). The forskolin-stimulated inductions of Pck1 and G6pc were also dramatically reduced in primary hepatocytes isolated from Ncoa6 LKO mice, whereas the expression levels of other gluconeogenic gene regulators, including cAMP response element binding protein (Creb), forkhead box protein O1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, were unaltered in the LKO mouse livers. CREB phosphorylation via fasting or forskolin stimulation was normal in the livers and primary hepatocytes of the LKO mice. Notably, it was observed that CREB interacts with NCOA6. The transcriptional activity of CREB was found to be enhanced by NCOA6 in the context of Pck1 and G6pc promoters. NCOA6-dependent augmentation was abolished in cAMP response element (CRE) mutant promoters of the Pck1 and G6pc genes. Our present results suggest that NCOA6 regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis by modulating glucagon/cAMP-dependent gluconeogenic gene transcription through an interaction with CREB.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.350-355
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• 1984

The present researches were carried out to classify the species of ginseng by electrophoretic methods with isozyme patterns of LAP. esterase, GOT, phosphatase, peroxidase and proteins. All variants of Korean and Japanese ginseng had identical band patterns of the investigated enzymes in roots as well as in seeds. However, American ginseng had different patterns from those of Korean or Japanese.