• Applied Microscopy
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.57-69
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• 1979

과피가 녹색이고 배의 길이가 $250{\mu}$인 미성숙 과정을 거쳐 발아시까지 배 및 배유세포의 미세구조 변화를 관찰한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 배의 길이가 $250{\mu}$인 미성숙 종자의 배세포는 세포질이 비교적 충실하나 mitochondria의 Cristae 및 plastid는 미분화상태이고 가끔 dictyosome이 관찰되었다. 액포안에는 전자밀도가 높은 globoid 를 함유하는 것도 있었다. 소포체는 대부분 한면소포체이고 외형질에는 spherosome을 많이 함유하고 있었다. 배유세포는 spherosome과 이들로 둘러싸인 전자밀도가 높고 균질성인 protein body로 충만되었고 이들로 인하여 세포기관은 관찰되지 않았다. 2. 과피가 홍색인 종자의 배세포는 cristae가 발달한 mitochondria가 관찰되었으며, 전자밀도가 높은 globoid가 증가하였고 액포는 확장되었다. 배유세포에는 spherosome이 증가하고 있었으며 protein body는 확장되어. 그 내부에는 전자밀도가 높은 globoidal crystal이 분산되어 있었다. 3. 종피가 열개한 종자의 배축의 전형성층과 유아세포에서는 Golgi vacuole과 vesicle이 발달되었으며 mitochondria의 cristae는 매우 분화되었다. spherosome은 매우 많이 나타났고 유근세포, 배축의 주변세포 및 자엽세포의 액포는 매우 분화되었다. 배유세포는 spherosome으로 충만되어 있고 그 내질에는 전자밀도가 높고 작은 입자를 지니고 있었다. Protein body는 단일막으로 둘러싸여 있음이 확인되었다. 세포질내에는 구형체와 spherosome 주변의 세포질에 acid phosphatase의 활성을 나타냈다. 4. 파종시 자엽의 외면부 세포는 spherosome이 급격히 증가하였고 protein body도 관찰되었다. 세포기관들은 분화되어 있었고 전분을 함유하는 색소체가 출현하였다. 5. 파종시킨 후 발아할 때까지 자엽의 외측 $2{\sim}3$열세포, 배축의 주변세포, 유근부 세포에서는 spherosome이 증가하였고 전분립을 함유하는 plastid 도 증가하였다. 배를 구성하는 세포의 내형질의 액포부근에는 mitochondria와 microbody 가 혼재하고 있음이 관찰되었다. 발아시기가 가까워 질수록 배와 연접하는 배유세포에는 액포가 매우 분화되고 spherosome은 감소되는 반면 액포내에는 무정형의 전자밀도가 높은 물질이 증가하였다. 그밖의 배유세포에는 spherosome이 감소됨에 따라 mitochondria는 증가되고 전자밀도가 높은 소구체가 형성되어 증가되었다. Protein body의 외질은 감소되고 전자밀도가 낮은 부위는 확장되며 이는 서로 융합하여 외연부는 없어지고 기질속에 소입자들이 형성되었다. 6. 발아기의 배유세포안에는 spherosome이 감소되고, protein body는 서로 융합되어 한 세포내에 $2{\sim}3$개로 충만되어 있었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.659-664
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• 2011

As part of the search for biologically active anti-osteoporotic agents that enhance differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, we identified the ginsenoside Rh2(S), which is an active component in ginseng. Rh2(S) stimulates osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization, as manifested by the up-regulation of differentiation markers (alkaline phosphatase and osteogenic genes) and Alizarin Red staining, respectively. Rh2(S) activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in time- and concentration-dependent manners, and Rh2(S)-induced differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic cells were totally inhibited in the presence of the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580. In addition, pretreatment with Go6976, a protein kinase D (PKD) inhibitor, significantly reversed the Rh2(S)-induced p38 MAPK activation, indicating that PKD might be an upstream kinase for p38 MAPK in MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Rh2(S) induces the differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells through activation of PKD/p38 MAPK signaling pathways, and these findings provide a molecular basis for the osteogenic effect of Rh2(S).

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.183-186
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• 1997

Acute toxicity of pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2) was examined in mice. Treatment of mice with a toxic dose of PTX2 resulted in clinical signs such as ataxia, cyanosis and an abrupt decrease in body temperature. Histopathological studies revealed that the liver is the major target organ for PTX2. Activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) were significantly elevated by PTX2 administration. Glucose-6-phosphatase activities were not changed by the treatment. The PTX2 treatment decreased relative liver weight without changing the body weight. The effect of PTX2 on hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme system was determined. An ip dose of PTX2 (200 $\mu$g/kg) induced a significant decrease in the hepatic microsomal protein content. Cytochrome P-450 content, cytochrome b$_5$ content, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine N-demethylase activities, or hepatic glutathione content were not altered by PTX2 treatment.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.236-244
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• 2022

Objective : To evaluate the interactions among differentially expressed autophagy and mitophagy markers in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Methods : The expression data of autophagy and mitophagy-related makers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The markers included death-associated protein kinase (DAPK)-1, BCL2 interacting protein 3 like (BNIP3L), Bcl-1 antagonist X, phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase (PINK), Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1, nuclear dot protein 52, and p62. In silico functional analyses including gene ontology enrichment and the protein-protein interaction network were performed. Results : A total of 56 SAH patients were included and 22 (38.6%) of them experienced DCI. The DCI patients had significantly increased mRNA levels of DAPK1, BNIP3L, and PINK1, and increased expression of BECN1 compared to the non-DCI patients. The most enriched biological process was the positive regulation of autophagy, followed by the response to mitochondrial depolarization. The molecular functions ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding and ubiquitin-protein ligase binding were enriched. In the cluster of cellular components, Lewy bodies and the phagophore assembly site were enriched. BECN1 was the most connected gene among the differentially expressed markers related to autophagy and mitophagy in the development of DCI. Conclusion : Our study may provide novel insight into mitochondrial dysfunction in DCI pathogenesis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.4393-4398
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• 2013

Background: Chromosomal translocations are genetic aberrations associated with specific non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtypes. This study investigated the differential gene expression profile of Egyptian NHL cases based on a microarray approach. Materials and Methods: The study included tissue samples from 40 NHL patients and 20 normal lymph nodes used as controls. Total RNA was extracted and used for cDNA microarray assays. The quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the aberrantly expressed genes in cancer. Results: Significant associations of 8 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated genes with NHL were observed. Aberrant expression of a new group of genes not reported previously was apparent, including down-regulated NAG14 protein, 3 beta hydroxy-delta 5-c27 steroid oxi-reductase, oxi-glutarate dehydrogenase (lipo-amide), immunoglobulin lambda like polypeptide 3, protein kinase x linked, Hmt1, and caveolin 2 Tetra protein. The up-regulated genes were Rb binding protein 5, DKFZP586J1624 protein, protein kinase inhibitor gamma, zinc finger protein 3, choline ethanolamine phospho-transferase CEPT1, protein phosphatase, and histone deacetylase-3. Conclusions: This study revealed that new differentially expressed genes that may be markers for NHL patients and individuals who are at high risk for cancer development.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.127-131
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• 1997

Alkaline phosphatase (APase) was found to be inducible in Anabaena sp. strain CA Growth was less than control in presence of most amino acids except glycine and serine, but most amino acids enhanced APase activity. Highest APase activity was recorded in tyrosine supplemented culture followed by hydroxyproline, cystein, valine and glutamic acid. Threonine supplemented material showed lowest APase level (1.8 nmol/mg protein/min). Lactose, glucose, sodium pyruvate and succinate stimulated growth but not APase activity. APase activity was high in the presence of sucrose, mellibiose, mannitol, arabinose, maltose and sorbose, even though the growth in these supplements was less than in control. Organic phosphate sources supported good growth of the organism. Best growth occurred in presence of inorganic phosphate, adenosine diphosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate or ribulose 1,5-diphosphate, followed by other phosphorus sources tested. APase activity in presence of any of the organic phosphate sources was 3 to 5 fold low as compared to phosphate limited culture. Also, there was no APase activity in cultures grown on inorganic phosphate. These data indicate that most amino acids and a few carbohydrates (sucrose, mellibiose, arabinose and sorbose) are suitable for APase production. Lactose, glucose, pyruvate or succinate may be used as a carbon source during photoheterotrophic growth of the cyanobacterium. Glycine and serine are preferred nitrogen sources for its growth. Phosphate repressible APase activity has been found in Anabaena sp. strain CA.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2005

손상된 조직의 보호와 항염증작용이 있는 것으로 알려진 유근피를 수액추출하여 골다공증의 치료에 응용 가능한가를 실험하였다. 이전의 실험에서 유근피 추출액이 파골세포를 함유한 장골세포의 치료를 통해 Cathepsin K를 억제하는 것을 확인 하였었다. 이를 통하여 유근피는 골다공증 치료에서 골재흡수억제제로 서의 prodrug의 역할을 할 수 있음을 시사하였다. 본 실험에서는 MC3T3-El pre-osteoblastic 세포조직을 이용하여 골화를 유발한 상태에서 유근피가 골아세포의 성장과 감작에 대한 것을 in vitro로 연구하였다. 이 결과 유근피는 용량과 시간의존적으로 ALP의 활동을 향상시킴으로써 강화작용이 있음을확인할 수 있었다. 투여량은 최소치 $50{\mu}g/m{\ell}$에서 최대치 $150{\mu}g/m{\ell}$에서 관찰되었다. $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ UD에서 bone morphogenetic protein-2의 향상을 관찰할 수 있었으며, MC3T3-El 세포내의 ALP mRNA농도역시 증가 하였다. $60{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ UD에서 Type I collagen mRNA에 대해서 오랜 배양 기간 동안 약간의 증가를 나타내었으나 15-20일 사이의 배양에서는 급격히 유전자 발현을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 골아 세포의 감작을 통해 유근피가 골대사에 영향을 미침을 시사하는 것이다. 그러므로 추후 연구를 통하여 일반적인 골대사질환에 유근피를 적극적으로 활용할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2017

Lipin1 was identified as a phosphatidate phosphatase enzyme, and it plays a key role in lipid metabolism. Since free radicals contribute to metabolic diseases in the liver, this study investigated the effects of free radicals on the regulation of Lipin1 expression in Huh7 and AML12 cells. Hydrogen peroxide induced mRNA and protein expression of Lipin1 in Huh7 cells, which was assayed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. Induction of Lipin1 by hydrogen peroxide was confirmed in AML12 cells. Hydrogen peroxide treatment significantly increased expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-2, but not SREBP-1. Moreover, nuclear translocation of SREBP-2 was detected after hydrogen peroxide treatment. Hydrogen peroxide-induced Lipin1 or SREBP-2 expression was significantly reduced by N-acetyl-$\small{L}$-cysteine treatment, indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were implicated in Lipin1 expression. Next, we investigated whether the hypoxic environments that cause endogenous ROS production in mitochondria in metabolic diseases affect the expression of Lipin1. Exposure to hypoxia also increased Lipin1 expression. In contrast, pretreatment with antioxidants attenuated hypoxia-induced Lipin1 expression. Collectively, our results show that ROS activate SREBP-2, which induces Lipin1 expression.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.151-155
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• 2010

Allergen extracts from dust mites and cockroaches commonly found in Korean homes were used to evaluate their enzymatic activity as they are believed to influence allergenicity. Allergen extracts were prepared from 3 dust mite species (Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae) and 3 cockroach species (Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, and P. fuliginosa) maintained in the Korea National Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank. Proteins were extracted in PBS after homogenization using liquid nitrogen. The activities of various enzymes were investigated using the API Zym system. No significant difference in phosphatase, lipase, or glycosidase activity was observed among the 6 allergen extracts, but much difference was observed in protease activity. Protease activity was assessed in more detail by gelatin zymography and the EnzChek assay. Extract from T. putrescentiae showed the highest protease activity, followed by those of the cockroach extracts. Extracts from D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus showed only weak protease activity. Gelatinolytic activity was detected mainly in a 30-kDa protein in D. farinae, a 28-kDa protein in D. pteronyssinus, a > 26-kDa protein in T. putrescentiae, a > 20-kDa protein in B. germanica, and a > 23-kDa protein in P. americana and P. fuliginosa. The information on various enzymatic activities obtained in this study may be useful for future studies. In particular, the strong protease activity found in cockroach extracts could contribute to sensitization to cockroach allergens, which is known to be associated with the development of asthma.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.203-208
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• 1991

Nicotinic acid 결핍시 메추리는 심각한 체중의 감소를 보였으며, 심장 및 간의 무게도 약간 감소하였다. 포도당의 농도는 현저하게 증가하였으나 콜레스테롤, 알부민 그리고 총 단백질 양의 변화는 없었다. Glutamic oxaloacetate iransaminase 와 glutamic pyruvate transaminase의 활성은 증가하였으나 alkaline phosphatase와 LDH의 활성은 변화가 없었다. 혈청속의 아미노산중 tryptophan, tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid 등의 농도는 감소하였으나, arginine, histidine, lysine 등은 변화가 없었다.