• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1228-1240
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• 2023

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on growth performance, blood profiles, diarrhea incidence, nutrient digestibility, and odor emission in weaning pigs. Methods: A total of 240 weaning ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) pigs (8.25±0.050 kg body weight [BW]) were assigned to six treatments based on sex and initial BW, with five replicates of eight pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets with different crude protein levels for early and late weaning phases were as follows: i) CP16, corn-soybean-based diet containing 16%/15% CP; ii) CP17, corn-soybean-based diet containing 17%/16% CP; iii) CP18, corn-soybean-based diet containing 18%/17% CP; iv) CP19, corn-soybean-based diet containing 19%/18% CP; v) CP20, corn-soybean-based diet containing 20%/19% CP; and vi) CP21, corn-soybean-based diet containing 21%/20% CP. Results: In the early weaning period, average daily feed intake increased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.05). During the entire experimental period, average daily gain and the gain to feed ratio decreased when the dietary CP level increased (linear, p<0.01). Additionally, a decrease in dietary CP level resulted in a linear increase in final BW (linear, p<0.05). In the early and late weaning periods, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) decreased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.01). There were no significant differences in creatinine, glucose, total protein, triglyceride or insulin-like factor-1 levels over the experimental period. The concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG were not significantly affected by dietary CP levels during the experimental period. In the early weaning period, fecal and urine N decreased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.01). No differences in nutrient digestibility among the treatments during the early weaning period were found. Throughout the whole experimental period, when the dietary CP level decreased in the weaning pig diet, the diarrhea incidence decreased linearly (linear, p<0.01). Throughout the whole experimental period, when the dietary CP level decreased in the weaning pig diet, ammonia, amines and hydrogen sulfide decreased linearly (linear, p<0.01). Conclusion: Reducing dietary CP could decrease diarrhea incidence, the concentration of BUN in serum and odor emission in manure. Furthermore, it could improve N excretion in feces and urine and growth performance in weaning pigs.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.16.1-16.8
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• 2021

Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrate dysregulated immune responses including exacerbated neutrophil functions. Massive neutrophil infiltrations accompanying neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formations are also observed in patients with severe COVID-19. However, the mechanism underlying severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced NET formation has not yet been elucidated. Here we show that 2 viral proteins encoded by SARS-CoV-2, the nucleocapsid protein and the whole spike protein, induce NET formation from neutrophils. NET formation was ROSindependent and was completely inhibited by the spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition. The inhibition of p38 MAPK, protein kinase C, and JNK signaling pathways also inhibited viral protein-induced NET formation. Our findings demonstrate one method by which SARSCoV-2 evades innate immunity and provide a potential target for therapeutics to treat patients with severe COVID-19.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.783-788
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• 2005

본 시험은 사료의 조단백질 수준이 육성기 흑염소의 발육과 육질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 하기 위하여 흑염소 육성축 수컷 40두를 공시하여 조단백질 수준을 각각 달리하여 2004년 4월 19일부터 2004년 9월 13일까지 시험을 실시하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 일당증체량은 CP 14%, CP 18%구가 각각 84.0, 83.0g으로 CP 12%구 69.2g 보다 높았으며(P<0.05) CP 16%구는 80.9g으로 비슷한 경향이었다. 1일 사료섭취량은 농후사료와 볏짚 각각 590g, 45g 내외로 처리구간에 비슷하였고 증체 g당 사료요구율은 CP 14%, 16%, 18%구간에는 7.0-7.3으로 비슷하였으나 CP 12%구는 다소 높은 경향이었다. 도체율은 CP 12%구가 61.7%로 CP 14와 CP 18%구 보다 높았으나(P<0.05) CP 16%구와는 비슷하였다. 정육율은 CP 16%가 51.7%로 CP 12와 CP 14%구 보다 높았다(P<0.05). 지방율은 CP 12%구가 12.8% 높았으며(P<0.05) 뼈율은 17.0% 내외로 처리구간에 비슷하였다. 고기의 물리적 특성인 전단력과 가열 감량은 CP 16%구와 CP 14%구가 다른 처리구보다 다소 낮은 경향이었고 보수력은 CP 16%구가 CP 18%구 보다 높았다(P<0.05). 관능검사결과 다즙성은 CP 16%구가 CP 12%구 보다 우수하였으며(P<0.05) 연도도 다른 처리구에 비해 우수한 경향이었다. 이러한 결과를 종합적으로 고려할 때 육성기 흑염소의 발육과 육질개선을 위한 사료의 적정 조단백질 수준은 14-16%가 적합한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2017

The purpose of our study was to determine the effects of varying levels of energy, protein, and amino acids on the performances of laying hens. A total of 240 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 36 weeks of age were used in this 4-week feeding trial. The hens were randomly allocated to five treatment diets, with eight replications of six hens in each replicate cage. The treatment diets were as follows: A- basal diet + 18% crude protein, metabolizable energy 2,800 kcal, total (methionine + cysteine) 0.65%; B- basal diet + 17% crude protein, metabolizable energy 2,700 kcal, total (methionine + cysteine) 0.59%; C- basal diet + 16.5% crude protein, metabolizable energy 2,700 kcal, total (methionine + cysteine) 0.59%; D- basal diet + 16.5% crude protein, metabolizable energy 2,700 kcal, total (methionine + cysteine) 0.54%; and E- basal diet + 16% crude protein, metabolizable energy 2,680 kcal, total (methionine + cysteine) 0.54%. The study results revealed that the hen-day egg production of hens that were fed with low-energy diets (B, C, and D) was comparable with that of hens fed with high-energy diet A, whereas average daily feed intake in hens fed treatment diet D and E was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in hens fed treatment diet A. Overall, the eggshell thickness was unaffected by any of the treatment diets. Egg weight was comparable among the treatment diets, except for treatment diet E. Haugh unit improved with decreasing levels of dietary energy, protein, and methionine + cysteine in the diet. We can summarize that laying hens fed with low dietary energy and low crude protein treatment diets B, C, and D had satisfactory performance compared with those fed with high-energy treatment diet A. This indicates that there is the potential to reduce feed costs by formulating diets with lower energy and low protein levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2005

The possibility of using Moringa oleifera as a ruminant protein supplement was investigated by comparison between nutritive and anti-nutritive value of its different morphological parts with that of conventionally used Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LL). Parameters determined were chemical composition, rumen degradable protein (RDP), acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP), pepsin soluble protein (PESP), non-protein nitrogen (NPN) total soluble protein (TSP) and protein potentially digested in the intestine (PDI). Total phenols (TP) and total extractable tannins (TET) were also evaluated as anti-nutritive factors. In vitro gas production characteristics were measured and organic matter digestibility (OMD) was estimated basing on 24 h-gas production. Crude protein content ranged from 265-308 g/kg DM in M. oleifera leaves (MOL) and seed cake (MOC) respectively. Leucaena leucocephala and Moringa oleifera soft twigs and leaves (MOLSTL) had CP content of 236 and 195 g/kg DM while Moringa oleifera soft twigs alone (MOST) and Moringa oleifera bucks (MOB) had 160, 114 and 69.3 g/kg DM respectively. RDP was highest in (MOC) (181 g/kg DM) followed by (MOL) (177 g/kg DM) and was lowest in MOB (40 g/kg DM). The proportion of the protein that was not available to the animal (ADIP) was (p<0.05) higher in MOL and MOC (72 and 73 g/kg DM) respectively and lowest in LL (29 g/kg DM). The PDI was high in LL (74 g/kg DM) followed by MOC (55 g/kg DM) then MOL (16 g/kg DM). PESP was highest (p<0.05) in MOC followed by MOL then LL (273, 200 and 163 g/kg DM respectively). MOC exhibited highest NPN content (116 g/kg DM) and was lowest in MOB (18 g/kg DM) (p<0.05). Highly (p<0.05) TSP was observed in MOC and MOL (308 and 265 g/kg DM respectively) followed by LL (236 g/kg DM). MOL had negligible TET (20 g/kg DM) when compared with about 70 g/kg DM in LL. Highly (p<0.05) b and a+b values were observed for MOLSTL (602 and 691 g/kg DM respectively) followed by MOL (490 and 538 g/kg DM). Highest c value was observed in MOSTL followed by MOC and MOL (0.064, 0.056 and 0.053 rate/hour) respectively. OMD was highest (p<0.05) for MOSTL followed by MOC and then MOL (579, 579 and 562 g/kg DM respectively). LL exhibited lower (p<0.05) OMD (467 g/kg DM). It was concluded from this study that the high crude protein content in MOL and MOLST could be well utilized by ruminant animals and increase animal performance however, high proportion of unavailable protein to the lower gut of animals and high rumen degradable protein due to negligible tannin content render it a relatively poor protein supplement for ruminants. MOC can be a best alternative protein supplement to leaves and leaves and soft twigs for ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1105-1116
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• 2017

Objective: A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat containing saturated free fatty acids (FA) on milk performance of Holstein dairy cows. Methods: A database was developed from 21 studies published between 1991 and 2016 that included 502 dairy cows and a total of 29 to 30 comparisons between dietary treatment and control without fat supplementation. Only saturated free FA (>80% of total FA) was considered as the supplemental fat. Concentration of the supplemental fat was not higher than 3.5% of diet dry matter (DM). Dairy cows were offered total mixed ration, and fed individually. Statistical analysis was conducted using random- or mixed-effects models with Metafor package in R. Results: Sub-group analysis showed that there were no differences in studies between randomized block design and Latin square/crossover design for dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production responses to the supplemental fat (all response variables, $p{\geq}0.344$). The supplemental fat across all studies improved milk yield, milk fat concentration and yield, and milk protein yield by 1.684 kg/d (p<0.001), 0.095 percent unit (p = 0.003), 0.072 kg/d (p<0.001), and 0.036 kg/d (p<0.001), respectively, but tended to decrease milk protein concentration (mean difference = -0.022 percent unit; p = 0.063) while DMI (mean difference = 0.061 kg/d; p = 0.768) remained unchanged. The assessment of heterogeneity suggested that no substantial heterogeneity occurred among all studies for DMI and milk production responses to the supplemental fat (all response variables, $I^2{\leq}24.1%$; $p{\geq}0.166$). Conclusion: The effects of saturated free FA were quantitatively evaluated. Higher milk production and yields of milk fat and protein, with DMI remaining unchanged, indicated that saturated free FA, supplemented at ${\leq}3.5%$ dietary DM from commercially available fat sources, likely improved the efficiency of milk production. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to assess the variation of production responses to different saturated free FA, either C16:0 or C18:0 alone, or in combination with potentially optimal ratio, when supplemented in dairy cow diets.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.43-55
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• 1991

본 시험은 육계사료의 동물성 단백질 절약효과를 구명하기 위해 동물성 단백질과 식물성 단백질의 배합률을 달리함과 아울러 단백질 수준에 따라 methionine과 lysine의 첨가수준을 각각 달리 하였을 때 육계의 성장, 영양소 이용률 및 경제성 분석을 하였다 육계 초생추(Arobor Acres) 264수를 이용하여 전ㆍ후기 단백질 수준을 대조구(20~18%)에 대하여 $T_1$구(18~16%), $T_2$ 구(18~16%) 및 $T_3$구(22~20%)의 4구를 두고 이를 각 단백질 수준에 전기에서 methionine과 lysine을 대조구(0.4~1.1%), $T_1$구(0.44~1.21%), $T_2$구(0.48~1.32%) 및 $T_3$구(0.48~1.32%)수준으로 하고 후기에서 대조구(0.32~0.90%), $T_1$구(0.352~0.99%), $T_2$ 구(0.384~1.08%) 및 $T_3$구(0.384~1.08%) 수준으로 하여 1990년 4월 7일부터 동년 5월 19일까지 6주에 걸쳐 사양 및 대사시험 한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 증체량은 전기간을 통하여 대조구가 가장 좋았으며 단백질 수준과 methionine 및 lysine 수준이 다같이 높은 $T_3$구는 후기의 증체량이 아주 좋았다. 2. 사료 섭취량은 대조구가 전ㆍ후기를 통하여 가장 많았고 $T_3$구가 가장 적었으며 사료요구율은 전기에는 $T_1$구(1.51)와 $T_2$ 구(1.53)가 대조구 (1.61)와 $T_3$구(1.63)보다 좋았고 후기의 사료요구율은 단백질 수준이 높은 $T_3$구(1,37)와 대조구(158)가 $T_2$ 구 (2.05)와 $T_1$구(2.16)보다 좋았다(P＜0.01). 3. 건물, 조섬유 및 가용무질소물의 이용률은 전기에서는 methionine , lysine수준이 높을수록 향상되었으나 후기에서는 낮아지는 경향이 있었고 조단백질 이용률은 조단백질 수준이 높을수록 향상되는 경향이었다. 4. 복강지방 함양은 대조구가 가장 적었으며 단백질수준이 낮은 구에서 많았다. 도체율은 대조구가 가장 높았고 복강지방 축적률은 단백질 수준이 낮은 구에서 높았다(P＜ 0.05). 5. kg증체에 대한 사료비는$T_3$구가 249.4원이고 대조구가 254원 순으로 좋았다. 6. 본 시험의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 육계의 전기ㆍ후기 사료에 있어서 단백질 수준은 20~18%, methionine수준은 0.4~0.32% 및 lysine수준은 1.1~0.90%가 유리한 것으로 나타났다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.95-102
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• 1971

The growth characteristics of Candida tropicalis KIST 351 on gas oil substrate under different culture conditions were investigated and the preliminary animal feeding experiments using this yeast as a partial substitute of fish meal was also conducted. The yeast assimilates effectively n-paraffins in gas oil ranging from $C_{16}$ to $C_{16}$ with its maximum cell growth at $33^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5 with aeration of 3 vvn and agitation of 900 rpm. The optimal concentrations of nitrogen sources, $HK_2PO_4$ and $Na_2HPO$ were 4, 2 and 0.5g/1, respectively. Ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate and zinc sulfate showed positive effect to cell growth with the optimal range of 5-10 ppm. In the feeding experiment with 3 and 5% incorporation of the gas oil grown yeast, neither adverse effects on growth of chicks nor toxic effect were observed. Protein content of the dried cell was 58.8% and its amino acid composition compared well with other single-cell protein products and FAO reference protein.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.56-60
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• 1990

역류분배 방법을 이용한 단백질의 분리정제 가능성을 높이기 위하여 4가지 모델단백질에 대하여 수용성 액체 2상계에서의 분획계수를 pH 변화에 따라 조사하였다. 또한 역류분배를 이용한 다중분배추출방식으로 모델 단백질의 혼합물을 수준의 pH(4.5-12.0)에서 분획하였다. 그 결과 pH에 따라 단백질들의 등전점 차이로 인한 분획계수(K)값이 다르게 나타서, 다중분배를 행할 때 각 단백질 분획들이 위치하는 튜브번호가 다르게 되므로 역류분배 방법을 통한 단백질의 분리 가능성을 보여주었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제43권12호
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• pp.824-829
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• 2010

Melanin synthesis is regulated by melanocyte specific enzymes and related transcription factors. $\beta$-carboline alkaloids including harmaline and harmalol are widely distributed in the environment including several plant families and alcoholic beverages. Presently, melanin content and tyrosinase activity were increased in melanoma cells by harmaline and harmalol in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Increased protein levels of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2 were also evident. In addition, immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses revealed harmaline and harmalol increased cAMP response element binding protein phosphorylation and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression. In addition to studying the signaling that leads to melanogenesis, roles of the p38 MAPK pathways by the harmaline and harmalol were investigated. Harmaline and harmalol induced time-dependent phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Harmaline and harmalol stimulated melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity, as well as expression of tyrosinase and TRP-1 and TRP-2 indicating that these harmaline and harmalol induce melanogenesis through p38 MAPK signaling.