• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.541-549
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• 2015

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) with higher metastatic rate and both local and systemic recurrence compared to non-TNBC. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to oxidative stress is associated with DNA damage, chromosomal degradation and alterations of both hypermethylation and hypomethylation of DNA. This study concerns differential methylation of promoter regions in specific groups of genes in TNBC and non-TNBC Saudi females in an effort to understand whether epigenetic events might be involved in breast carcinogenesis, and whether they might be used as markers for Saudi BCs. Methylation of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), T-cadherin (CDH13), Paired box protein 5 (PAX5), death associated protein kinase (DAPK), twist-related protein (TWIST), DNA-binding protein inhibitor (ID4), High In Normal-1 (HIN-1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16), cyclin D2 and retinoic acid receptor-${\beta}$ ($RAR{\beta}1$) genes was analyzed by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in 200 archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded BC tissues divided into 3 groups; benign breast tissues (20), TNBC (80) and non-TNBC (100). The relationships between methylation status, and clinical and pathological characteristics of patients and tumors were assessed. Higher frequencies of GSTP1, ID4, TWIST, DAPK, PAX5 and HIN-1 hypermethylation were found in TNBC than in non-TNBC. Hypermethylation of GSTP1, CDH13, ID4, DAPK, HIN-1 and PAX5 increased with tumor grade increasing. Other statistically significant correlations were identified with studied genes. Data from this study suggest that increased hypermethylation of GSTP1, ID4, TWIST, DAPK, PAX5 and HIN-1 genes in TNBC than in non-TNBC can act as useful biomarker for BCs in the Saudi population. The higher frequency of specific hypermethylated genes paralleling tumor grade, size and lymph node involvement suggests contributions to breast cancer initiation and progression.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the change of bone mineral density(BMD) after 1 month Kirindiet therapy including very low calory diet(VLCD) in middle-aged obese women$(65>age{\geqq}40,\;BMI{\geqq}25)$ under normal $BMD(T-score{\leqq}0)$. Methods : We examined body weight, body fat, protein mass and BMD of 13 middle-aged obese women who visited to Kirin Oriental Hospital from Sep. 7. 2004 to Oct. 12. 2005 before and after 1 month Kirindiet therapy. Body weight, body fat and protein mass was checked by Inbody 4.0 and BMD was checked by quantitated computed tomography. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for analyzing changes of body weight, body fat, protein mass and BMD before and after treatment. Results : Alter 1 month treatment body weight(-4.89Kg, -6.74%, p=0.001), body fat(-3.47Kg, p=0.001) and protein mass(-0.97Kg, p=0.006) was significantly reduced. BMD was significantly increased in all cases(+4.87mg/cc, +4.16%, p=0.001). Though body weight, body fat and protein mass were significantly reduced, BMD was significantly increased(p<0.01). Conclusions : In this study, we can conclude that after 1 month Kirindiet therapy including VLCD, BMD in middle-aged obese women under normal BMD was significantly increased inspite of reduction of body weight, body fat and protein mass.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to compare the productivity of five silage corn varieties. Corn varieties were Pioneer 3144(P 3144), 3160(P 3160), 3282(P 3282), 3352(P 3352) and Suweon 19(S 19) and were seeded on May 2 and harvested on August 15. Ratios of stalk, leaf and ear, chemical composition and yields of nutrients were investigated in respective corn part. Experimental design was accepted by Latin square arrangement with five replicates and each plot had twenty two plants. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Crude portein, crude ash and nitrogen free extract(NFE) contents of whole plant ranged from 6.32 to 7.18%, 5.16 to 7.43% and 52.62 to 57.90%, respectively, and there were no significant(P>.Ol) differences between varieties. Crude protein and NFE content were the highest in ear between corn parts. 2. Crude fiber conent of whole plant ranged from 18.98 % to 24.01 %, and was the highest in suweon 19 and the lowest in P 3352(P<.01). Crude fiber content was the highest in stem and the lowest in ear, However, crude fat content(2.03-3.66 %) vice versa. 3. Yields of organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, NFE and TDN per 10a were the greatest(P< .01) in P 3282, however crude fiber yield was the highest(P<.Ol) in P 3352. 4. Ratios of different part to total dry matter yield ranged from 12.7 %(P 3352) to 17.8 %(P 3160) for leaf, 44.5(P 3352) to 66.9 %(P 3160) for stem and husks, and 16.9 %(P 3282) to 42.8 %(P 3352) for ear, and there were significant differences between corn varieties(P<.Ol). Consequently, P 3352 has the greatest nutrient yields, particularly by ear, and P 3282 has a great nutrient yield by stem. This result suggested that could be appear a better character of silage corn by hybridization of this two corn varieties.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.221-225
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• 2015

As metformin can inhibit endometrial carcinoma (EC) cell growth and the insulin growth factor (IGF) system is active in EC, the question of whether it can regulate endometrial carcinoma cell secretion of IGF-1 or expression of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is of interest. In this study, serum IGF-1 levels in EC patients were found to be comparable with that in the non EC patients (p>0.05). However, the IGF-1 level in the medium of cultured cells after treatment with metformin was decreased (p<0.05). IGF-1R was highly expressed in human endometrial carcinoma paraffin sections, but IGF-1R and phosphor-protein kinase B/protein kinase B (p-Akt/Akt) expression was down-regulated after metformin treatment (p<0.05). In summary, metformin can reduce the secretion of IGF-1 by Ishikawa and JEC EC cell lines and their expression of IGF-1R to deactivate downstream signaling involving the PI-3K/Akt pathway to inhibit endometrial carcinoma cell growth.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8461-8465
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• 2016

Gastric cancer (GC) as the fourth most common cause of malignancies shows high rate of morbidity appropriating the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Developmental pluripotency associated-2 (DPPA2), cancer-testis antigen (CT100), is commonly expressed only in the human germ line and pluripotent embryonic cells but it is also present in a significant subset of malignant tumors. To investigate whether or not DPPA2 expression is recalled in GC, our aim in this study was to elucidate DPPA2 protein expression in gastric cancer. Fifty five GC tumor and their related margin normal tissues were recruited to evaluate DPPA2 protein expression and its probable associations with different clinicopathological features of the patients. DPPA2 was overexpressed in GC cases compared with normal tissues (P < .005). While DPPA2 expression was detected in all GC samples, its high expression was found in 23 of 55 tumor tissues (41.8%). Interestingly, 50 of 55 normal samples (90.9%) were negative for DPPA2 protein expression and remained 5 samples showed very low expression of DPPA2. DPPA2 protein expression in GC was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.012). The clinical relevance of DPPA2 in GC illustrated that high level expression of this protein was associated with lymph node metastasis supporting this hypothesis that alteration in DPPA2 was associated with aggressiveness of gastric cancer and may be an early event in progression of the disease. DPPA2 may be introduced as a new marker for invasive and metastatic GCs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 1992

Radish green juice was used as a dual source for the production of plant protein precipitate and Candida utilis biomass. Precipitates ranging from 10.0 to 16.5g were obtained from a liter of radish green juice by heating at 80-10$0^{\circ}C$C for 1 to 10 min or by modification of the pH of radish green juice. Crude protein content of the precipitate was between 25 and 38%. The residue remaining after protein precipitation was used in turn for the cultivation of the yeast, C. utilis, in order to produce yeast biomass. C. utilis grew well in radish green residual juice and completed growth within 24 hr at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 200rpm in shake flask experiments. Maximum dry cell weight obtainable from a liter of radish green residual juice was 19.5g, when the yeast was grown on the juice residue diluted 3 times or more with water to make sugar content be equal to or less than about 1.0%. Supplementation of 3-fold diluted radish green residual juice with yeast extract and (NH$_4$)SO$_4$ enhanced yeast biomass production and cell protein content significantly. Total high protein material obtainable from a liter of radish green juice was 33.0g.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 1999

A 16-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the amount of fish meal analogue (FMA) that can be replacing white fish meal (WFM) protein in Korean rockfish. Five experimental diets were formulated on isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of $50\%$ crude protein and 15.6 KJ/g diet. The graded level of replacement of PM by Em on the basis of crude protein were as follows : Diet 1($100\%$ WFM), Diet 2($87.5\%$ WFM : $12.5\%$ FMA), Diet 3 ($75\%$ WFM : $25\%$ FMA), Diet 4($75\%$ WFM : $25\%$ FMA+2 EAAs), Diet 5 ($50\%$ WFM : $50\%$ FMA+2 EAAs). Methionine and Iysine were selected for 2 essential amino acids (EAA) to study the effect of adding EAA to the diets 4 and 5. Weight gain (WG), feed fed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed diet 3, 4 and 5 were significantly lower (P< 0.05) than those of fish fed the control ($100\%$ WFM),while that of fish fed diet 2 was not significantly different diet(P>0.05) from those of fish fed the control diet. WG, FE and PER of fish fed diet 4 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed diet 3, but lower than those of fish fed the control diet. Therefore, these results indicated that FMA protein could substitute WFM protein up to $12.5\%$ without 2 EAAs supplementation in Korean rockfish. And, dietary supplementation of 2 EAAs could be benetficial when FMA is utilized as a fish meal replacer in juvenile Korean rockfish.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2010

Conditions for artificial culture of Lemna Paucicostata and its nutritional values were examined in this study. Lemna P. was cultured using artificial wastewater and a bioreactor (total volume $2,630\;cm^3$, working volume $2,240\;cm^3$) was operated at conditions of 6,250 lux and $28^{\circ}C$. Water flow affected the growth of Lemna P.: growth rate was very high (more than $1.1\;d^{-1}$) at a condition of no-water movement, but it was very low (less than $0.15\;d^{-1}$) when water moved slowly. The growth of Lemna P. was higher in $16h\;d^{-1}$ light cycle than in Sand $24h\;d^{-1}$, and it was also severely affected by the initial $NH_4$-N levels of wastewater. The growth rate of Lemna P. was high in lower $NH_4$-N level, indicating that the growth rate is in inverse proportion to $NH_4$-N concentration in wastewater. However, the contents of crude protein (CP) of Lemna P. were proportional to the initial $NH_4$-N concentration. The CP contents of Lemna P. cultured at 2, 10, 50 and 100 $NH_4$-N mg $L^{-1}$ was 18, 24, 37, 43%, respectively, showing the Lemna P. cultured at 50 and $100\;mg\;L^{-1}$ had similar protein contents to linseed (CP 35%), cottonseed (CP 38%) and soybean (CP 45%). Fat, protein, fiber, NDF and ADF contents of Lemna P. harvested at conditions of $16h\;d^{-1}$ light cycle and less than $2\;mg\;L^{-1}$ of $NH_4$-N level was 2.8, 18, 27, 20, 41 and 65.7%, respectively. Since the growth rate of Lemna P. was very high (more than $1.1\;d^{-1}$) at those conditions, it was convinced that mass production of valuable protein and fiber sources are feasible. In particular, since the Lemna P. has unsaturated fatty acids found mainly in animal fat as well as beneficial fatty acids to health such as C18:ln9c, C18:2n6c, C20:5n3 and C22:2, the Lemna P. biomass would be a highly valuable alternative feed source to grains.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.77-90
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• 1996

Nucleocapsid protein (NP)which exists in the particle of hantavirus and surrounds the viral RNA genome is one of the major structural proteins and plays role of antigen to elicit the antibody detected predorminantly right after infection of the virus in the patients of hemorragic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)or experimental animals. NP is important target antigen in serological diagnostic system of HFRS utilizing whole antigens from the native virus particle, such as IFA, ELISA and Western blotting. Therefore, the preparation of this protein in the level of higher quantity and purity is desirasble for developed dianosis of the disease. The purpose of this study is the cloning of NP gene which exists in the S genome segment of Maaji (MAA) virus and expression of the gene to obtain qualified, genetically engineered NP to be utilized as an immunodiagnostic antigen. First of all, for the purpose of amplifing the MAA-NP gene by PCR, the specific primers were built from the known nucleotide sequence of Hantaan viral NP gene. The viral cDNA of the NP gene was synthesized by using the primers and RNase $H^-$ AMV reverse transcriptase. Thereafter, using this cDNA as a template, the NP gene was amplified specifically by Taq DNA polymrerase. The pT7blue (R)T-overhang vector systems were used for cloning of the amplified NP gene. The expression system was consisted of BL21 (DE3)pLysS and pET16b as a host and a plasmid repectively. Into Ndel site of pET16b, NP gene was ligated with cohesive end for the expression. Insertion of NP gene in the plasmid was confirmed by PCR and mini prep methods. For expression, IPTG was used and the expressed protein was characterized by Western blotting. The MAA-NP was expressed as the form of inclusion body (insoluble fraction)and the protein purified by affinity and metal chealating columns reacted specifically with the sera from patients of HFRS as to be tested by ELISA and Western blotting.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3425-3428
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• 2015

Objective: To explore the association of serum tumor abnormal protein (TAP) with other serological biomarkers e.g. carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and its clinical application in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods: Patients (N=98) were enrolled into this study with histologically or cytologically confirmed CRC. Using a test kit, the level of TAP was determined, while chemiluminescence was used to measure the levels of some other common serological biomarkers e.g. CEA, CA125 and CA19-9. Results: The area of TAP condensed particulate matter decreased after chemotherapy compared with before chemotherapy when CT or MRI scans showed disease control. In contrast, it increased with disease progression (P<0.05). Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was confirmed in monitoring of TAP and common serological biomarkers e.g. CEA and CA19-9 (p<0.05). Conclusions: Detecting TAP in CRC patients has high sensitivity and specificity and can be used as a new independent indicator for clinically monitoring CRC patients in the course of chemotherapy.