• 한국양식학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

The effect of various dietary protein levels on growth and body composition of young common carp raised from 56 g to 170 g in recirculating system was investigated for 15 weeks when they were fed to visual satiety three times daily. Five experiemtal diets were formulated to contain 40, 35, 30, 25 and 21% protein levels and 3.56, 3.59. 3.63, 3.66 and 3.69 kcal/g diet GE levels respectively. Mean survival rates of the fish fed the 40, 35, 30 and 25% protein diets were not different but sig-nificantly higher than that of the fish fed the 40, 35, 30 and 25% protein diets were not different but sig-nificantly higher than that of o the fish fed the 21% protein diet(P<0.05) Weight gain (g/tank) of common carp fed the 30% protein diet was the best. However weight gain of the fish fed the 25, 30, 35 and 40% protein diets were not different but significantly better than that of the fish fed the 21% protein diet. Feed efficiency ratio of the 21% protein diet was significantly lower (P<0.05) than for other groups of diets which were not different among them. Protein efficiency ratio for the 21% protein diet was significantly lower (P<0.05) than for other groups of diets which were not different among them(P>0.05) Dietary protein level had no effect on hemoglobin content in the fish(P>0.05) Crude protein contents of whole body of the fish fed the 35 and 40% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21$$\mid$% or 25% protein diet(P<0.05) Body crude lipid contents of the fish fed the 21 and 25% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 30% or 35% protein diet. Crude ash contents of the fish fed the 35 and 40% protein diets were significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21% or 25% protein diet(P<0.05) Moisture content of the fish fed the 35% protein diet was significantly higher than that of the fish fed the 21% protein diet(P<0.05) In considering growth performance of common carp and efficiency of diet dietary protein level could be lowered up to 25% without the reduction of young common carp production in recirculating system.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.165-174
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• 2022

As the mechanism underlying glucose metabolism regulation by oxymatrine is unclear, this study investigated the effects of oxymatrine on pyroptosis in INS-1 cells. Flow cytometry was employed to examine cell pyroptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cell pyroptosis was also investigated via transmission electron microscopy and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Protein levels were detected using western blotting and interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The caspase-1 activity and DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 protein (Nrf2) were also assessed. In the high glucose and high fat-treated INS-1 cells (HG + PA), the caspase-1 activity and LDH content, as well as Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, Gsdmd-N, caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels were increased. Moreover, P65 protein levels increased in the nucleus but decreased in the cytoplasm. Oxymatrine attenuated these effects and suppressed high glucose and high fat-induced ROS production. The increased levels of nuclear Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the HG + PA cells were further elevated after oxymatrine treatment, whereas cytoplasmic Nrf2 and Keleh-like ECH-associated protein levels decreased. Additionally, the elevated transcriptional activity of p65 in HG + PA cells was reduced by oxymatrine, whereas that of Nrf2 increased. The results indicate that the inhibition of pyroptosis in INS-1 cells by oxymatrine, a key factor in its glucose metabolism regulation, involves the suppression of the NF-κB pathway and activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 1994

A study of concurrent bioassay for protein quality and energy level in protein sources was rnade by determining urinary nitrogenous compounds in excreta. The carry over effect of previous feeding was eliminated by 48 h of feeding the experimental diets prior to the determination of for protein digestibility and utilizability, and energy digestibility and metabolizability at 24 h interval during 3 days. Then, protein qualities and energy levels for soybean meal, rapeseed meal and fish meal were calculated by a substitution method. Apparent protein utilization (NB/NI) was affected by the increased fecal nitrogen excretion in soybean meal and by the increased urinary nitrogen excretion in rapeseed meal and fish meal. The apparent metabolizability of energy (ME/GE) was affected by the fecal energy excretion in soybean meal and rapeseed meal and by urinary energy excretion in fishmeal. The results indicated that the concurrent bioassay of protein quality and energy levels in ingredients appears to be applicable to chickens of other age, sex, breeds and environmental conditions.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 1990

인공사료의 단백질 함량이 옐로우$\cdot$퍼치(Percidae)의 성장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 단백질 함량 50, 40 및 $27\%$의 정제된 사료를 20주간 투여한 결과 사육초기에는 $50\%$ 및 $40\%$ 단백질 사료 투여군이 $27\%$ 사료투여군 보다 성장이 빨랐으나 10주 이후부터는 성장이나 사료 전환효율이 거의 동일하였고 3개 실험군 간에 통계적으로 유의성이 있는 차이를 찾아 볼 수 없었다. 옐로우$\cdot$퍼치의 치어(체중 약 6g)는 사육개시후 약 10주 이후 혹은 체중이 약 12g에 달했을 때부터는 단백질 요구량이 철저하게 감소하는 경향을 나타내어 $27\%$ 단백질 사료로서 정상적인 성장을 보여 주었다. 이는 자연계에서 매우 강한 육식성으로 고단백 식성 어류인 퍼치를 일반상업용 사료($50-56\%$ 단백질)보다 약 $23\%$ 이상의 단백질이 절감된 $27\%$ 단백질 사료로 실내에서 사육할 수 있음을 의미한다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2006

넙치 치어용 건조사료의 적정 단백질 및 지질 함량을 조사하기 위하여 사료의 단백질 함량을 50% 및 55%로 조절하고, 각 단백질 함량에 지질 함량을 8%, 12% 및 15%로 조절하여 6종류의 실험 EP 사료를 제조하였다. 21 g의 넙치 치어를 300 L 수조에 3반복으로 무작위로 수용하여, 평균 수온 $20\;^{\circ}C$에서 1일 2회 만복으로 EP 사료를 9주간 공급하였다. 사육실험 결과, 생존율, 증중률 및 일일사료섭취율은 사료의 단백질 및 지질 함량에 영향을 받지 않았다(P>0.05). 사료효율과 단백질효율은 사료의 지질 함량에 유의하게 영향을 받았으며(P<0.001), 사료 지질 함량이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 사료효율은 단백질 50%에 지질 15% 공급구와 단백질 55%에 지질 15% 공급구 사이에 유의차는 없었지만, 다른 실험사료 공급구보다 높았다(P<0.05). 단백질효율도 사료효율과 유사한 경향을 보였고, 단백질 55%에 지질 15% 공급한 실험구가 단백질 50%에 지질 8%, 단백질 55%에 지질 8% 및 지질 12% 공급구보다 높았다(P<0.05). 어체 간의 수분, 단백질 및 지질 함량은 사료의 지질 함량에 유의하게 영향을 받았다(P<0.01). 근육의 일반성분은 실험구간에 유의차가 없었다(P>0.05). 이상의 결과로부터, 본 실험에 적용된 사육조건에서 넙치 치어용 EP 사료의 단백질 함량이 $50{\sim}55%$일 때, 지질 함량을 높여주는 것이 사료이용 효율을 개선시키는데 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2006

Changes in the levels of protein and free amino acids in the haemolymph of three selected races of the silkworm, Bombyx mori viz., PM, $NB_4D_2$ and $CSR_2$, were investigated during 4th moult, 5th instar and pupal period. The levels of total protein in the haemolymph, increased from first day of 5th instar till sixth day. From seventh day till spinning, the protein levels decreased in all the three races. A sustained decrease in the haemolymph proteins was observed during the pupal development in all the three races. The levels of free amino acids, which were high during 4th moult, declined through the 5th age of larval development till spinning. PM showed a relatively higher free amino acid level (3.192 mg/ml) in haemolymph followed by $NB_4D_2$ (2.601 mg/ml) and $CSR_2$ (2.35 mg/ml). The free amino acid levels decreased gradually from prepupal stage but increased again at the end of pupal period. Racial differences in the changes in the levels of protein and free amino acids in the haemolymph were observed in the larvae and pupae when subjected to two high temperature regimes of $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. The results showed that high temperature induces specific changes in the metabolism (reversible thermal stress) that have different adaptive value in different races of the silkworm. Relatively higher increase in the free amino acid levels in the haemolymph of Pure Mysore presumably provides protective cover to tissues against high temperature by an increase in osmolarity and reduction in evaporative water loss. The absence of such a mechanism may be responsible for temperature susceptibility of the bivoltine races like $NB_4D_2$ and $CSR_2$.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.515-519
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• 2002

발아현미를 생산하기 위하여 현미를 물에 침지, 키토산을 젖산에 용해하여 침지, 키토산을 글루탐산에 용해하여 침지 하였으며, 발아시키지 않은 현미와 아미노산 및 총 단백질 함량을 비교 분석하였다. 키토산을 50 ppm 되게 5 mM glutamic acid에 용해하여 침지액으로 사용한 경우 가장 높은 alanine, serine, lysine, isoleucine, methionine 함량의 증진과 총 유리아미노산 함량의 증진을 보였다. 또한 total soluble protein의 함량은 발아하지 않은 현미에 비하여 발아한 현미가 모두 낮았다. 특히 CG구는 물발아나 CL 발아시 현저히 감소되던 serine의 함량을 오히려 증진시겼다. 모든 발아구에서 aspartic acid 함량은 현저히 감소하였다. 이는 발아 과정에 의해 aspartic acid가 alanine, lysine, isoleucine, methionine 등으로 전환된 것에 기인된 것이라 여겨진다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 현미발아시 키토산을 글루탐산에 용해하여 침지액으로 사용하면 유용한 아미노산인 alanine, serine 및 필수아미노산인 lysine, isoleucine, methionine 함량을 현저히 증진시킬 수 있어 영양성이 보강된 발아현미를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2022

Objectives: Juknyeok (JN) is natural liquor extracted from bamboo stems (Phyllostachys bambusoides) and has been used as a traditional Korean medicine for improving vascular function, blood glucose, and treating stroke. Until now, the JN's lipid-lowering effect and underlying mechanism in adipocytes are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to scrutinize the effect of a standardized commercial JN on lipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: Lipid and triglyceride (TG) accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were measured by Oil Red O staining and AdipoRed assay, respectively. Cell count analysis was used to ascertain 3T3-L1 cytotoxicity. Immunoblotting and Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to assess protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in 3T3-L1 cells, respectively. Results: Treatment with JN at 25 𝜇l/ml after pH calibration with 6.35 significantly reduced lipid and TG accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes without significant cytotoxicity. On mechanistic levels, JN markedly suppressed protein expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-𝛽 and fatty acid synthase (FAS) during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. However, JN did not affect the protein expression levels of C/EBP-𝛼, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-𝛽/𝛾, and phosphorylation levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3/5 in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. JN also reduced leptin mRNA expression levels in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Conclusions: JN at 25 𝜇l/ml lowers lipid accumulation and TG content in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells, mediated through the reduced expression levels of C/EBP-𝛽 and FAS.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2003

본 연구는 산란종계 육성 사료 내의 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 육성기 성장에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 실시하였다 .8일령의 Hy-Line Variety Brown 갈색 산란종계 암평아리 360수를 5개 처리에 처리당 4반복, 반복당 18수씩 완전 임의 배치하여 에너지와 단백질 수준이 다른 실험 사료를 9주간 급여하였다 .실험 기간 중 2주 간격으로 사료섭취량과 공시계의 생체중, 정강이 길이를 개체별로 측정하였고, 성장 균일도를 조사하였다. 실험 종료 시에 반복별로 평균체중에 해당하는 개체를 2수씩 희생시킨 후 우측 경골을 적출하여 경골 중량, 길이, 파쇄 강도 및 경골 내 회분 함량 등을 조사하였다 .실험종료 시, 증체량과 정강이 길이에서는 대조구에 비해 단백질 함량을 증가시킨 처리구에서 유의하게 증가하는 (P<0.05) 결과가 관찰되었다 사료섭취량에서는 처리간에 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 경골 길이 및 중량은 성장 성적의 증가와 상응해 증가하는 결과가 관찰되었고, 경골 강도 및 경골 내 회분 함량 역시 에너지 및 단백칠 수준의 증가에 따라 증가하는 결과 (P<0.05) 가 나타났다. 성장 균일도는 에너지 및 단백질 수준이 높은 처리구에서 실험 종료시인 10주째 증가하는 경향이 관찰되었으나, 처리간에 통계적 유의성 있는 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 본 연구에서 국내의 산란종계 병아리의 육성에서 NRC(1994) 사양표준의 권장 수준보다 대사에너지와 단백질 수준을 높인 육성 사료 또는 종계회사의 권장 수준에 가까운 에너지 및 단백질 수준의 육성 사료가 산란종계 병아리의 성장에 가장 적합한 영양 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 즉 Phase I 은 에너지 2800 ∼ 2950 kcal/kg, 단백질 19% 정도인 T3 구가 육성초기 가장 적합한 영양수준이고, Phase II에서도 T3, 즉 에너지 2800 ∼ 2950 kcal/kg, 단백질 16%수준이 가장 육성중기 병아리 발달에 가장 적합한 영양수준인 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1274-1281
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• 2011

Dietary protein restriction affects lipid metabolism in rats. This study was performed to determine the effect of a low protein diet on hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in growing male rats. Growing rats were fed either a control 20% protein diet or an 8% low protein diet. Feeding a low protein diet for four weeks from 8 weeks of age induced a fatty liver. Expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a key lipogenic enzyme, was increased in rats fed a low protein diet. Feeding a low protein diet decreased very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion without statistical significance. Feeding a low protein diet down-regulated protein expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, an important enzyme of VLDL secretion. Feeding a low protein diet increased serum adiponectin levels. We performed glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Both GTT and ITT were increased in protein-restricted growing rats. Our results demonstrate that dietary protein restriction increases insulin sensitivity and that this could be due to low-protein diet-mediated metabolic adaptation. In addition, increased adiponectin levels may influences insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, dietary protein restriction induces a fatty liver. Both increased lipogenesis and decreased VLDL secretion has contributed to this metabolic changes. In addition, insulin resistance was not associated with fatty liver induced by protein restriction.