• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.452-458
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• 2003

Soybean is a rich source of isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein. Soy isoflavones have both weak estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects and are structurally similar to tamoxifen, an agent that has an effect similar to that of estrogen in terms of reducing postmenopausal bone loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of differences in protein source (casein vs soy) and isoflavone levels (reduced vs higher levels) on selected bone markers and hormones in growing male rats. Thirty weanling Sprague-Dawley young rats were divided into 3 groups: The control group was fed a casein-based diet, the soy concentrate group was fed soy protein with totally reduced isoflavones content (isoflavones 0.07 mg/g protein), and the soy isolate group was fed soy protein with a higher than normal isoflavones content (isoflavones 3.4 mg/g protein). The degree of bone formation was estimated by measuring serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphoatase (ALP). By determining collagen cross-linkage by immunoassay and correcting with creatinine values, the bone resorption rate was compared. Serum osteocalcin, growth hormone, estrogen and calcitonin were analyzed using radio immunoassay kits. The bone formation marker and ALP activity were differentiated by protein source, showing higher values than casein in feeding either soy isolate or soy concentrate. In this study using growing rats, the differences in isoflavone contents were not a significant factor in either bone formation or bone reaborption markers. Moreover, the soy isolate group had significantly higher levels of growth hormone than the casein group. The findings of this study suggest that growth hormone is partially responsible for its bone-formation effects in young growing rats. Soy protein and the isoflavones in soy protein are beneficial for bone-formation in growing male rats. Therefore, exposure to soy protein and isoflavones early in life may have long-term health benefits in preventing bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Further study to evaluate the mechanism of action of isoflavones on bones is warranted. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 452∼458, 2003)

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 1999

To investigate the development of a subunit vaccine against theileriosis in cattle, the DNA fragments encoding piroplasm surface protein (p33) of Theileria sergenti of a Korean isolate were expressed in baculoviruses. The expressed p33 was characterized by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and western blotting analysis. The expression of p33 was mainly detected on the surface of infected Sf21 cells by IFA. The immunoblotting analysis revealed the presence of a same molecular weight protein band of p33. The antigenicity of expressed polypeptide was further examined through the inoculation of a guinea pig. The sera of guinea pigs immunized with p33 expressed cell Iysate showed similar fluorescent antibody patterns and reacted with the same molecular weight protein of T. sergenti in immunoblotting analysis, thus indicating that this protein can be a promising candidate for a subunit vaccine in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.477-485
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• 1999

This study was conducted to improve the functional properties of soybean protein isolate by dimethylglutarylation and acetylation. Amino acid composition and solubility of modified soybean protein by dimethylglutarylation were not changed, but lysine and trypsin inhibitor activity was decreased an isoelectric point was moved from pH5 to pH4 as a result of modification. Emulsification capacity and stability, foaming capacity and thermal stability were increased by the modification. In that 91% dimethylglutarylated protein did not coagulate when heating at $100^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. while its foaming stability was decreased. Whereas specific gravity was decreased by the modification of the soybean protein, relative viscosity and whiteness were improved. Generally, dimethylglutarylation produced more conformational changes in protein system than did in acetylation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.446-455
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• 2010

The characteristics of parasporal inclusion body from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki KB099 isolate which is high bioactive to the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, were examined. Parasporal inclusion of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki KB099 isolate showed only 1 band at 130 kDa compared with B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-l isolate producing 2 protein bands at 130 kDa and 60 kDa from by SDS-PAGE analysis without any enzyme treatment. Also, we confirmed that gut extract of sensitive S. litura KB099 isolate had digested only 60 kDa ${\delta}$-endotoxin protein. When the digestive enzyme of sensitive insect responsible for parasporal inclusion from KB099 and HD-l isolate was treated to each of them, protein band 60 KDa of KB099 was maintained up to 12 hours but all bands of HD-l were disappeared within 6 hours. In KB099 isolate, 6 genes (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1C, Cry1D and Cry1I) were identified by PCR analysis. Also, $Cry^-$ mutant of KB099 isolate was investigated by phase- contrast microscope, SDS-PAGE and PCR.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.294-299
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• 1992

This study was to examine the effect of functional properties of soy protein isolate(SPI) and qualities of soybean curd upon proteolytic hydrolysis. SPI was hydrolyzed using proteolytic enzyme, bromelain. The protein content of SPI by microkjeldahl method was 84% and the degree of hydrolysis in modified soy protein isolate(MSPI) was 2.7%. The solubility of MSPI was higher than that of control at various pH tested and proteolytic hydrolysis was increased emulsion formation and foam expansion while decreased emulsion stability, foam stability and calcium precipitation. Modified soybean curdI, standard soybean milk: Modified soybean milk=3:1, was soft and springy soybean curd when the texture properties of soybean curd were tested by texture profile analysis using Instron and sensory evaluation. The rheological model of soybean curds was investigated by stress relaxation test. The analysis of relaxation curve revealed that the rheological behavior of soybean curds could be expressed by 7-element generalized Maxwell model. The equilibrium modulus and modulus of elasticity decreased as the ratio of modified soybean milk was increased.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.782-790
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• 2011

The effects of soy protein isolate (SPI) and red bean protein isolate (RBPI) on gelling properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) in the presence of microbial transglutaminase (MTG) were studied at 0.45 M NaCl. MP paste was incubated with MTG (0.1%) at various levels (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1%) of SPI and RBPI before incubating at $4^{\circ}C$ for 4 h. The rheological property results showed that MP gel shear stress increased with increasing RBPI concentration. Cooking yield (CY) of the MP gel increased with increasing RBPI and SPI, whereas gel strength (GS) was not affected by adding RBPI or SPI. Thus, effects of incubation time (0, 4, 8, 10, and 12 h) were measured at 0.1% SPI and RBPI. GS values of the MP gel at 10 and 12 h were similar and were higher than those of the others. CY values were highest when RBPI (0.1%) was added, regardless of incubation time. The protein patterns indicated that incubating the MP with MTG for 10 h resulted in protein crosslinking between MP and RBPI or SPI. Based on these results, RBPI and SPI could be used as an ingredient to increase textural properties and cooking yield of meat protein gel.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.841-846
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• 2015

This study was investigated to determine the effect of microbial transglutaminase (MTG) with or without red bean protein isolate (RBPI) on the porcine myofibrillar protein (MP) gel functionality at different pH values (pH 5.75-6.5). Cooking yield (CY, %), gel strength (GS, gf), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were determined to measure gel characteristics. Since no differences were observed the interaction between 1% RBPI and pH, data were pooled. CY increased with the addition of 1% RBPI, while it was not affected by pH values. GS increased with increased pH and increased when 1% RBPI was added, regardless of pH. There were distinctive endothermic protein peaks, at 56.55 and 75.02℃ at pH 5.75, and 56.47 and 72.43℃ at pH 6.5 in DSC results, which revealed decreased temperature of the first peak with the addition of 1% RBPI and increased pH. In SEM, a more compact structure with fewer voids was shown with the addition of 1% RBPI and increased pH from 5.75 to 6.5. In addition, the three-dimensional structure was highly dense and hard at pH 6.5 when RBPI was added. These results indicated that the addition of 1% RBPI at pH 6.5 in MTG-mediated MP represent the optimum condition to attain maximum gel-formation and protein gel functionality.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.284-288
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• 1992

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of pH and phytate level on the solubility of the protein due to binding between phytate and low-phytate rapeseed protein isolate by means of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results showed that the number of protein bands decreased by the increasing amount of phytate added to the soluble extract at pH 2.0 and 5.0 whereas there was no change at pH 11.5. Among 18 bands of rapeseed proteins at pH 2.0, seven bands (105.8, 52.3, 37.3, 34.8, 26.3, 21.3, 18.4 KDa) were removed by precipitation with 100 mg phytate addition and six bands (78.8, 46.5, 19.4, 16.8, 11.7, 8.5 KDa) further disappeared by 150 mg phytate addition. Among 15 bands at pH 5.0, only four bands disappeared by phytate addition. It is suggested that the functionality of rapeseed protein isolate can be improved by lowering the phytate content.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.49-55
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• 1970

In preparation of textured soybean protein, drying process of the isolated protein affected its gelling property and other related characteristics such as water holding capacity and viscosity. In model systems, denaturation of the protein, as determined in terms of nitrogen solubility index (NSI), was appeared to be a parameter of the gel strength of soybean protein isolate. The gel strength was maximum when the protein was denatured properly during drying process of which the NSI was 43 in this experiment and decreased at either the higher or the lower NSI. It indicated that proper denaturation of the protein during drying operation is advantagous for the preparation of textured soybean protein but not neccesary to make highly undenatured one.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2008

Prune dwarf virus (PDV) is an Ilarvirus systemically infecting almond trees and other Prunus species and spreading through pollen, among other means. We have studied strategies based on coat protein (cp) gene to block PDV replication in host plant cells. A Portuguese isolate of PDV was obtained from infected almond leaves and used to produce the cDNA of the cp gene. Various constructs were prepared based on this sequence, aiming for the transgenic expression of the original or modified PDV coat protein (cpPDVSense and cpPDVMutated) or for the expression of cpPDV RNA (cpPDVAntisense and cpPDVwithout start codon). All constructs were tested in a PDV host model, Nicotiana benthamiana, and extensive molecular characterization and controlled infections were performed on transformants and their progenies. Transgenic plants expressing the coat protein RNA were able to block the proliferation of a PDV isolate sharing only 91% homology with the isolate used for cpPDV cloning, as evaluated by DAS-ELISA on newly developed leaves. With cp expression, the blockage of PDV proliferation in newly developed leaves was only achieved with the construct cpPDV Mutated, where the coat protein has a substitution in the 14th aa residue, with arginine replaced by alanine. This result points to a possible role of the mutated amino acid in the virus ability to replicate and proliferate. This work reveals the possibility of achieving protection against PDV through either coat protein RNA or mutated cp sequence.