• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.163-177
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• 2008

Periodontal disease, a form of chronic inflammatory bacterial infectious disease, is known to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated in periodontal disease and widely studied for its role in the pathogenesis of CVD. A previous study demonstrating that periodontopathic P. gingivalis is involved in CVD showed that invasion of endothelial cells by the bacterium is accompanied by an increase in cytokine production, which may result in vascular atherosclerotic changes. The present study was performed in order to further elucidate the role of P. gingivalis in the process of atherosclerosis and CVD. For this purpose, invasion of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) by P. gingivalis 381 and its isogenic mutants of KDP150 ($fimA^-$), CW120 ($ppk^-$) and KS7 ($relA^-$) was assessed using a metronidazole protection assay. Wild type P. gingivalis invaded HASMCs with an efficiency of 0.12%. In contrast, KDP150 failed to demonstrate any invasive ability. CW120 and KS7 showed relatively higher invasion efficiencies, but results for these variants were still negligible when compared to the wild type invasiveness. These results suggest that fimbriae are required for invasion and that energy metabolism in association with regulatory genes involved in stress and stringent response may also be important for this process. ELISA assays revealed that the invasive P. gingivalis 381 increased production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and the chemotactic cytokines (chemokine) IL (interleukin)-8 and monocyte chemotactic (MCP) protein-1 during the 30-90 min incubation periods (P<0.05). Expression of RANTES (regulation upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), was increased in HASMCs infected with P. gingivalis 381 by RT-PCR analysis. P. gingivalis infection did not alter interferon-$\gamma$-inducible protein-10 expression in HASMCs. HASMC nonspecific necrosis and apoptotic cell death were measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and caspase activity assays, respectively. LDH release from HASMCs and HAMC caspase activity were significantly higher after a 90 min incubation with P. gingivalis 381. Taken together, P. gingivalis invasion of HASMCs induces inflammatory cytokine production, apoptotic cell death, and expression of TLR-4, a PRR which may react with the bacterial molecules and induce the expression of the chemokines IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES. Overall, these results suggest that invasive P. gingivalis may participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, leading to CVD.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.93-98
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• 1984

밀감피의 저장수단으로 밀기울 또는 요소를 첨가하거나 첨가하지 않는 4가지 종류의 밀감피싸일리지를 제조하였다. 밀감피싸일리지의 일반성분 및 휘발성지지방산 함량을 분석하였으며 싸일리지를 다시 건조 분쇄한 4가지 종류의 싸일리지 건조분말, 싸일리지화 하지 않는 밀감피를 건조 분쇄한 밀감피 건조분말 및 밀기울의 6가지 원료를 서로 비교하는 사양시험을 실시하였다. 부로일러 전용종인 Maniker 초생추 숫컷 360수률 6개처리 5반복으로 배치하고 시험사료에 6가지 원료를 각각 6% 첨가하여 8주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 사양시험 종료후 대사시험을 실시하여 영양소 이용율, 대소축적률 및 사료의 대사에너지함양을 측정하였는바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 밀감피를 싸일리지화 하였을 때 개형물의 조단백질 함양이 증가하였으며 밀기울이나 요소를 첨가함으로써 더욱 증가하였다. 2. 밀기울이나 요소를 첨가하여. 제조한 밀감피싸일리지의 휘발성지방산 함양이 증가하였는데 싸일리지를 건조시켰을 때에는 유기산 함량이 감소하였으며 싸일리지 처리간에도 차이가 없었다. 3. 밀감피 건조분말이나 밀감피싸일리지 건조분말을 급여한 병아리는 밀기울을 급여한 병아리에 비해 증체량이 약간 떨어졌으나 증체량, 사료섭취량 및 사료효율에 있어서 처리간에 유의차는 없었다. 4. 각 시험사료의 영양소 이용률, 질소축적율 및 대사에너지 함량에 있어서도 처리간에 유의차는 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 볼때 밀감피를 저장하는 수단으로 싸일리지를 제조하였다가 이를 건조 분쇄하여 배합사료의 원료로 사용할 수 있으며 부로일러 사료에 6%까지 사용하여도 증체량이나 사료효율에 큰 영향을 미치지 않음을 알 수 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.574-585
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• 2023

노인들에서 근감소증은 의료-간호비용 증가의 주요 원인 중 하나가 되고 있다. 한국에서는 근감소증 예방 대책이 일반적으로 특정 질병이 없는 노인들을 대상으로 하지만, 요양원-요양병원에서 집단 거주하는 노인들의 근감소증 대책도 필요하다. 근감소증은 운동량 감소, 단백질 및 영양분(미네랄, 비타민 포함) 섭취 감소, 테스토스테론 및 성장호르몬 변화, 염증 등의 원인으로 발생한다. 분자 생물학적인 정확한 병태생리 기전의 이해가 요구된다. 근감소증은 골다공증, 낙상으로 인한 골절, 치매, 당뇨병, 심혈관 질환 등의 증상을 연결될 수 있다. 비타민 B 패밀리(B1-3, B5-7, B9 및 B12) 결핍을 근감소증 유발의 연구 대상으로 선택한 이유는 다음과 같다. 이는 비타민 B가 에너지 및 단백질 대사에 직접 관여하여 정상적인 신경 기능 유지에 필수적이다. 비타민 B 결핍은 신경-근육 질환, 신경성 질환으로 나타날 수 있으며, 노인성 근감소증과 병행하는 경우가 많다. 노인들은 적정치 이하의 비타민 B 패밀리 섭취, 흡수 장애 및 무식증 문제 등을 겪을 가능성이 높다. 초고령화 사회에서 elderly가 자립적으로 일상생활을 할 수 있는 'health lifetime'을 유지하는 것은 개인의 행복추구와 사회경제적 부담을 줄일수 있는 최고의 목표이다. 본 연구는 근감소증과 관련하여 노인들의 근육량 감소 및 근육 기능 저하를 조절하는 수용성 비타민 B 패밀리의 최신 정보를 제공한다. 또한, 비타민 B 패밀리를 통한 마이오카인에 의한 근감소증의 조절 가능성도 소개한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권8호
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• pp.719-727
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• 2007

영양소 섭취수준과 골밀도 및 골대사 지표와의 관련성을 알아보고자 폐경 후 여성 225명을 대상으로 이들의 영양소 섭취량을 한국영양섭취기준의 권장섭취량 대비 75% 미만을 섭취하는 군과 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취군, 125% 이상을 섭취하는 군으로 구분하여 영양소 섭취수준에 따른 골밀도, 골대사 지표물질인 소변의 디옥시피리디놀린, 칼슘의 배설량을 비교분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 본 연구대상자의 골밀도 측정결과, 요추($L2{\sim}L4$)는 $0.86g/cm^2$이었으며, 대퇴경부가 $0.61g/cm^2$, 대퇴전자부는 $0.48g/cm^2$, 와드삼각부는 $0.42g/cm^2$를 나타났다. 본 연구대상자를 정상군(T값${\geq}-1$), 골감소증(-2.5${\leq}-2.5$)으로 구분한 결과, 와드삼각부는 전체 대상자중 79.1%, 대퇴경부는 전체의 67.6%가 골다공증인 것으로 나타났다. 2) 영양소섭취수준에 따른 골밀도를 비교한 결과, 단백질을 권장섭취량의 75% 미만 섭취하는 연구대상자의 대퇴경부 골밀도가 권장섭취량의 $75{\sim}125%$와 125% 이상을 섭취하는 군에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 3) 소변 디옥시피리디놀린 배설량은 단백질을 권장섭취량의 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취하는 군에서 75% 미만과 125% 이상 섭취하는 군 보다 유의적으로 낮게 배설하는 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.05), 또한 칼슘을 75% 미만 섭취한 군과 125% 이상 섭취한 군보다 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취한 군에서 소변의 디옥시피리디놀린의 배설이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 4) 소변 칼슘배설량은 단백질 섭취수준이 권장섭취량의 75% 미만 섭취 군과 125% 이상 섭취 군보다 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취 군에서 유의적으로 낮았고(p<0.05), 비타민 C의 경우도 권장섭취량의 75% 미만과 125% 이상 섭취군보다 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취 군에서 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 5) 연령 보정 후 단백질, 칼슘의 권장섭취량에 대한 비율은 대퇴경부 골밀도(각 p<0.05, p<0.01)와 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 또한 단백질(p<0.01)과 비타민 C(p<0.01), 나이아신(p<0.05)의 섭취량은 소변 중 칼슘 배설량과 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이와 같이 폐경 후 여성에게서 영양소 섭취수준에 따라 골대사 지표물질의 농도에도 차이를 보였으며, 특히 단백질의 섭취수준과 칼슘, 비타민 C의 섭취량이 유의적으로 영향을 미쳐 부족하거나, 과잉되지 않는 적정 섭취 범위 내에서 골용출이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 폐경 이후 여성의 골격건강을 위하여 영양소의 적정섭취가 중요하며 부족뿐만 아니라 건강을 염려한 특정영양소의 과잉 섭취도 바람직하지 않은 요인임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.419-427
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• 2016

There is a high association of heat shock on the alteration of energy and lipid metabolism. The alterations associated with thermal stress are composed of gene expression changes and adaptation through biochemical responses. Previous study showed that Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) root extract promoted adipogenic differentiation in murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes under the normal temperature condition. However, its effect in heat shocked 3T3-L1 cells has not been established. In this study, we investigated the effect of AGN root hot water extract in the adipogenic differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes following heat shock and its possible mechanism of action. Thermal stress procedure was executed within the same stage of preadipocyte confluence (G0) through incubation at $42^{\circ}C$ for one hour and then allowed to recover at normal incubation temperature of $37^{\circ}C$ for another hour before AGN treatment for both cell viability assay and Oil Red O. Cell viability assay showed that AGN was able to dose dependently (0 to $400{\mu}g/mL$) increase cell proliferation under normal incubation temperature and also was able to prevent cytotoxicity due to heat shock accompanied by cell proliferation. Confluent preadipocytes were subjected into heat shock procedure, recovery and then AGN treatment prior to stimulation with the differentiation solution. Heat shocked preadipocytes exhibited reduced differentiation as supported by decreased amount of lipid accumulation in Oil Red O staining and triglyceride measurement. However, those heat shocked preadipocytes that then were given AGN extract showed a dose dependent increase in lipid accumulation as shown by both evaluation procedures. In line with these results, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis showed that AGN increased adipogenic differentiation by upregulating heat shock protection related genes and proteins together with the adipogenic markers. These findings imply the potential of AGN in heat shock amelioration among 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through heat shock factor and proteins augmentation and enhanced adipogenic marker expression.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2011

Nesfatin-1/NUCB2, which is secreted from the brain, is known to control appetite and energy metabolism. Recent studies have been shown that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 was expressed not only in the brain, but it was also expressed in the gastric organs and adipose tissue. However, little is known about the expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 in the male reproductive system. Therefore, we examined whether the nesfatin-1/NUCB2 and its binding site exists in the male reproductive organs. Nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA and protein were detected in the mouse testis and epididymis by PCR and Western blot analysis. As a result of the immunohistochemistry staining, the nesfatin-1 protein was localized at the interstitial cells and Leydig cells in the testis. Nesfatin-1 binding sites were also displayed at boundary cells in the tunica albuginea. Furthermore, in order to examine if the expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA in the testis and epididymis were affected by gonadotropin, its mRNA expression was analyzed after PMSG administration into mice. NUCB2 mRNA expression levels were increased in both of the testis and epididymis after PMSG administration. These results demonstrated for the first time that nesfatin-1 and its binding site were expressed in the mouse testis and epididymis. In addition, nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA expression was controlled by gonadotropin, suggesting a possible role of nesfatin-1 in the male reproductive organs as a local regulator. Due to this, further study is needed to elucidate the functions of nesfatin-1 on the male reproductive system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2010

The effects of different levels of natural clay enterosorbent on the growth, nutrient availability, and genital organs of post-weaning female pigs fed with an addition of zearalenone (ZEA) were investigated in the study. A total of thirty-five post-weaning gilts ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$) with an average body weight of 12.36${\pm}$1.46 kg were used in the test. The gilts were raised individually in metabolism cages and fed a corn-soybean meal-whey basal diet with an addition of 0 or 1 mg/kg of ZEA for 24 d with four levels of natural clay enterosorbent added in the feed. The treatments were: i) control; ii) control+2.5 g/kg clay; iii) control+1 mg/kg ZEA; iv) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+1.25 g/kg clay; v) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+2.5 g/kg clay; vi) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+5.0 g/kg clay; vii) control+1 mg/kg ZEA +10 g/kg clay. Pigs fed diets contaminated with additional purified ZEA had significantly reduced apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE) and apparent metabolic rate of GE (ME/GE, p<0.05) without changes of net protein utilization (NPU, p>0.05). Final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), vulva length, vulva width, vulva area, relative weights of genital organ and proliferative changes of the ovary tissues in gilts fed ZEA-contaminated diet were increased (p<0.05) compared to the gilts fed the control diet. Addition of natural clay enterosorbent in the ZEA-contaminated diet showed a positive protection effect on ZEA feeding, and the protection was increased linearly or quadratically as clay content increased. However, in pigs fed a diet with clay alone at 2.5 g/kg level there was no significant impact (p>0.05) on all the parameters as compared to the control. It is suggested that feeding ZEA at about 1.0 mg/kg for 24 days might result in a deleterious effect in pigs, and addition of 5 or 10 g clay enterosorbent per kg diet can effectively neutralize the detrimental effects of the ZEA feeding.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2012

전남 여수시 가막만에서 양식되고 있는 피조개를 대상으로 2008년 12월부터 2009년 11월 동안 근육, 내장낭 및 몸체의 생화학적 체성분의 변동과 생식주기간의 관계를 계절적인 변동과 관련하여 조사하였다. 피조개 양식장의 월별 평균 수온은 겨울에 $7-12^{\circ}C$, 여름에 $20-25^{\circ}C$였으며, 염분은 평균 30.1-33.8‰에서 변화하였다. 영양염의 계절적 변화는 9월에 최대 ($13.04{\mu}g/L$) 를 보였으며, 연 평균농도는 $4.6{\mu}g/L$였다. 피조개의 주산란기는 7-8월이었으며, 겨울동안 생식소는 불활성기를 나타내었다. 단백질함량은 내장낭에서 낮았다. 체성분 가운데 가장 큰 변화는 내장낭내 지질과 탄수화물이었으며, 기관별 단백질은 연중 비교적 일정하였다. 내장낭은 생식주기 동안 가장 큰 변화를 보였으며, 내장낭내 수분과 지방의 함량은 다소 역관계를 보였다. 지방함량의 최대시기인 불활성기에 수분이 최소였으며, 산란 직후 지방함항은 가장 낮았으며, 지방이 소모되면서 수분함량이 증가하였다. 내장낭내 단백질 량은 근육에 비해 낮았다. 내장낭의 탄수화물, 지방 단백질은 생식소 발달과정동안 에너지원으로서 주요한 역할을 하며, 먹이가 부족한 시기에 기초대사유지를 위해 이용될 것으로 여겨진다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.525-535
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a 3 week low calorie diet (LCD) and a 9 week of behavior modification (BM) program on the weight loss, mineral and vitamin status in 22 obese women. The subject were healthy, obese (PIBW> $120\%$) women aged 20 - 50 Yr and not taking any medications known to influence body composition, mineral or vitamin metabolism During the LCD program, subjects were provided commercial liquid formulas with 125 kcal per pack and were instructed to have a formula for replacement of one meal and at least one regular meal per day within the range of daily 800 - 1200 kcal intake. During the BM program the subjects weekly attended the group nutrition counseling session to encourage themselves to modify their eating behavior and spontaneously restrict their energy intakes. The BM program focused on stimulus control, control of portion sizes and modification of binge eating and other adverse habits. The initial mean energy intake of subjects was 2016.9 $\pm$ 129.8 kcal ($100.8\%$ of RDA) and dropped to 1276.5 $\pm$ 435.7 kcal at the end of a 3 week of LCD program and elevated to 1762 $\pm$ 329.3 kcal at the end of a 9 week of BM program. Carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes were significantly decreased at the end of the LCD but carbohydrate was the only macro nutrient that showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) at the end of the BM program compared to baseline. Calcium and iron intakes decreased significantly (p < 0.01, respectively) with no significant changes in other micronutrients at the end of the LCD. The mean weight of the subjects decreased from 73.8 $\pm$ 8.0 kg to 69.2 $\pm$ 7.7 kg with LCD and ended up with 67.7 $\pm$ 7.1 kg after 9 weeks of BM. The 3 weeks of LCD reduced most of the anthropometric indices such as BMI, PIBW, fat weight, wast-to-hip ratio and subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thickness. The 9 weeks of behavior modification showed slight change or maintenance of each anthropometric measurements. Weight loss and decreased WHR with the diet program induced significantly decreased systolic blood pressure. SGOT, SGPT and serum insulin levels with improved serum lipid profiles. Biochemical parameters related to iron status such as hemoglobin, hematocrit were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) at the end of the LCD. But their mean values were within normal range. The mean serum 25 (OH) vitamin $D_3$ level significantly increased after whole diet program. Serum folate level significantly decreased after 12 weeks of diet program. In conclusion 3 weeks of LCD brought 4.6 kg reduction in body weight without risk of iron, zinc or vitamin D deficiency and 9 weeks of the BM was effective to maintain nutritional status with slightly more weight reduction (1.5 kg). However calcium intake and serum folate should be monitored during the LCD and BM because of increased risk of deficiencies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1446-1456
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• 1998

Bones are important parts in sustaining the shape of the body, but they are also metabolic organs which undergo bone remodeling by constant bone resorption and formation. Osteoporosis, the typical metabolic bone disease, is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD). Women more than men are at risk fir osteoporosis-related fractures, especially in the lumbar spine, wrist, and hip region. Risk of fracture depends on one's BMD, which open determined by the peak bone mass value achieved at skeletal maturity and followed by subsequent age-and menopause-related bone loss. Genetic and environmental factors are known to play a key role in bone metabolism and diet is considered as one of the important environmental factors. The purpose of the present study was to assess the status of BMD and bone mineral content(BMC) to clarify the relationships between dietary intakes and the risk of osteoporosis in adult women in Taegu. Subjects were 130 healthy females in between 20 and 69 years of age. BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine(venebrae L2-4) of the subjects were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The average age of the subjects was 47.4${\pm}$11.7 years old, the average weight was 57.2${\pm}$8.4kg, the average age of menarche was 16.6${\pm}$1.9 years old and the average age of menopause was 48.4${\pm}$5.3 years old. The nutrient intakes of the subjects measured by the convenient method were generally lower than the level of RDA. The result of nutrient intake assessed has shown that the average energy intake was 1701${\pm}$316kca1 which is 85.1% of the RDA and the average calcium intake was 485.4${\pm}$172.3mg which is 69.3% of the RDA. The intakes of protein, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, niacin were greater than the RDA, whereas the remaining nutrient intakes were lower than the RDA. The average BMD of the subjects was shown to be 1.06${\pm}$1.09g/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The highest BMD of 1.24${\pm}$0.14g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was noticed in the subjects of 30s compared to 20s, 40s, 50s, 60s. The BMD values were compared by the relative body weight(R3W) of the menopause subjects, and it was found that the underweight group had significant lower BMB while the rest of the groups did not have any differences in BMD. The most strongly correlated nutrient with BMD among the menopause subjects appeared to be calcium. The women whose Ca intakes were higher than 500mg showed the significantly higher BMD than those with Ca intakes lower than 500mg. This study suggests that the most effective way to prevent osteoporosis and to reduce the incidences of fractures seems to be minimizing bone loss through the adequate intake of calcium as well as avoiding underweight, especially in menopausal women. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) . 1446-1456, 1998)