• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 1997

An experiment with growing bulls were conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of a straw (S) with 15% molasses and 3% urea as an intimate mix (UMS) on its dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility (DMD) and reduction of methane ($CH_4$) production from fermentation in vitro of the straw. In the next experiment, the feeding of the UMS was compared with that of the feeding of molasses and urea in meals (DS) or in lick blocks (DSUMB) as supplements to straw. The UMS feeding increased daily intake of straw DM ($89.5 g{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}$, p < 0.01) and digestible crude protein (DCP 333 g, p < 0.001) and nitrogen (N) balances ($508mg{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, p < 0.01) of the bulls than the feeding of 'S' ($65g{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}$, 55 g and $8.0mg{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, respectively). It also increased the digestibility of DM ($594g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.05), organic matter (OM, $641g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.05), CP ($619g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre (ADF, 773, p < 0.05). The $CH_4$ emitted per g of DOM apparently fermented in the rumen (DOMR) was 91.0 ml in the 'S' and reduced (p < 0.05) to 61.6 ml in the UMS. The feeding of the UMS when compared with that of the DS or DSUMB also gave a higher straw intake (1.77% of live weight, LW, p <0.01) and ADF digestibility ($516g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.05) than the other diets (1.52% or 1.55% LW and 472 or $490g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively) in association with the increased microbial N yield in the rumen (14.1, 5.62 or $17.0g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DOMR, respectively, p < 0.05), daily LW gains (233, 125 or 93 g, respectively, p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratios of the diets (26.0, 56.1, or 57.6 g feed/g LW gain, p > 0.05, respectively). It can be concluded that molasses and urea feeding as an intimate mix with straw (UMS) increased its digestion and intake in association with a reduced methane emissions in the rumen. When compared with that of their feeding in meals or in lick blocks as supplements to straw the UMS gave the highest straw in take and digestion and live weight gains of growing bulls concurring the finding that the UMS system may be the best way of molasses and urea feeding to ruminants fed straws.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.23.1-23.7
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• 2016

The effects of daily feeding frequency (Exp I), water temperature (Exp II), and stocking density (Exp III) on the growth of river puffer, Takifugu obscurus, juvenile fish of 10 and 40 g in body weight were examined to develop effective techniques to produce river puffer in a non-exchange water system. In Exp I, fish were fed commercial floating feed with 45 % protein one to five times per day to apparent satiation each by hand daily for 8 weeks at $25^{\circ}C$. In both the 10- and 40-g size groups, the final body weight, daily feed consumption, and weight gain of fish fed one meal per day were significantly lower than those of fish fed five meals per day (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the final body weight, daily feed consumption, and weight gain among fish fed two, three, and five meals per day. Feed efficiency showed decreasing tendency with increasing size of fish. In Exp II, fish of 10 and 40 g in initial body weight were reared with the commercial feed at $15-30^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. The weight gain of fish increased with raising water temperature up to $25^{\circ}C$ and decreased drastically at $30^{\circ}C$ for both sizes. The Q10 of specific growth rate was decreased with raising water temperature from 5.04 (temperature interval, $15-20^{\circ}C$) to 0.66 ($25-30^{\circ}C$) for the 10-g fish and from 4.98 to 0.31 for the 40-g fish. In Exp III, the effect of stocking density on growth was examined with fish of 10 and 40 g in initial body weight. The final body weight for initial stocking densities of 4, 8, and $12kg/m^3$ was significantly higher than that of $20kg/m^3$ for the 10-g fish, and the final stocking density reached 10.1, 19.2, 28.7, and $39.9kg/m^3$, respectively. For the 40-g fish, the final body weight for initial stocking densities of 3 and $6kg/m^3$ was significantly higher than that of 9 and $15kg/m^3$ and the final stocking density reached 7.38, 13.5, 17.1, and $27.5kg/m^3$, respectively (P < 0.05). In both groups, weight gain tended to decrease with increasing stocking density; however, survival showed no significant difference.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.343-355
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• 2013

This study analyzed the dietary habits and nutrient intake status of adult drinkers in Korea. Alcohol drinking patterns were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Among 4,968 persons, 91.5% were drinkers. Classification of their drinking patterns by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score showed 64.5% of the drinkers were normal drinkers, 22.4% problem drinkers and 13.2% alcohol-dependent drinkers. Overall, 47% of the drinkers were considered alcohol-dependent in the Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS4). Significant differences were found between those who abstained from alcohol (86.8%) and alcohol-dependent drinkers (68.9%); when asked about breakfast habits 73.4% of non-drinkers often had family meals, while only 55.4% of the alcohol-dependent drinkers had family meals. Dietary energy, alcohol energy, and total energy intake significantly increased for the alcohol-dependents (P<0.001). In addition, the intake of eight nutrients (protein, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, calcium, phosphorous and iron), significantly increased in the following order (least to highest): abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P <0.05). Nutrient Adequacy Ratios (NAR) of all nutrients, except vitamin C, and the Mean nutrient Adequacy Ratio (MAR) significantly increased in the following order (least to highest): abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P<0.05). The intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin per 1,000 kcal, according to drinking pattern, decreased in the order of abstainers, normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol, and alcohol-dependent drinkers (P<0.001). The above results show that the nutrient intake of normal drinkers, drinkers with a moderate addiction to alcohol, and alcohol-dependent drinkers are higher than abstainers. However, overall intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin per 1,000 kcal was low. Therefore it is necessary to increase vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin intake for drinkers.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.285-295
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the awareness of dietary patterns and health of full-time and employed housewives. The investigation gathered information on general characteristics, dietary lifestyle, nutritional status, and health by questionnaire as well as anthropometric measurements. The subjects included housewives living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province (86 full-time and 127 working housewives) during November 2009 to January 2010. The average age, height, and weight of the housewives were $45.8{\pm}7.6\;yr$, $161.0{\pm}8.4\;cm$, and $55.7{\pm}6.3\;kg$, respectively. The average monthly income of the households was 3 million to 5 million won (31.4% full-time and 37.0% working housewives), and their average food expense was 200,000 to 500,000 won (46.5% full-time and 48.1% working housewives). More than 90% of the studied homes were nuclear families and the most common number of children was 2 to 3 (79.1% full-time and 76.4% working housewives). The ratio of employed housewives who ate regular meals was 35.4%, but that of the full-time housewives was 48.2% (p<0.05). Of the working housewives, 7.1% never ate breakfast and the primary reason for skipping breakfast was 'busy in the morning' (61.1%). The type of food that the housewives preferred when eating out was Korean food, both for the full-time and employed housewives (76.0%). All the housewives overate calories and the full-time housewives ate more protein, fat, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, and cholesterol than the employed housewives (p<0.05). Both the full-time and employed housewives were more satisfied with supper than with other meals. About 30.6% of the full-time and 33.9% of the working housewives had no interest in health, but answered that regular exercise was very important for health (33.3% full-time and 39.7% working housewives). In conclusion, working housewives have poor dietary habits and nutrient intakes, thus substantial measures to improve these problems are urgently needed.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.327-334
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• 1997

카제인과 알파전분으로 구성된 표준사료 70%와 실험코자하는 원료사료 30%를 함유하는 시험사료를 제조하여 평균 어체중 55 g의 이스라엘 잉어에 의한 원료사료의 단백질, 지방, 회분, 칼슘, 인 및 에너지 소화율을 측정하였다. 소화율의 측정은 27일간의 성장실험과 병행하여 수행되었는데, 분채집은 성장실험의 최종 10일간 행하였다. 실험기간 동안의 수온은 26-$30^\circC$로 유지되었으며 사료는 일일 5회씩 급여하였다. 본 실험에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 일인산칼슘(MCP) 함유구를 섭취한 어류의 증체량, 사료요구율 및 단백질 이용효율이 처리구중 가장 우수하였으며, 어분 함유구가 공히 그 다음으로 우수한 성장 및 단백질 이용효율을 나타내었다. 식물성 원료사료중에서는 맥주효모 및 콘글루텐 함유구가 성장과 단백질 이용효율이 우수하였다. 전반적으로 실험어류는 실험사료를 잘 섭취하였으며, 정상적인 성장을 보였다. 단백질 소화율은 대두박(SBM)이 91.9%로 시험원료중 가장 높았으며, 호마박(SSM)이 77.6%로 가장 낮았다. 어분(간접식 백색어분 : WFM-S : 직접식 백색어분 : WFM-F : 갈색어분 : BFM)의 경우 85.8% (BFM)에서 87.8% (WFM-F)로 86.6%의 소화율을 나타낸 소맥분 (WFL)과 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 어분의 지방 소화율은 83.5% (BFM)에서 85.8% (WFM-S와 WFM-F)로 유사하였으며, 호마박(SSM)이나 맥주효모(BY)의 소화율과 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편, 시험원료중 지방함량이 가장 낮았던 SBM과 콘글루텐(CGM)의 소화율은 각각 88.3% 및 74%로 처리구중 각각 가장 높은 수치와 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 회분의 소화율은 MCP가 77.1%로 가장 우수하였으며, BY가 62.5%로 그 다음이었다. WFM-F은 4.8%인데 비해 WFM-S와 BFM은 각각 10.7% 및 10.6%로 유사하였다. CGM은 1.5%로 처리구중 가장 낮았다. 칼슘의 소화율은 회분 소화율과 동일한 경향을 보였으며, 인 소화율의 경우 WFM-S가 13.6%로 WFM-F (6.6%)와 BFM (8.5%)에 비해 높았다. BY 및 MCP의 인 소화율은 각각 57.2% 및 80.6%로 높게 나타났다. 에너지 소화율은 어분이 77.4-81.3%로 식물성 원료사료에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 식물성 원료사료중에서는 BY가 70.6%로 SBM, SSM 및 WFL과 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 CGM (64.5%)은 이들중 가장 낮았다(P<0.05). 본 실험의 결과 자료는 이스라엘 잉어에 의한 관행 원료사료내 영양소 및 에너지의 이용율의 수준을 보여주고 있으며, 사료배합시 또는 배합된 사료내 가소화 단백질 및 이용가능 인 함량을 예견하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 가소화 에너지 소화율 자료는 대부분의 시판잉어사료가 잎스트루젼 공정을 거쳐 제조된다는 점을 고려할 때 이용가능한 에너지 함량계산에 직접 활용될 수는 없을 것이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.53-63
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• 1974

서울시내 아파트중에서 경제적인 수준을 볼 때 상(上), 중상(中上), 중(中), 하(下)의 계등별 특색이 나타날 수 있는 한강 멘숀아파트, KIST 아파트, 문화촌 아파트, 북아현 시민아파트 주민의 일반적인 식새활 현황및 영양과 식품 섭취 실태 조사결과는 다음과 같다. A. 조사대상자(調査對象者)의 일반환경(一般環境) 세대주의 학력이 제일 높은 KIST 아파트가 한강 멘숀 아파트보다 식생활비는 오히려 적은 펀이었으나 가족영양 및 기타 영양문제를 항상 고려하고 계획성 있는 식생활을 하는 경향이었다. 고기류, 생선류의 섭취 빈도는 한강멘숀, KIST, 문화촌 아파트는 하루에 한번 섭취하는 경우가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 조리할 때 조미료나 식품의 양은 대부분 눈짐작으로 하지만, 계량컵, 제량스픈, 저울을 사용하는 경우는 KIST 아파트가 제일 많은 편이었고 식사할 때 개인접시 및 napkin의 사용은 한강 멘숀과 KIST 아파트에서 많은 편이었다. 먹고 남은 음식은 조금 남은 것은 버리는 경우가 대부분이고 냉장고에 식품을 보관할 때는 대개 뚜껑을 덮거나 싸서 넣는 경우가 많았다. B. 영양섭취실태(營養攝取實態) 1인(人) 1일(日) 열량 섭취량은 한강멘숀, KIST, 문화촌, 시민아파트 순으로 경제적인 생활수준과 거의 비슷한 경향을 보여 주었으나 총열량 섭취량중 탄수화물, 지방, 담백질의 비율은 이상 권장량인 탄수화물 65%, 지방 20%, 만백질 15%에 거의 비슷한 경향으로 나타났다. 대체적으로 단백질, Fe, Vit. A, Niacin의 의섭취량은 권장량 이상을 취하고 있으나 Ca, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Vit. C의 섭취량은 권장량에 미달되는 경향이 있었다. C. 식품섭취실태(食品攝取實態) 1인(人) 1일(日) 섭취하는 식품의 양은 북아현 시민아파트가 가장 많고 한강 멘숀아파트가 가장 적게 나타나 경제적인 생활수준 혹은 총 Calorie 섭취량과는 반대되는 경향을 나타내었다. 식품 총 섭취량에 대한 각 식품군의 섭취 비율을 보면 어느 아파트나 곡류의 섭취율이 $45{\sim}50%$로서 가장 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 그외의 식품군 중에는 한강 멘숀과 KIST 아파트는 육류의 성취율이 가장 높았고 문화촌과 북아현 시민아파트는 김치류의 섭취율이 가장 높았다. 채소류와 과일류의 섭취율은 한강 멘숀과 KIST 아파트가 높은 반면 저류의 섭취율은 한강 멘숀아파트가 가장 낮았다. 단백질 급원으로서 한강멘숀과 KIST 아파트는 주로 육류를, 문화촌 아파트에서는 곡류와 생선류를 그리고 북아현 시민 아파트에서는 주로 두류를 많이 섭취하는것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 1978

Recently this writer has conducted a comprehensive survey of 38 private businesses where group feeding is practiced, with a view to determining the condition of nutrition intake by the blue collar workers of these businesses firms as well as gaining an indication of their facilities management along with their sanitary precautions. The survey has revealed, among others, a number of interesting data such as shown below. 1. There are a total of 1,054 workers being fed in groups daily at each of the above business companies, with only one nutrition specialist regardless of the number of workers to be fed or the number of times they are fed daily. The average number of cooks comes to 2.7 persons per 100 workers, while 42.2% of the companies provide four meals a day including mid-night supper, with the result that the workers are fed 3.13 times a day on an average. 2. The average feeding cost amounts to 151 won per meal per person, of which 86 won is payed by the workers themselves and 115 won by the companies involved. 3. The average fbod intake has been found to be 490 grams which can be further broken down into 44grams of animal food and 446grams of vegetable food. These figures are higher than those revealed by the 1975 investigation of the nation's average nutrition intake. 4. The survey also shows the daily calorie consumption per person to be as high as 896 calories including 37 grams of protein which is further broken down into 11 grams of animal protein and 26grams of vegetable protein. With respect to other types of nutrients excepting Vitamin-A, the companies concerned are believed to prorids more than what the survey of the nation's nutrition has revealed or the amount recommended by Korea FAO assoc!ation as desirable. 5. As for facilities management, there is still much room for future improvement. Some 97.4% of the companies surveyed are not equipped with the steam table, which indicates lack of concern along this line as well as a very how degree of equipment utilizations. Distribution of the food in the dining room is generally depedent on self-service method. 6. Speaking of sanitary precautions taken by those businesses involved, some 76.3% are found to have their compounds haunted by rats and other insects. Some 73.7% of them are dependent on boiling method for disinfection of kitchen utensils, which is conducted by 50% of those industries only two or three times a week. It seems hardly feasible to conduct disinfection everyday.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.40.1-40.14
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• 2016

Background: Due to the paucity of oceanic resources utilized in the preparation of diets for cultured fish, commercial feed producers have been trying to replace fishmeal (FM) using alternative protein sources such as vegetable protein meals (VMs). One of the main drawbacks of using VMs in fish feed is related to the presence of a variety of anti-nutritional factors, which could trigger an inflammation process in the distal intestine. This reduces the capacity of the enterocytes to absorb nutrients leading to reduced fish growth performances. Methods: We evaluated the mitigating effects of butyrate and taurine used as feed additives on the morphological abnormalities caused by a soybean meal (SBM)-based diet in the distal intestine of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We used three experimental diets, containing the same low percentage of FM and high percentage of SBM; two diets were supplemented with either 0.2% sodium butyrate or taurine. Histological changes in the intestine of fish were determined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Infiltration of $CD45^+$ leucocytes in the lamina propria and in the submucosa was assessed by immunohistochemistry. We also quantified by One-Step Taqman$^{(R)}$ real-time RT-PCR the messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of a panel of genes involved in the intestinal mucosa inflammatory response such as $TNF{\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and interleukins: IL-8, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-10, and IL-6. Results: Fish that received for 2 months the diet with 30% soy protein (16.7% SBM and 12.8% full-fat soy) developed an inflammation in the distal intestine, as confirmed by histological and immunohistochemistry data. The expression of target genes in the intestine was deeply influenced by the type of fish diet. Fish fed with taurine-supplemented diet displayed the lowest number of mRNA copies of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-8, and IL-10 genes in comparison to fish fed with control or butyrate-supplemented diets. Dietary butyrate caused an upregulation of the $TNF{\alpha}$ gene transcription. Among the quantified interleukins, IL-6 was the only one to be not influenced by the diet. Conclusions: Histological and gene expression data suggest that butyrate and taurine could have a role in normalizing the intestinal abnormalities caused by the SBM, but the underling mechanisms of action seem different.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.729-738
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• 1998

In order to investigate the types of enteral nutrition formulas currently used in hospitals and evaluate and categorize the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas formulas available in the domestic market, we asked dietitians working in 6 hospitals in Seoul to complete the questionnaire and obtained compositional characteristics of 12 commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas. The average proportion of patients receiving the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas(60.6%) was greater than that of patients receiving the in-hospital preparations(31.9%). In the group of patients receiving the in-hospital prepared formulas, the enteral feeding was mainly administered orally, whereas, in the group of patients receiving the commercially prepared formulas, tube feeding was the primary route of formula administration. In both groups, however, a greater proportion of patients received the formulas as total replacements of their meals and for the purpose of dietary supplementation. On the basis of major criteria for evaluation of the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas, the 6 products out of the 9 nutritionally complete products formulated for the purpose of dietary supplementation were grouped into the same category(standard protein, caloric density of 1kcal/ml, and tube/oral), so they were considered therapeutically comparable. However, the remaining 3 products were different in protein content(high protein) or route of administration(tube only). Of the 3 nutritionally complete products formulated specifically for the purpose of dietary therapy, 2 products were formulated for patients with renal disease, and the one product was formulated for diabetic patients. Therefore, the data in this study showed that the commercially prepared enteral nutriton formulas became an important part of the enteral nutrition for hospitalized patients in Korea, but the domestic market has not yet generated a wide variety of the formulas, not providing many choices for clinicians to manage the diets for their patients. The results of this study would be helpful for clinicians in choosing appropriate products for their patients, for manufactures in developing new products, and for regulatory authorities to establish the regulation for the broad group of heterogeneous products that are marketed and will be developed as medical foods. In addition, the process of maintaining the categories for evaluation of the commercially prepared enteral nutrition formulas should be dynamic because new products may not reasonably fit any of the existing categories.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.279-288
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• 2017

Objectives: Recommended Menu (RM) prepared according to the Target Pattern expected to meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) of nutrients. Nutritional adequacy of RM in 'DRI for Koreans 2015' were analyzed to verify whether such expectation was fulfilled. Methods: Dishes in RM are categorized by 5 food groups, and number and types of dishes for main meal and between-meals were analyzed. The energy and 12 nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C) contents in 10 RMs were calculated using the food composition table (CD) in 'DRI for Koreans'. Energy, energy contribution ratio, and nutrient contents in 10 RMs for 18 age groups were evaluated based on the 'DRI for Koreans 2015'. Results: Number of dishes per meal were 4.83, and representative table setting consisted of cooked rice + soup (or stew) +3 side dishes. Energy contents of RM were 75~109% of estimated energy requirement (EER). None of the RM met the DRI of all 12 nutrients examined. Calcium was the most insufficient nutrient. Only 1-2 years' RM met the DRI, all the other RMs did not meet the calcium DRI. Dietary fiber and potassium contents were also insufficient in most RM. In adult male's RM, only 1 nutrient, i.e. calcium did not meet the DRI, but in female adult's RM, 5~6 nutrients did not meet the DRI. Energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat in RM were 59.0~70.4%, 15.7~17.5%, 12.1~23.5%, respectively. And 4 RMs out of 10 exceeded the upper limit of acceptable macro-nutrient distribution range (AMDR) of carbohydrate and 3 RMs out of 10 RM were below the lower limit of fat AMDR. Contribution ratio of nutrients were ${\geq}40%$ by food groups were as follows: grain group in energy and carbohydrate; meat fish egg legume group in fat, protein, and niacin; vegetables group in dietary fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C; milk dairy products group in calcium. Conclusions: RM prepared according to the Target Pattern did not meet nutritional adequacy as expected. Especially calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber contents are needed to be increased in many RMs. Further, energy content in RM needs to be adjusted for fat sugar food group assigned in Target Pattern and condiment.