• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.551-560
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• 2014

Twenty-four male 1-year old swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were randomly allocated to 4 groups. One group grazed on guinea grass (GG) and another on guinea grass and the legume Stylosanthes guianensis (GL). The other two groups were kept in pens and fed freshly cut guinea grass and concentrate at an amount of 1.5% (GC1.5) and 2.0% (GC2.0) of body weight, respectively. The effect of the different feeding intensities on carcass characteristics and meat quality were assessed. The mean body weight at slaughter was 398 (${\pm}16$) kg. Average daily gain was higher in concentrate-supplemented groups (570 and 540 g/d in GC1.5 and GC2.0, respectively) when compared to GG (316 g/d) and GL (354 g/d) (p<0.01). Likewise, the warm carcass weight was higher in GC1.5 and GC2.0 compared to GG and GL. Dressing percentage was 48.1% and 49.5% in GC1.5 and GC2.0 in comparison to 42.9% and 44.8% observed in GG and GL, respectively. Meat of Longissimus throracis from GC1.5 and GC2.0 was redder in color (p<0.01), while water holding capacity (drip and thawing loss) was improved in pasture-fed groups (p<0.05). Protein and fat content of Longissimus thoracis was higher in animals supplemented with concentrate (p<0.01), as was cholesterol content (p<0.05), whereas PUFA:SFA ratio was higher and n-6/n-3 ratio lower (p<0.01) in pasture-fed buffaloes. Results of the present study showed that the supplementation of pasture with concentrate enhances the growth and carcass characteristics of swamp buffaloes expressed in superior dressing percentage, better muscling, and redder meat with a higher content of protein and fat, whereas animals grazing only on pasture had a more favorable fatty acid profile and water holding capacity. In conclusion, the supplementation of concentrate at a rate of about 1.5% of body weight is recommended to improve the performance and carcass quality of buffaloes.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2018

11 종의 목이버섯 자실체로부터 얻은 50% EtOH추출물을 사용하여 지방전구세포인 3T3-L1의 지방세포 분화억제 효과를 확인한 모든 strain에서 억제효과가 존재하였다. 털목이에서는 21001 균주가 가장 우수하였고 흑목이에서는 21002 균주가 억제효과가 우수하였다. 전반적으로 털목이가 흑목이에 비해 지방세포 분화억제 효과가 우수하였다. 또한 Adipocyte RNA 발현량과 protein 발현량 측정 실험에서도 털목이 21001 균주가 지방세포 분화억제 효과에 있어서 가장 우수하였다. 털목이 21001 버섯을 사용하여 동물실험을 진행한 결과 털목이 자실체 분말이나 50% EtOH 추출물을 급여한 실험에서 체중 감소효과가 나타났으며, 특히 EtOH 추출물 0.2%를 급여한 군에서 유의하게 감소함을 확인하였다(*P<0.05). 동물 희생 후 적출한 간 중량 및 부고환지방량과 혈청 내 중성지방 및 총 콜레스테롤, 혈당, ALT, AST 등도 털목이버섯 21001 EtOH 추출물 0.1% 이상 급여 시 고지방식이만을 급여한 군에 비해 유의차(*P<0.05 이상) 있게 감소함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.447-456
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of energy level of concentrate feed in finishing Hanwoo steers for 6 months before slaughter. Feeding trial was done with 2 treatment groups, IDN72 (72% of TDN in concentrate) and TDN74 (74 % of TDN in concentrate). The body weight (from 19 to 24 months) tended to be higher in TDN74 than in TDN72, but was not significant. Average daily gain of TDN74 was higher by 4.4 % in comparison to TDN72. There was no significant differences in concentrate, dry matter and TDN intake per I kg body weight gain between TDN72 and TDN74. And there was a tendency to improve crude protein intake per I kg body weight gain by increasing TDN content from 72 to 74 %. The dressing percentage tended to be higher in TDN74 than in TDN72, but was not significant. Salable meat percentage tended to be lower in TDN74 than in TDN72 because of higher body fat percentage in TDN74 than in TDN72. There were no significant differences in marbling score, meat color, fat color, carcass weight, rib-eye area and back fat thickness between TDN72 and TDN74. Significant differences were not found in shear value, cooking loss, water holding capacity or moisture and protein contents of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles between TDN72 and TDN74. Fat content of LD muscles tend to be lower in TDN74 than in IDN72 but without any significance. There was a tendency to improve juiciness and taste by feeding IDN74 rather than TDN72. Especially, tenderness of TDN74 was increased by 7.4% in comparison to TDN72 (p < 0.05). Gross income from TDN74 was higher than TDN72 by 5% The results suggested that significant differences were not found in growth performance, feed conversion and carcass characteristics between TDN72 and TDN74. The results also show that more studies are required to clarify the energy level for finishing Hanwoo steers.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.931-944
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• 2016

본 연구는 한우의 성별 발육성적, 혈액성상 및 도체특성을 비교하고자 수행되었다. 처리구는 12개월령 한우 수소구(4두, 체중 $339.8{\pm}18.5kg$), 거세우구(4두, 체중 $309.8{\pm}13.2kg$), 암소구(3두, 체중 $290.0{\pm}16.7kg$)를 개체 사료급여기가 부착된 우사에 배치하여 총 20개월간 시험을 수행하였다. 일당증체량은 비육전기에는 한우 수소, 거세우 및 암소간에 차이가 없었으나 비육중기부터 수소구가 높았으며 암소구가 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 공시축의 체형차이는 24개월령부터 나타나, 한우 암소는 체고와 체장에서 가장 작았으나(p<0.05), 체고는 32개월령대에서는 처리구간에 차이가 없었다. 12개월령 공시축의 혈액성분 중, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose 및 total protein함량은 암소구에서 높았으며, GPT 수준은 수소구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 혈청 GOT 수준은 처리구 공히, 비육후기에 높았으며, 수소구에서 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 육량지수는 수소구와 암소구가 비슷한 수준이었으며, 거세우구가 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 육질평가에서 근내지방도는 거세우구와 암소구가 수소구보다 유의적으로 높았고(p<0.05), 육질등급은 거세우구가 가장 높았다. 본 시험은 한우사양표준 개정에 있어서 성별간 비교를 위한 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1233-1242
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• 2011

The in vivo digestibility of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) and the effects of the partial replacement of cotton seed with fresh mulberry leaf in rations on the performance of growing Vietnamese cattle was investigated. For the in vivo digestibility trial, twenty castrated rams of Phanrang breed (a local prolific breed) with an initial weight of 23-25 kg, were first assigned to four groups according to weight and then randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments to determine digestibility of nutrients in mulberry leaves (M. alba), natural Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and buffalo grass (Panicum maximum cv. TD 58). All forages were cut and chopped daily before being offered (at 120% maintenance) to the sheep. In the feeding trial, 20 Laisind (Vietnam yellow cows${\times}$Red Sindhy bulls) crossbred bulls averaged 18 month old and 184 kg were used to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cottonseed in the diet by mulberry leaves on live weight gain and feed conversion rate. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four levels of fresh mulberry leaves which varied from 0 to 15% of total dietary dry mater and five animals per treatment over an 84 day period. The in vivo digestion trial showed the superior quality of mulberry leaves compared with the grasses. Chemical analysis indicated that mulberry leaves had the highest CP and the lowest NDF contents (22.3 and 31.1% DM, respectively) among the four forages tested. Digestibility of DM and OM of the mulberry leaf (66.4 and 71.8%, respectively) was also the highest but that of CP (58.2%) and NDF (58.4%) was the lowest of the four forages evaluated (p<0.05). Consequently, the ME value and therefore net energy (NE) and unit feed for lactation (UFL) values of the mulberry leaves, which was estimated from chemical composition and digestibility values, were the highest among the forages investigated in the present study. Results of the feeding trial showed no treatment effect on average daily gain (ADG) of the cattle. The values were 554, 583, 565 and 568 g/d for animals in the diets of 0, 5, 10, and 15% mulberry leaves inclusion, respectively. Total DM intake of the animal was not affected by the treatment when expressed as kg/animal/d. However, when adjusted for metabolic weight of the animal the DM intake was reduced (p<0.05) as whole cottonseed was replaced by mulberry leaves in the ration. When the level of mulberry leaves in the ration increased from 5 to 15% of dietary DM at the expense of whole cottonseed, CP and ME intakes of the cattle were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and the feed to gain ratio reduced by 8 to 14% as compared with the control diet (p<0.05). Mulberry leaf is a good feed ingredient for ruminants because of its high level of crude protein and high digestibility of nutrients and energy. Mulberry leaves can be efficiently used as a source of protein supplement to replace cottonseed, a more expensive animal feeds ingredient, in the diet for Vietnamese cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.1067-1075
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• 2007

Twenty eight 3-4 month old castrated Black Bengal kids (Capra hircus) were used to determine the effects of source and level of dietary copper (Cu) concentration on their performance and nutrient utilization. Cu was supplemented (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg diet DM) as copper sulfate ($CuSO_4$, $5H_2O$) or copper proteinate (Cu-P). Kids were fed a basal diet containing maize (19.5%), soybean (17.0%), deoiled rice bran (56.5%), molasses (4.0%), di-calcium phosphate and salt (1.0% each) and mineral and vitamin mixture (0.5% each) supplements at 3.5% of body weight to meet NRC (1981) requirements for protein, energy, macro minerals and micro minerals, excluding Cu. The basal diet contained 5.7 mg Cu/kg, 122.5 mg Fe/kg, 110 mg Zn/kg, 0.26 mg Mo/kg and 0.32% S. $CuSO_4$ or Cu-P was added to the basal diet at the rate of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg. Kids were housed in a well ventilated shed with facilities for individual feeding in aluminum plated metabolic cages. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on d 0, 30, 60 and 90 to determine hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC) and serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine transferase and aspertate transferase). A metabolism trial of 6 days duration was conducted after 90 days of experimental feeding. Statistical analysis revealed that source and level of Cu supplementation improved live weight gain (p<0.04) and average daily gain (p<0.01). No significant contribution of source and level of Cu to alter serum serum enzymes was evident. Goats fed Cu-P tended to have higher Hb, PCV and TEC than with $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Cu-P increased digestibility of ether extract (EE, p<0.02) and crude fiber (p<0.05) and showed an increasing trend (p<0.09) for digested crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF). Supplemental dose of Cu linearly improved (p<0.02) digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), EE and nitrogen free extract (NFE). Though the absorption of nitrogen (N) was not affected (p>0.10) by both source and dose of Cu, N retention was affected (p<0.04) and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction (p<0.05). Final body weight (BW) was not influenced (p>0.10) by the source of Cu but increasing dose of Cu increased (p<0.04) the BW of kids. TDN intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) was higher (p<0.05) with the increased dose of Cu and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction. It was concluded that supplementation of Cu from different sources and varying dose level in a concentrate based diet may improve performance, nutrient utilization and plane of nutrition in castrated Black Bengal kids. The effects on performance and nutrient utilization are more pronounced with Cu-P than $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Higher dose of Cu showed better result than lower dose.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2014

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary taurine supplementation on the growth performance of juvenile rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Triplicate groups of 25 fish averaging $2.72{\pm}0.04$ g ($mean{\pm}SD$) were fed one of six experimental diets prepared by adding taurine at 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 3.0% (Control, $Tau_{0.25}$, $Tau_{0.5}$, $Tau_{1.0}$, $Tau_{1.5}$ and $Tau_{3.0}$, respectively). At the end of the feeding trial, the weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the $Tau_{0.5}$, $Tau_{1.0}$ and $Tau_{1.5}$ diets were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of fish fed the Control and $Tau_{0.25}$ diets. The feed efficiency of fish fed the $Tau_{0.5}$ diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the Control, $Tau_{0.25}$ and $Tau_{3.0}$ diets. Fish fed the $Tau_{1.0}$ diet had higher whole-body crude protein content than fish fed the Control diet, while the crude lipid content of fish fed the $Tau_{1.5}$ and $Tau_{3.0}$ diets was significantly lower than that of fish fed the Control and $Tau_{0.25}$ diets. An ANOVA suggested that the optimum level of dietary taurine supplementation to improve growth and reduce the body lipid contents of juvenile rock bream, O. fasciatus, was 0.5%, while a broken line analysis of weight gain indicated a level of 0.62%.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.353-361
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• 1996

자주복 유어의 필수지방산 요구 및 사료중의 적정함량을 규명하기 위하여, 평균체중 3.45g의 유어를 사용하여 사육실험을 실시하였다. 8주간의 사육실험의 결과, 성장은 실험개시 4주부터 실험구들 사이에 차이가 보여 실험 종료시에는 $0.5\~1\%$ n-3 HUFA 실험구와 $0.5\%$ DHA 실험구가 다른 실험구에 비교하여 우세한 성장을 보였다(P<0.05). 또한, EPA, DHA 및 n-3 HUFA 실험구 사이에 효율성의 비교에서 EPA$1\%$ EPA실험구는 사료중에 $0.5\%$에서 $1\%$로 지방산을 증량시킴에 의해 첨가효과가 인정되었으나, DHA와 n-3 HUFA실험구는 EPA실험구와 상이하게 $1\%$ DHA실험구에서 급격한 성장의 저하와 $1\%$ n-3 HUFA 실험구에서는 성장의 정체가 나타났다. 실험기간동안에 생잔률은 $73\~93\%$의 범위로 지방산과의 관련성은 보이지 않았다. 사료효율은 n-3 HUFA실험구와 $0.5\%$ DHA실험구에서 높았고, $1\%$ LNA실험구는 $0.5\~1\%$ EPA실험구와 $0.3\%$ DHA실험구와의 차이가 거의 없었다. 이상의 결과로 부터, 유어기의 자주복은 EPA나 DHA등의 n-3 HUFA를 필수지방산으로 요구함이 사료되며, 사료중의 $0.5\%$ 정도의 HUFA 또는 $0.5\%$ DHA가 적정함량으로 추측된다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.407-416
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to investigate the feed value of dried aloe leaf meal and the changes of blood values in growing pigs A total of 48 three crossbred pig(Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Hampshire) weighing average 25kg initially were randomly distributed into 12 groups of 4 heads(2 females and 2 males) each There groups were alloted on one of the following 3 dietary treatment : non-supplumented diet (control group), diet supplemented with 3% of dried aloe leaf meal(Aloe 3% group), diet supplemented with 6% dried aloe leaf meal(Aloe 6% group). The results obstained in feeding trial for 6 weeks and analysis of blood were summarized as follows : 1. In the chemical composition of dried aloe leaf meal contents of crude protein and crude ash were 9.43% and 15.10%, respectively. Amino acid composition was also inferior to other grain and bran feeds. 2. Daily gain of control, Aloe 3% and 6% groups were 740.5, 658.1 and 197.1 g respectively. Three were significant difference in daily gain among groups( p<0.05) and tended to be decreased with increasing levels of dried aloe leaf meal. 3. Daily feed intake of control, Aloe 3% and Aloe 6% groups were 1,960.5, 1,737.0 and 1,123.0 g, respectively. There were significant differences in daily feed intake among treatments(p<0.05) and tended to be decreased with increasing levels of dried aloe leaf meal. 4. Feed efficiency of control, Aloe 3% and Aloe 6% groups were 2.72, 2.63 and 5.70 respectively. Feed efficiency for pig fed diet supplemented with 3% of dried aloe leaf meal was a little superior to control, although no statistical difference was obstained between two treatments. 5. The digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen free extract and extract were significantly (p<0.05) higher for control group than for Aloe 3% and Aloe 6% groups. But there were no significant differences in digestibility of crude fat and crude fiber between control and Aloe 3% groups. 6. There were no difference between aloe leaf meal administrated groups and control group in blood picture and serum chemistry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.670-677
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• 2004

Sixteen multiparous Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows in mid-lactation were blocked according to days in milk (DIM) and previous lactation and randomly assigned according to a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with four replications to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments consisted of T1: No cassava hay (CH) or stylo 184 hay (SH) supplementation, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2 (control), T2: Supplementation of 1 kg of CH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2, T3: Supplementation of 1 kg of CH+SH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2, T4: Supplementation of 2 kg of CH+SH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:3. All animals received Ruzi grass from a cut-and-carry system as roughage source. The feeding trial lasted for 9 weeks. The results revealed that DMI of concentrate of supplemented treatments were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those in the control, but there was no significant difference between T2 and T3. There was no significant difference in forage DM intake between the control and supplemented treatments. CP and NDF digestibility of supplemented treatments were significantly (p<0.05) greater than the control and there were no significant differences among supplemented treatments. Milk yield and 3.5% FCM (14.3, 14.5, 14.7 and 14.8; 13.9, 14.3, 14.3 and 14.6 kg/hd/d, respectively) were not significantly different among treatments. Milk protein percentage of supplemented treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control, but there were no significant differences among supplemented treatments. There was no significant difference in milk fat percentage between the control and supplemented treatments. However, milk fat percentage tended to be higher for supplemented animals as compared to the control group. There were also no significant differences in lactose, solids-not-fat and total solids percentages among treatments. Cows in supplemented treatments gave incomes over supplement cost (IOSC) of 2.72, 2.74 and 2.93 US$/hd/d, respectively which were greater than for cows on control treatment. Furthermore, IOSC were greatest for cows in T4 as compared to other treatments. Based on this study it was concluded that, feeding cassava hay solely or in combination with stylo 184 hay as a supplemental protein source could be a potential valuable strategy in small-holder dairy farming systems in the tropics. This strategic supplementation significantly reduced concentrate use, which resulted in improved milk yields and milk quality for the supplemented cows. Moreover, it resulted in higher economical returns through increased productivity and lower ratios of concentrate to milk yield, from 1:2 to 1:3.