• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.263-272
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• 1976

According to the intercombined review of chemical and biological investigation it has been noted that the metabolizable energy per gram dietary protein of mixed diet of daily intake patterned by Korean population has been found 3.4-3.6 Cal., which entails 10-12% level of the protein calorie percentage of total metabolizable energy, the biological value being fallen within the scope 63-73. The structure of dietary protein has revealed that the lysine and isoleucine were primary limiting amino acids and threonine secondary limiting as a general trend, however, it is assumed that the ultimate nutritional effect of dietary protein might be restricted uniformly among regions by the amount of lysine, since the lysine availability has been yielded as low as 72-82% level. As for the net protein utillization NPUst falls in the range of 52-62 and the NPUop 47-58. In either part the mountainous region has demonstrated lowest value and the urban area highest, these trend being obviously associated with the ratio of animal protein relative to the vegetable origin. The net dietary protein calorie percentage (NDpCal %) has been found within the range of 5-7 that may be capable of meeting the requirement for the maintenance of adult, though for the growth it is insufficient. Present level of total caloric intake would not influence on the fate of protein value of prevailing regional diet in terms of caloric restriction, since the present intake of food energy is higher than the lower limit of caloric intake that would impair the biological performance of dietary protein fed ad libitum basis. Based on the protein efficiency, the adequacy of current level of protein intake was analyzed in terms of utilizable protein, and it has been demonstrated that the 37.8g of utilizable protein in the fishery region and 38.2g in the mountainous region were bellow the FAO recommendation. Accordin to the hematological study it may be interpreted that the anemic symptoms of the mountainous region has some possibility of being related to the inferior status of dietary protein in quality as well as in quantity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2019

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feed intake restriction during late pregnancy on the function, anti-oxidation capability and acute phase protein synthesis of ovine liver. Methods: Eighteen time-mated ewes with singleton fetuses were allocated to three groups: restricted group 1 (RG1, 0.18 MJ ME/kg $W^{0.75}$ d, n = 6), restricted group 2 (RG2, 0.33 MJ ME/kg $W^{0.75}$ d), n = 6) and a control group (CG, ad libitum, 0.67 MJ ME/kg $W^{0.75}$ d, n = 6). The feed restriction period was from 90 days to 140 days of pregnancy. Results: The ewe's body weight, liver weights, water, and protein content of liver in the restricted groups were reduced compared with the CG group (p<0.05), but the liver fat contents in the RG1 group were higher than those of the CG group (p<0.05). The increased hepatic collagen fibers and reticular fibers were observed in the restricted groups with the reduction of energy intake. The concentrations of nonesterified free fatty acids in the RG1 and RG2 groups were higher than those of the CG group with the reduction of energy intake (p<0.05), but there were decreased concentrations of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in both restricted groups compared with the CG group (p<0.05). In addition, the increased concentrations of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyric acid, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity and activities of superoxide dismutase activity and catalase were found in the RG1 group, and the concentrations of cholinesterase in the RG1 group were reduced compared with the CG group (p<0.05). For the concentrations of acute phase proteins, the C-reactive protein (CRP) in the RG1 group were reduced compared with the CG group, but there were no differences in haptoglobin relative to the controls (p>0.05). Conclusion: The fat accumulation, increased hepatic fibrosis, antioxidant imbalance and modified synthesis of acute phase proteins were induced in ewe's liver by maternal malnutrition during late pregnancy, which were detrimental for liver function to accommodate pregnancy.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.165-173
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• 2016

Purpose: To identify the effects of modified parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral nutrition (EN) regimens on the growth of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: The study included VLBW infants weighing <1,500 g, admitted to Chungnam National University Hospital between October 2010 and April 2014, who were alive at the time of discharge. Subjects were divided according to 3 periods: period 1 (n=37); prior to the PN and EN regimen being modified, period 2 (n=50); following the PN-only regimen modification, period 3 (n=37); following both PN and EN regimen modification. The modified PN regimen provided 3 g/kg/day of protein and 1 g/kg/day of lipid on the first day of life. The modified EN regimen provided 3.5-4.5 g/kg/day of protein and 150 kcal/kg/day of energy. We investigated growth rate, anthropometric measurements at 40 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) and the incidence of extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) at 40 weeks PCA. Results: Across the 3 periods, clinical characteristics, including gestational age, anthropometric measurements at birth, multiple births, sex, Apgar score, surfactant use and PDA treatment, were similar. Growth rates for weight and height, from time of full enteral feeding to 40 weeks PCA, were higher in period 3. Anthropometric measurements at 40 weeks PCA were greatest in period 3. Incidence of weight, height and head circumference EUGR at 40 weeks PCA decreased in period 3. Conclusion: Beginning PN earlier, with a greater supply of protein and energy during PN and EN, is advantageous for postnatal growth in VLBW infants.

• 비만대사연구학술지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2023

Nutrition counseling and dietary intervention are essential to obesity management because weight reduction is the consequence of negative energy balance. The first step of the nutrition counseling in patients with obesity is thorough evaluation of the nutritional status. During the nutritional evaluation, amount of energy consumption, dietary habits, and medical and socioeconomic factors influencing diets should be evaluated. Diet interventions including low calorie diet, low fat diet, low carbohydrate diet, and high protein diet are all effective in weight reduction as long as decrease in energy consumption is accompanied. Amount of energy restriction and choice of diet interventions should be individualized based the medical condition and characteristics of each patient.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.210-216
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• 1984

카제인 8%, 13% , 18% 수준의 동열량 함유 식이를 8%를 기준으로 하여 1일동일 열량 섭취하도록 급식시킨 이유쥐의 성장, 지방축적, 에너지 소비를 관찰하였다. 30일 급식시켰을 때 낮은 수준의 단백식이 (8%)군의 몸무게는 높은 수준(18%)의 단백섭취군 보다 43.01g더 가벼운 것으로 나타났다(최종 몸무게증가 ; ${85.57}{\pm}{7.5g}$ 대 ${128.58}{\pm}{11.64g}$, p<0.001). 도살체당 지방축적량은 8%단백식이군의 작은 몸의 크기에도 불구하고, 13%,18% 단백식이군과 비교할 때 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이와 반대로, 체질소 함량은 13%와 18% 단백식 군들이 8% 보다 훨씬 높았다. 총 실험기간(32일)동안 8%, 13%, 18%군의 에너지 소비는 각기 4,576.61kJ, 5,440.80kJ, 5,6067.67kJ로 추정되었다. 낮은 수준의 단백 식이군이 섭취한 과다에너지는 손실된 것으로 보인다. 간세포의 malic enzyme활성은 식이변화에 따라 변동이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 실험결과들로 부터, 낮은수준의 단백식이의 성장지연은 성장에 필요한 열량부족에서 온 것이 아니라, 질소공급의 부족에서 초래된 것이며, 단백질 급여 제한은, 에너지 섭취를 같게한 고단백군들과 비교할 때, 지방이외 무게는 감소시키는 반면, 체지방 합성과 축적능력에는 영향을 미치지 않는다는 결론을 얻었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1187-1193
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• 2015

This study determined the effects of dietary restriction on growth and the expression of lipid metabolism and growth hormone signaling genes in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) of Korean cattle. Thirty-one Korean cattle steers (average age 10.5 months) were allocated to normal (N; n = 16) or dietary restriction (DR; n = 15) groups. The feeding trial consisted of two stages: for the 8-month growing period, the DR group was fed 80% of the food intake of the normal diet, and for the 6-month growth-finishing period, the DR group was fed a DR total mixed ration with 78.4% of the crude protein and 64% of the net energy for gain of the normal diet. The LM was biopsied 5 months (period 1 [P1] at 15.5 months of age) and 14 months (period 2 [P2] at 24.5 months of age) after the start of feeding. The mRNA levels were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Body weight, daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency were lower in the DR group compared with the normal group at both P1 and P2. At P1, the lipogenic fatty acid synthase (FASN) mRNA levels were lower (p<0.05) in the DR group compared with the normal group. The DR group tended (p = 0.06) to have higher of levels of growth hormone receptor (GHR) mRNA than the normal group. At P2, the DR group tended to have lower (p = 0.06) androgen receptor (AR) mRNA levels than the normal group. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that dietary restriction partially decreases the transcription of lipogenic FASN and growth hormone signaling AR genes, but increases transcription of the GHR gene. These changes in gene transcription might affect body fat accumulation and the growth of the animals.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2002

A mutation in the promoter region of uncoupling protein 3 (UCF3), specifically the -55C longrightarrow T transition, may influence an individual's energy metabolism and body weight. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a weight reduction program on endocrine functions and body fat distribution, related to UCP3 promoter genotype. Ninety overweight pre-menopausal female subjects participated in the weight reduction program at Yonsei University Hospital, and were placed on a calorie-restricted diet (300 kcal less than their daily requirements) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, all subjects on the program lost approximately 5% of their initial body weights and had lower Body Mass Index (BMI) values. Among the 90 women, 56 had a normal (without mutation) UCP3 genotype, while 34 women had mutations in the promoter region of UCP3. Despite similar weight reductions in both groups, a significantly higher decrease in abdominal adipose tissue was observed in the normal UCP3 genotype group, compared to the group with mutations. In particular, there was a significant reduction of fat at the lumbar 1 (Ll) level in the without-mutation group. Serum levels of total cholesterol, apolipoprotein Al were significantly decreased in the without-mutation group, by 4.4% and 5.7% respectively. Serum levels of hormones were not significantly changed in both groups artier the intervention. However, in the group without the mutations, the leptin level significantly reduced by 23.4% (p<0.001). Serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was significantly increased in the group with mutation following the weight reduction program. On the other hand, FFA responses were shown similar increases in both groups. In conclusion, although no difference was found in the magnitude of weight reduction in both groups, there were significant differences in body fat distribution and in endocrine function between the groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.657-664
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• 1997

432 Babcock ISA white leghorn pullets reared for 8 weeks on a standard managemental conditions were exposed to feed/nutrient and light restrictions from 9 to 20 weeks of age. Four feeding regimes i. e. 100, 85 or 70 percent of the recommended allowance and low energy (2,500 Kcal/kg) low protein (13% CP) ration were fed each in the three light regimes i. e. (A) Natural day light starting from 13.24 hr/day at 8 weeks of age and ending 10.41 hr/day at the end of 20 weeks; (B) Constant 11 hr/day light and (C) starting with 13 hr/day at 8 weeks and decreasing @ 20 min/week till 20 weeks of age. At the age of 20 weeks all the birds were shifted to separate cages under uniform lighting feeding and management. During the 21st week light was increased to 12 hr a day and thereafter with an increase of 30 min per week, increased to 16 hr a day at the age of 29 weeks. From 20 weeks onward till 72 week age, all the birds were offered commercial layer rations ad libitum, prepared according to climatic conditions. The results of the study revealed that birds reared under natural and constant light had higher weights than decreasing light, yet they could not out perform during production period. The effect of feed and nutrient restriction, on the other hand, was found significant during rearing as well as production period. The birds exposed to higher level of feed and those exposed to nutrient restriction were lighter in weight. The 100% fed birds laid their first egg at an early age. However, those reared on 85% of the recommendation excelled all other groups in terms of produced number of eggs, egg mass, hen housed and hen day production and net returns.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.40-49
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• 1999

This study was conducted with 20 female gymnasts and 23 age-matched controls to examine pattern, weight control behavior and nutritional status. Most gymnasts(95.0%) reported that they used weight-control methods, while relatively few age-matched controls employed these methods. These methods included sauna(95.0%), food restriction(90.0%), excess exercise (70.0%), laxative abuse(10%) and use of diet pills(10%). Gymnasts had significantly (p<0.05) lower scores for statements related to 'sneaking food', 'vomiting after overeating', showing more negative eating behavior than age-matched controls. Energy intake of gymnasts was 968.9$\pm$421.4kcal while energy expenditure was 2,091$\pm$361kcal, showing negative evergy balance(-1,1225$\pm$534.6kcal). Female gymnasts consumed less than 70% of the RDA for protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin, which reflects their low energy intake. The average intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin did not meet the recommended dietary allowances for their age groups. Adolescent athletes who train vigorously and consume a low-energy diet may be exposed to an increase in potential health risks. Therefore, individuals who advise athletic adolescents regarding training and dietary habits need to emphasize the importance of consuming an appropriate energy intake to support performance as well as growth and development. The sports nutritionist is in a position to convey such information to coaches, physicians, parents and to the athletes themselves.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2009

NRC (2001)의 권장량만큼 건물섭취 및 영양소 공급량을 제한하였을 경우의 착유우의 영양소 섭취균형 및 생산성을 제한하지 않았을 경우와 비교 조사하였다. Basal TMR을 무제한 급여한 대조구와 제한 급여한 시험구의 유생산량은 각각 27.5 kg/일/두, 28.1 kg/일/두로 시험구가 높은 경향을 나타내었고, 4% FCM과 FPCM 생산량은 각각 28.0 kg/일/두, 27.8kg/일/두로 대조구의 26.1 kg/일/두, 26.4 kg/일/두 보다 높은 경향을 나타내었으나 통계적 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 대조구의 실제 건물섭취량은 23.8 kg/일/두로 시험구의 22.7 kg/일/두 보다 많이 섭취하였고, 대조구의 실제 건물섭취량은 NRC (2001)의 건물섭취 권장량보다 많이 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.01). NRC (2001)로 추정한 대조구의 $NE_L$ 실제섭취량은 36.2 Mcal/일/두로 시험구의 34.9 Mcal/일/두 보다 높은 경향을 나타내었으며, NRC (2001)로 추정한 대조구와 시험구의 $NE_L$ 실제섭취량은 NRC (2001)의 $NE_L$ 섭취권장량 보다 모두 높게 나타났다(P<0.001). NRC (2001)로 추정한 대조구의 MP 실제섭취량은 2308 g/일/두로 시험구의 2224 g/일/두 보다 높은 경향을 나타내었으며, NRC (2001)로 추정한 대조구와 시험구의 MP 실제섭취량은 NRC(2001)의 MP 섭취권장량 보다 모두 높게 나타났으나 통계적 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 본 실험의 결과에서 판단해 볼 때 농후사료 급여 비율이 높은 착유우에 있어서 건물섭취 및 영양소 섭취량을 무제한으로 허용하는 것은 오히려 사료의 이용효율을 감소시키는 것으로 예측되며, 따라서 유생산을 위한 영양소 이용 효율 역시 감소시키는 것으로 사료된다.