• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.461-467
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to determine the each level of a newly developed squid liver powder (SLP) as a dietary protein source replacing fish meal (FM) in juvenile flounder. A diet excluding SLP (FM diet) and a commercial diet were two control diets. Six experimental diets were formulated to replace FM with three types of SLP at 5 and 10% level, respectively (SLP-A5, SLP-A10, SLP-B5, SLP-B10, SLP-C5, SLP-C10). Prior to the start of a feeding trial, fish were fed the commercial diet for 1 week to adjust to the experimental conditions. Fish with average weight of $22.8{\pm}0.40g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$), were randomly distributed to each aquarium as groups of 20 fish and fed the experimental diets in triplicate at satiation for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed SLP-C10 was lower than those of fish fed FM diet and SLP-B5. Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed in WG and SGR among fish fed diets excluding SLP-C10. Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed each level of three types of SLP were not different from those of fish fed FM diet. However, fish fed SLP-C5 and SLP-C10 has lower FE and PER than those of fish fed a commercial diet, SLP-A5 and SLP-B5. Therefore, these results indicate clearly that dietary SLP-B could be a good protein source to develop inexpensive commercial diet in juvenile flounder.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2024

A study was conducted to evaluate dietary valine (Val) requirement for Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Five isonitrogenous (353 g/kg) and isocaloric (4.08 kcal/g) semi-purified diets containing graded levels of Val (2.7, 5.1, 8.7, 12.1 or 16.0 g/kg) were formulated. Quadruplicate groups of 12 shrimp (average body weight: 0.46 ± 0.00 g) were fed one of the experimental diets (2%-5% of total body weight) for 8 weeks. Maximum weight gain was observed in 8.7 g/kg Val group. However, the growth performance was reduced when Val concentration in diets were higher than 12.1 g/kg. Feed conversion ratio was significantly increased with 2.7 and 16.0 g/kg Val inclusion. Shrimp fed the diets containing 2.7 g/kg Val showed significantly lower protein efficiency ratio, whole-body crude protein and Val concentrations. Dietary inclusion of Val significantly improved the relative expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein and immune-related genes (prophenoloxidase, lysozyme and crustin) in the hepatopancreas and 8.7 g/kg Val group showed highest expression among all the groups. The dietary requirement of Val for maximum growth of juvenile P. vannamei, estimated using polynomial regression analysis on growth, was 9.54 g/kg of Val (27.2 g/kg based on protein level) and maximum growth occurred at 9.27 g/kg of Val (26.2 g/kg based on protein level) based on broken-line regression analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.447-454
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• 1991

Chopped garlic was added to beef to determine its effect on the protein digestion during storage and heat treatment. The digestibility of raw beef without garlic was not significantly changed during storage at $4^{\circ}C$, but increased as garlic added and aging time increased. The optimal aging time and amount of garlic added was varied with heating time. Trypsin inhibitor did not change the digestibility of beef due to its thermal inactivation. Gel chromatography revealed that the lower molecular weight peptides(2,200~6,150 dalton) were shown in beef-garlic mixture through aging and heating procedure. When aged beef with garlic was digested with four-enzyme system, the soluble portion was increased significantly in comparison with that from raw beef without garlic. Protein quality of beef, as measured by computed PER(C-PER), was improved from 2.14 of raw beef to 2.50 of aged beef with chopped garlic.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.372-377
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• 2017

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of fishmeal (FM) protein in a practical diet for rockfish Sebastes schlegeli juveniles with mealworm Tenebrio molitor meal (WM), in terms of growth performance, feed utilization, whole body composition and hematological parameters. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain 8, 16, 24 and 32% WM (designated as WM8, WM16, WM24 and WM32). A FM-based diet without WM inclusion was used as a control. Triplicate groups of rockfish ($2.6{\pm}0.07g$) were hand fed one of the experimental diets to visual satiation twice a day for 8 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed the WM32 diet was lower than that of control. No significant differences were found in daily feed intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio. The whole-body protein content of fish fed WM0 and WM8 diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed WM32 diet. No statistical differences were observed in hematological parameters. These results indicate that WM has potential as alternative to FM in practical diets for juvenile rockfish and can be used at an inclusion level of up to 24% without having a significant negative effects on growth and feed efficiency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2014

As a result of the cost of grains, the replacement of grains by co-products (i.e. DDGS) in feedlot diets is a common practice. This change produces diets that contain a lower amount of starch and greater amount of fibre. Hypothetically, combining feed grade urea (U) with slow release urea (Optigen) in this type of diet should elicit a better synchrony between starch (high-rate of digestion) and fibre (low-rate of digestion) promoting a better microbial protein synthesis and ruminal digestion with increasing the digestible energy of the diet. Four cannulated Holstein steers ($213{\pm}4$ kg) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to examine the combination of Optigen and U in a finishing diet containing different starch:acid detergent fibre ratios (S:F) on the characteristics of digestive function. Three S:F ratios (3.0, 4.5, and 6.0) were tested using a combination of U (0.80%) and Optigen (1.0%). Additionally, a treatment of 4.5 S:F ratio with urea (0.80% in ration) as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used to compare the effect of urea combination at same S:F ratio. The S:F ratio of the diet was manipulated by replacing the corn grain by dried distillers grain with solubles and roughage. Urea combination did not affect ruminal pH. The S:F ratio did not affect ruminal pH at 0 and 2 h post-feeding but, at 4 and 6 h, the ruminal pH decreased as the S:F ratio increased (linear, p<0.05). Ruminal digestion of OM, starch and feed N were not affected by urea combination or S:F ratio. The urea combination did not affect ADF ruminal digestion. ADF ruminal digestion decreased linearly (p = 0.02) as the S:F ratio increased. Compared to the urea treatment (p<0.05) and within the urea combination treatment (quadratic, p<0.01), the flow of microbial nitrogen (MN) to the small intestine and ruminal microbial efficiency were greater for the urea combination at a S:F ratio of 4.5. Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved (2.8%, p = 0.02) postruminal N digestion. As S:F ratio increased, OM digestion increased, but ADF total tract digestion decreased. The combination of urea at 4.5 S:F improved (2%, p = 0.04) the digestible energy (DE) more than expected. Combining urea and Optigen resulted in positive effects on the MN flow and DE of the diet, but apparently these advantages are observed only when there is a certain proportion of starch:ADF in the diet.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.165-171
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• 2003

To investigate the effect of cooking methods on protein quality of domestic fresh monkfish meat (FMM) and imported frozen monkfish meat (IMM), in vitro protein qualities were determined by amino acid anlysis, trypsin indigestible substrate (TIS) formation, and protein digestibility using the four-enzyme method. Crude protein contents of the boiled FMM and IMM were $90\%$ of the dry base, which were higher than fresh FMM $(82\%)$ and IMM $(84\%)$. Profiles of total amino acid in FMM and IMM were not changed by cooking methods. Total free amino acid contents decreased to $ 29.0-33.6\%$ for boiled $(l00^{\circ}C,\;10 min)\;and\;24\%$ for steamed $(100^{\circ}C,\;10\;min)$ samples. In vitro protein digestibilities of boiled and steamed FMM incnased $86.6-86.8\%$, compared to raw IMM $(82.9\%)$, boiled and steamed IMM $85.1-85.5\%$ and raw IMM $(83.6\%)$. TIS of FMM (23.6 mg/g solid) and IMM (15.9 mg/g solid) showed no significant (p<0.05) difference in cooking methods. The C-PERs (computed protein efficiency ratio) of boiled FMM (2.63) and IMM (2.50) were significantly higher (<0.05) than raw (1.97) and steamed FMM(1.97) and IMM(1.94). These results demonstrate that boiling of FMM and IMM improves protein digestibility and C-PER when compared to steamed FMM and IMM. Therefore, boiling could be an excellent means to maintain high-protein quality of monkfish meat. Also, the cooking method may be applicable to the preparation of monkfish stew without any loss of free amino acids.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.423-434
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• 2015

The study was conducted to compare the effects of different agro-wastes on the growth, yield, and nutritional composition of oyster mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) and Pleurotus cystidiosus (PC). Seven substrate formulas including sawdust (SD), corncob (CC), sugarcane bagasse (SB) alone and in combination of 80 : 20, 50 : 50 ratio between SD and CC, SD and SB were investigated. The results indicated that different substrate formulas gave a significant difference in total colonization period, characteristics of fruiting bodies, yield, biological efficiency (BE), nutritional composition and mineral contents of two oyster mushrooms PO and PC. The results showed that increasing CC and SB reduced C/N ratio, and enhanced some mineral contents (Ca, P, and Mg) of substrate formulas. The increased amount of CC and SB of substrate formulas enhanced protein, ash, mineral contents (Ca, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn) of fruiting bodies of both mushrooms. Substrates with 100% CC and 100% SB were the most suitable substrate formulas for cultivation of oyster mushrooms PO and PC in which they gave the highest values of cap diameter, stipe thickness, mushroom weight, yield, BE, protein, fiber, ash, mineral content (Ca, K, and Mg) and short stipe length. However, substrate formula 100% CC gave the slowest time for the first harvest of both mushrooms PO and PC (46.02 days and 64.24 days, respectively). It is also found that the C/N ratio of substrate formulas has close correlation with total colonization period, mushroom weight, yield, BE and protein content of mushroom PO and PC.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1653-1662
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• 2021

Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of insoluble cellulose supplementation to diets on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, the incidence of diarrhea, nutrients digestibility, and inflammatory responses in altering environmental conditions of animals housing. Methods: A total of 108 male pigs (Duroc×[Yorkshire×Landrace]) were randomly allocated to one of three dietary treatments (cellulose 0%, 1%, 2%) and two environmental conditions (good sanitary condition vs. poor sanitary condition) to give 6 replicate pens per treatment with three pigs per each pen at 14 days post-weaning. Results: Pigs were in good sanitary condition had higher average daily gain (p<0.01) and improved feed efficiency (p<0.05) from day 1 to 14 after weaning compared to their counterparts. The interactions were found between environmental conditions and dietary treatments (day 7: crypt depth [p<0.01], villous height to crypt depth [p<0.001]; day 14: crypt depth [p<0.001], villous to crypt ratio [p<0.01]) in ileum morphology. Crypt depth was decreased (p<0.05), and villous to crypt ratio was increased (p<0.05) only in poor sanitary conditions. Pigs exposed to the good sanitary condition had higher (p<0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (day 7, gross energy; day 14, dry matter), apparent total tract digestibility (day 14, dry matter and crude protein) compared to pigs housed in the poor sanitary condition. Meanwhile, pigs fed a diet supplemented with 2% cellulose had decreased (p<0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (day 7, dry matter; day 14, crude protein), apparent total tract digestibility (day 7, dry matter; day 14, crude protein, gross energy) compared to pigs fed a diet supplemented with 0% or 1% cellulose. Conclusion: Our results indicated that a diet supplemented with 1% cellulose increased villous to crypt ratio, however feeding a diet containing cellulose (1% or 2%) impaired nutrient digestibility for 14 day after weaning in both good sanitary and poor sanitary conditions.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.66-70
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• 2000

The study was conducted to determine the nutiritional value of Masoor (Lens esculenta) in raw and cooked forms. Supplement value of various types of meat i.e. poultry, mutton and beef at 10, 15, and 20 percent levels for dite containing cooked Masoor was also assessed. Nutritional value of Masoor was determined by chemical analysis as well as through rat assay. Masoor contained an average of 23.18 percent protein and less than two percent fibre. Conventional method of cooking resulted in about 2 per cent increase in Masoor protein. Masoor had 0.83 percent of lysine and cooking destroyed 18 percent of it. Other amino acids in Masoor also showed losses on cooking. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of diets containing raw Masoor was 1.49 and was reduced to 1.44 by cooking. Cooking of Masoor did not alter true digestibility (TD) percentage. However, net protein utilization (NPU) was improved from 44.60 in raw to 47.77 in cooked. Diets containing cooked Masoor and supplemented with different types of meat significantly improved PER (1.45 to 1.65), TD 76.03 to 87.84 percent and NPU 42.84 to 50.72 percent over non supplemented diets. 20 percent level of supplemented meat showed comparatively better results than other levels in case of improvement in PER, TD and NPU.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the use of fermented skipjack tuna viscera (FSTV) as an alternative for fish meal in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) diets. Lactobacillus bulgaricus was used as a starter for fermentation of skipjack tuna viscera. Four isonitrogenous (49% crude protein) and isocaloric (4 kcal/g DM) diets were formulated to contain graded levels (0, 5, 10, and 15%) of FSTV. Each experimental diet was fed three replicate groups (40 fish per tank) of juvenile flounder (average weight, $3.3\pm0.2$ g) for 5 weeks. At the end of feeding experiment, inclusion of FSTV up to 15% in diets did not affect survival rate (%) and weight gain of fish. Feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, protein and lipid retentions of fish fed the diet containing 10% FSTV were higher than those of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). The values of fish fed the diet containing 15% FSTV were not different from those of fish fed other diets. Whole body lipid content of fish fed the diet containing 10% FSTV was higher than that of fish fed the diet containing 15% FSTV and control diet. The present results indicate that fermented skipjack tuna viscera could partially replace fish meal in juvenile flounder feed, and the inclusion of 10% FSTV may be efficient in improving the feed utilization of fish.