• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.460-464
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• 2000

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are believed to play a role in the binding and formation of microbial flocs. However, the precise role is not well known. Sludge settling characteristics and the carbohydrate to protein ratio in EPS were tested with various airflow rates in this study. Sludge was collected from three modified sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), which were operated at 16$\^{C}$ with an airflow rate of 0.8L/min, 3L/min and 6L/min, respectively. During the operation, the reactor operated at an airflow rate of 0.8L/min showed sludge volume index (SVI) of 80 to 90ml/g and a constant ratio of carbohydrate to protein in the EPS, while a significant increase in the SVI was seen in the other reactors. Sludge bulking increased the amount of carbohydrate in the EPS, while kept protein almost constant in the airflow rate of 3L/min ad 6L/min. Surface charge also increased with increases in the carbohydrate to protein ratio in the EPS, which weakens the attraction between the EPS and multivalent cations. The ratio of carbohydrate to protein in the EPS was tween the EPS and multivalent cations. The ratio of carbohydrate to protein in the EPS was inferred to be essential for bioflocculation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1452-1460
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• 2014

The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional parameters of young bulls supplemented with different ratios of protein: carbohydrate on tropical pastures from 4 until 18 months old. Fifty-five non-castrated beef calves ($138.3{\pm}3.4kg$, 90 to 150 d of age) were used. The calves (young bulls) were subjected to a 430-d experimental period encompassing 4 seasons. The treatments were as follows: control, only mineral mixture; HPHC, high protein and high carbohydrate supplement; HPLC, high protein and low carbohydrate supplement; LPHC, low protein and high carbohydrate supplement; and LPLC, low protein and low carbohydrate supplement. The amount of supplement was adjusted every 28 d. Dry matter (DM) intake was higher in the dry-to-rainy transition and rainy seasons for all nutritional plans. Non-supplemented animals had lower intakes of DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) than supplemented young bulls in all seasons. Although differences in DM intake were not observed between supplemented animals, the supplements with high carbohydrate (HPHC and LPHC) had lower forage intake during suckling (rainy-to-dry transition season) and in the rainy season. However, the HPHC treatment animals had higher intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. It can be concluded that supplementation with high protein levels (supplying 50% of the crude protein requirement) provide the best nutritional parameters for grazing young bulls in most seasons, increasing intake and digestibility of diet, and these effects are more intense when associated with high carbohydrate levels level (supplying 30% TDN requirement).

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.440-446
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• 2017

This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of carbohydrate, protein and lipid content of substrate on hydrogen yields and microbial communities. The hydrogen yields were linearly correlated to carbohydrate content of substrates while others (content of proteins and lipids) did not make a significant contribution. The chemical composition of substrates produced effects on the final products of anaerobic hydrogen fermentation. Acetate and butyrate were the main fermentation products, with their concentration proving to correlate with carbohydrate and protein content of substrates. The result of microbial community analysis revealed that the relative abundances of Clostridium butyricum increased and Clostridium perfringens decreased as the carbohydrate content increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.556-567
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• 2020

Objective: To improve the utility of native grass resources as feed in China, we investigated the dynamics of protein and carbohydrate fractions among Inner Mongolian native grasses, during ensiling and the aerobic stage, using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Methods: Silages were prepared without or with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant. We analyzed the protein and carbohydrate fractions and fermentation quality of silages at 0, 5, 15, 20, 30, and 60 d of ensiling, and the stability at 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 d during the aerobic stage. Results: Inner Mongolian native grass contained 10.8% crude protein (CP) and 3.6% water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) on a dry matter basis. During ensiling, pH and CP and WSC content decreased (p<0.05), whereas lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen (N) content increased (p<0.05). Non-protein N (PA) content increased significantly, whereas rapidly degraded true protein (PB₁), intermediately degraded true protein (PB₂), total carbohydrate (CHO), sugars (CA), starch (CB₁), and degradable cell wall carbohydrate (CB₂) content decreased during ensiling (p<0.05). At 30 d of ensiling, control and LAB-treated silages were well preserved and had lower pH (<4.2) and ammonia-N content (<0.4 g/kg of fresh matter [FM]) and higher lactic acid content (>1.0% of FM). During the aerobic stage, CP, extract ether, WSC, lactic acid, acetic acid, PB₁, PB₂, true protein degraded slowly (PB₃), CHO, CA, CB₁, and CB₂ content decreased significantly in all silages, whereas pH, ammonia-N, PA, and bound true protein (PC) content increased significantly. Conclusion: Control and LAB-treated silages produced similar results in terms of fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and protein and carbohydrate fractions. Inner Mongolian native grass produced good silage, nutrients were preserved during ensiling and protein and carbohydrate losses largely occurred during the aerobic stage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.689-702
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• 1996

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the effects of tryptophan administration on nutritional status of female rats which consumed reserpine and 6% casein diet with different carbohydrate contents(87%, 65%, 44% respective). Final body weight, body weight gain, FER, plasma amino acid concentration and microsomal cytochrome P 450 content in liver were measured and microscopic structure of hepatocytes was observed. In low-protein diet, the higher the carbohydrate content of diet was, the lower the damage was in the rat's liver. Tryptophan administration after dose of reserpine induced more effective recovery from liver damage of rats in high carbohydrate diet group than that in low carbohydrate diet group. In conclusion, the general nutritional assessments such as final body weight and body weight gain provided better estimate of the degree of structural changes in hepatocytes than functional assessment such as plasma amino acid concentration or liver microsomal cytochrome P450.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.627-631
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• 2007

The factors affecting on sludge sedimentation are reported as F/M ratio, ingredient, composition of influent substrate, dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, pH, filamentous bacteria and SRT. Aeration tank applying Bacillus sp. has an important role for maintaining the dominant microorganism species to make steady progress for spore growth affecting sedimentation. This research aims to investigate the affecting factor for the sedimentation in B3 system and RABC system with aeration tank applying tapered aeration. Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS), protein and carbohydrate can be produced for the extreme condition, that is down to 0.2 mg/L of dissolved oxygen in the aeration tank. This research found out the relation between the sedimentation and the EPS production, especially the ratio of protein/carbohydrate. The spore of Bacillus sp. was formed at the low DO then microorganisms produced EPS. The results showed that the production of EPS was 109.95 mgEPS/gSS at 1.6 mg/L of DO, however it was 131.77 mgEPS/gSS at 0.5 mg/L of DO. The sedimentation was affected by protein content in EPS and the ratio of protein and carbohydrate. The settleability of sludge was not affected by the ratio of protein/carbohydrate in B3 process, meanwhile settleability was affected by the ratio of it in RABC process, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 1973

Albio rats right after weaning, weighing $50{\sim}55g$, were divided into the control, high-carbohydrate-, high-lipid-, and high-protein-fed groups. and were fed for 12 weeks with the respective diets to observe the increase in body weights as well as changes in the chemical constituentes and enzyme activities in the liver tissue, with the following results. (1) There was little difference in the rate of increase in the body weights among the groups, showing normal growth, except the high-protein-fed group which showed decrease in rate of body weight increase from the 7th week after feeding. (2) The liver weight was either increased after 12 weeks of feeding with the high-carbohydrate and high-Lipid diets, or showed no difference with the high-protein diet, as compared to the control weight. (3) The liver cytosol protein content was increased when fed with the high-protein diet, but decreased when fed with the high-carbohydrate and high lipid diets, as compared to the control content. (4) The triglyceride and cholesterol contents in the liver were decreased in the high-protein-fed group, but increased markedly in the high-carbohydrate- and high-lipid-fed groups as compared to the control values. (5) The hepatic glucokinase, G6PD, LDH, and fatty acid synthetase activities were increased in the high-carbohydrate and high-lipid-fed groups, and GOT and CPT activities were increased in the high-protein-fed group. From the above results. it was known that the high-carbohydrate and high-lipid diets stimulated the hepatic lipid metabolism, giving rise to lipogenesis, but the high- protein diet could prevent the lipogeuesis leading to the body weight increase.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.485-496
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a 6-week low-calorie diet (LCD) program including high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar on weight loss, blood pressure, and blood lipid profile in 40 overweight women according to dietary compliance. Methods: Subjects were 62 healthy overweight women (BMI ≥ 23.0 or body fat percentage ≥ 28%), aged 20~59 yrs who were provided a high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar (each 35 g, 154 kcal, protein energy %: 28.6%, carbohydrate energy %: 38.7%) as part of dinner for 6 weeks. Forty subjects who completed the whole diet program were categorized into high compliance (HC) group (days of eating protein bar ≥ 5 weeks) or low compliance (LC) group (days < 5 weeks). Results: Energy intake significantly decreased from 1,867.5 kcal at baseline to 1,137.4 kcal at 6 weeks for the HC group and from 1,971.7 kcal to 1,362.2 kcal for the LC group, respectively. On the other hand, a significant increase in protein energy percentage was observed in each group (HC group: 3.5%, LC group: 2.2%). Both groups showed significant decreases in weight (HC group: 1.8 kg, LC group: 1.1 kg), BMI, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Reduction of body fat percentage and diastolic blood pressure were only observed in the HC group. Conclusions: The inclusion of a high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar as part of a low-calorie diet for a short period can be effective to achieve weight loss and concomitantly improve blood cholesterol level without serious physiological side effects. More evident results can be achieved by eating a diet with low calorie diet including high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar for more than 5 weeks.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2016

Dietary proteins influence colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, depending on their quantity and quality. Here, using pyrosequencing, we compared the fecal microbiota composition in Balb/c mice fed either a normal protein/carbohydrate diet (ND, 20% casein and 68% carbohydrate) or a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet (HPLCD, 30% casein and 57% carbohydrate). The results showed that HPLCD feeding for 2 weeks reduced the diversity and altered the composition of the microbiota compared with the ND mice, which included a decrease in the proportion of the family Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and increases in the proportions of the genus Bacteroides and Parabacteroides, especially the species EF09600_s and EF604598_s. Similar changes were reported in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and in mouse models of CRC and colitis, respectively. This suggests that HPLCD may lead to a deleterious luminal environment and may have adverse effects on the intestinal health of individuals consuming such a diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1973

The effect of dietary condition on the acethylcholine and chotinesterase activity in the brain was observed. Rats weighting $120{\sim}130\;gm$ was fed on diets deprived of protein, carbohydrate and lipid, respectively. Experimental terms was devided into 3, 7 and 15 days. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The lipid free diet makes greater contribution to the gain of body weight than the carbohydrate free and protein free diet. 2. The acethylcholine in the protein free diet group is reduced after 7 days and that in the carbohydrate free diet, after 3 days. 3. The cholinesterase activity shows continuing decrease after 3 days by protein free diet, and the other diet groups appear temporal decrease at 7 days and increase, at 15 days. 4. The relation of acethylcholine, and cholinesterase is similar to each other except that of the carbohydrate diet. From the above results, the conclusions are obtained that the protein free diet makes the acethylcholine and cholinesterase activity lower, and the carbohydrate free diet, acethylcholine lower.