• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.80-85
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• 2011

Ginseng, a traditional medicine in Asian countries, is known to prevent various neuropathologic diseases such as Alzheimer's. Ginseng total saponins (GTS) in particular are one of the most effective ginseng extract compounds for neuroprotection. However, their protective effects on astrocytes are rarely reported. In pathological circumstances, astroglial activation plays a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. Subsequently, neuroinflammation induced by activated astrocytes causes brain damage. The purpose of the present study was to determine the suppressive effects of GTS on astroglial activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rat primary astrocytes. Astrocytes treated for 24 h with LPS demonstrated suppressed glialfibrillary acidic protein expression in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of GTS. GTS reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-1${\beta}$ and inhibited the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated astrocytes. Furthermore, GTS suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species production. These modulations due to GTS may indicate neuroprotective antiinfl ammatory properties which may in turn be related to improvements in neurological performance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.653-667
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• 1996

It is important to find indicators of quality nursing care to establish the excellence of nursing practice and for the development of nursing as a profession. Caring is one of the indicators which can represent professional nursing care. The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement tool of caring that could be used as an instrument for the evaluation of quality of nursing care. The Target population for the developed tool of caring is the adult patient. The mearsurement tool of caring was developed through the following steps. (1) A list of caring behaviors was made using qualitative researches on caring that has been done in Korea. (2) Caring behaviors in nurses were selected using the list of caring behaviors developed from Watson's 10 factors of caring. (3) Items for the measurement tool of caring were developed using the caring behaviors of nurses (4) Content validity of the developed items was evaluated by an expert panel. (5) The mearsurement tool of caring was developed after a pilot study (6) Internal consistency, and construct validity of the developed tool were verified. (7) The mearsurement tool of caring with the items verified for the internal consistency and construct validity was confirmed. As a result of the study, a mearsurement tool of caring, composed of 27 items with 3 factors, was developed. The Reliability coefficient of the tool was. 9578. The tool is a 5 point Likert scale. The factors of the tool and the number of items for each factor are, 1) accessibility and availablility, 15 items ; 2) emotional support and giving information, 8 items ; 3) providing a protective environment, 4 items.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.637-648
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• 2017

This study examined the moderating effect of self-forgiveness on the relationship between self-criticism and social anxiety among male and female college students. This study included 441 college students (211 male and 230 female students) with an average age of 22.2. Pearson correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted. As a result, the moderating effect of self-forgiveness on the relationship between self-criticism and social anxiety was significant for male students. A higher level of self-criticism tended to result in a higher level of social anxiety that was strengthened in the group of lower level of self-forgiveness versus a tendency for self-criticism to increase male social anxiety was weaker in the group with a higher level of self-forgiveness. However, the moderating effect of self-forgiveness was not significant in female students and only the main effect of self-criticism on social anxiety was significant. The results provide a basis to understand the psychological processes of social anxiety in college students. The results suggest the necessity to intervene and strengthen self-forgiveness as a protective factor to alleviate the negative effects of self-blame on social anxiety in male college students.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.310-314
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• 2016

Background: FCTC10 container is designed to transport $^{60}Co$ radioactive sources used in irradiation industry. It belongs to Type B(U) Category III (yellow) package when being loaded with a $^{60}Co$ source of $1.8{\times}10^5$ Ci. Materials and Methods: The container is constituted of shielding container, basket, protective cover and bracket. Shielding ability is provided mainly by stainless steel shells, tungsten alloy and lead among steel shells. Radiation level around the container has been calculated with both Monte Carlo simulations and measurements. Results and Discussion: It is proven that the shielding performance of the container fulfills the requirements in GB11806-2004 (Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material, China Standard Press). Exposure doses to workers and to critical groups of public were calculated based on hypothetical exposure scene according to transport practice experience. Conclusion: The results show that doses to workers and public are less than the constraint dose considered in design, and the radiation level would be increased less than a factor of 2 under design basis accidents.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.417-425
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• 2019

Cadmium (Cd) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn cause the apoptosis of various cell types including developing germ cells in rodent testis. Ascorbic acids (AA), one of the ROS scavengers, had been reported to protect against Cd-induced apoptosis. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), another ROS scavenger, is known to remove ROS and alleviate the Cd-induced apoptosis in various cell types. In this study we tried to elucidate how NAC affected on Cd-induced cell apoptosis in rat testis. Rats were administered with NAC before and after Cd treatment and then testicular cell apoptosis was examined. NAC treatment resulted in the reduction of Cd-induced chromosomal DNA fragmentation in agarose gel electrophoresis. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that treatment of NAC reduced the Cd-induced apoptosis of germ cells. The administration of NAC showed that the translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to nucleus was prevented, which indicated that the mechanism of Cd-induced testicular apoptosis is mediated through the release of AIF in caspase-independent manner. Taken together, the NAC may remove Cd-induced ROS and protect ROS-induced cell apoptosis in rat testis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.403-409
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• 2010

Gardenia jasminoides is a popular traditional herb used to treat inflammatory diseases including liver disorders. This study was performed to examine protective effect of G. jasminoides on galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute hepatitis. Rats were treated intraperitoneally with GalN (700 mg/kg). G. jasminoides (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) was administered orally 48, 24, and 2 h before and 6 h after GalN injection. Serum ALT and AST activities were significantly increased after GalN injection, and these increases were attenuated by G. jasminoides. Histological studies showed that G. jasminoides inhibited hepatocellular necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration. GalN decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol and this decrease was attenuated by G. jasminoides. Hepatic glutathione content was decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased after GalN treatment and these changes were attenuated by G. jasminoides. Furthermore, the level of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression was significantly increased after GalN injection, and this increase was attenuated by G. jasminoides. The level of interleukin-10 mRNA expression was significantly increased after GalN injection, and this increase was augmented by G. jasminoides. Our results suggest that G. jasminoides ameliorates GalN-induced acute hepatitis and this protection is likely due to antioxidative activity and regulation of inflammatory mediators.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2012

Cigarette smoking is known to be associated with various chronic pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases ranging from inflammation to cancer. Not only first-hand smoke but also second-hand smoke is suggested to be a factor of health risk. This study was to investigate whether Platycodi Radix extract administration would alter oxidative stress in lung leading to protection of cigarette smoke-induced lung damage. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups; Intact, Smoke+PR and Smoke+Vehicle. In Smoke+PR and Smoke+Vehicle group, the exposure to cigarette smoke was performed for 15 min/day for 4 weeks in ventilated smoking chamber. The Platycodi Radix extract and saline were orally administrated to Smoke+PR and Smoke+Vehicle group each. The rats of Intact group were just kept in ventilated chamber without cigarette smoke. After the experiment for 4 weeks, the lung tissues were collected for histological observation and immunohistochemistry. In Results, airspace enlargement and goblet cell hyperplasia were observed after 4 weeks' exposure to cigarette smoke. Whereas, the oral administration of Platycodi Radix extract for 4 weeks reduced airspace enlargement and goblet cell hyperplasia. Moreover, the alterations of BAX/Bcl-2 proteins in lung tissues were observed. These results suggest that Platycodi Radix extract ameliorates lung damage in cigarette smoke-exposed rats and has protective effects on second-hand smoke injury.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.31-39
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• 2009

Recently, fire resistance in high-rise building is becoming major problem socially. So it is need of hour to study on fire resistance in buildings. This study estimates fire resistance performance to utilized CFT (Concrete filled steel tube, below CFT) column in the high structure. But it is difficult quantitative evaluation about fire resistant performance of CFT. Therefore, this study made CFT specimen that determine the factor which is strength of concrete and then CFT column was exposed to heating controlled as closely as possible the ISO-834 standard fire curve. Also, tried to analyze internal temperature through nonlinear transient heat flow analysis. And, presumed extant compressive strength on the basis of this.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1791-1799
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• 2018

In this study, the immunomodulatory activity of oligopeptide (CP) derived from solid-state fermented cottonseed meal were investigated in immunosuppressed BALB/c mice models by treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY). Results indicated that oligopeptide increased the thymus and spleen indices of CY-treated mice. The count of plague forming cells (PFC) and the content of half serum hemolysis ($HC_{50}$) in immunosuppressive mice were restored to the normal level in CP-10 and CP-20 groups while the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) were increased significantly in CP-20 group. Similar increasing the immunoglobulin of IgG and IgM content in the serum of CP-10 group were also observed. These findings indicated that oligopeptide derived from solid-state fermented cottonseed meal had a strong immune-enhancing activity as well as a protective effect against immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.549-560
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• 2021

Purpose: This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Face Mask Use Scale (K-FMUS) among community-dwelling adults. Methods: The participants of the study were community-dwelling adults in Korea using face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The English FMUS was translated into Korean using forward and backward translation procedures. The construct validity and reliability of the K-FMUS were evaluated using the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and the internal consistency reliability test. Results: The K-FMUS comprised 6 items divided into 2 factors. The variance of the factors was approximately 79.1%, which suggested that the scale indicated the effectiveness of face mask usage. The two factors were labeled as face mask use in society (4 items) and face mask use at home (2 items). Cronbach's α value for the overall scale was .88. Conclusion: The K-FMUS is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to measure face mask usage among community-dwelling adults in Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic.