• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.19-23
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• 2024

양손 절단 환자들에게 미용적 목적과 함께 기능적 목적을 갖춘 의수가 필요하며 잔존 근육의 근전도를 이용한 인공 의수에 대한 연구가 활발하나 아직도 비싼 비용의 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 저비용의 부품과 소프트웨어인 표면 근전도 센서, 머신러닝 소프트웨어 Edge Impulse, Arduino Nano 33 BLE, 그리고 3D 프린팅을 이용하여 인공의수를 제작하고 성능을 평가하였다. 표면 근전도 센서로 획득하고 Edge Impulse에서 디지털 시그널 프로세싱 과정을 거친 신호들을 이용하여 머신러닝으로 손가락 운동의 종류를 판단하는 훈련을 통해 각 손가락의 굽힘 운동신호를 의수 모델의 손가락들에 전달하였다. 디지털 시그널 프로세싱 조건을 노치 필터 60 Hz, 대역필터 10-300 Hz, 그리고 샘플링 주파수 1,000 Hz로 했을 때, 머신 러닝의 정확도가 82.1%로 가장 높았다. 각 손가락 굴곡 운동간에 혼동될 수 있는 가능성은 약지가 가장 높아서 검지의 운동으로 혼동될 가능성이 44.7 %이었다. 저비용 인공의수의 성공적인 개발을 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요하다.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.172-182
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• 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the superficial anatomy, kinesiology, and functions of the hand to reveal its morphometry and apply the findings in various fields such as prosthetic hand and protective hand support product design. We examined 51 young adults (32 females, 19 males) aged between 18-30. Hand photographs were taken, and measurements were conducted using ImageJ software. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between personal information and the parameters. The results of the measurements showed the average lengths of finger segments: thumb (49.5±5.5 mm), index finger (63.9±4.1 mm), middle finger (70.7±5.2 mm), ring finger (65.5±4.8 mm), and little finger (53.3±4.3 mm). Both females and males, the left index finger was measured longer than the right index finger. The right ring finger was found to be longer than the left in both sexes. Additionally, length differences between fingers in extended and maximally adducted positions were determined: thumb-index finger (56.1±6.2 mm), index-middle finger (10.7±4.1 mm), middle-ring finger (10.8±1.4 mm), and ring-little finger (25.6±2.7 mm). Other findings included the average radial natural angle (56.4°±10.5°), ulnar natural angle (23.4°±7.1°), radial deviation angle (65.2°±8.2°), ulnar deviation angle (51.2°±9.6°), and grasping/gripping angle (49.1°±5.8°). The average angles between fingers in maximum abduction positions were also measured: thumb-index finger (53.4°±6.5°), index-middle finger (17.2°±2.6°), middle-ring finger (14.3°±2.3°), and ring-little finger (32.1°±7.0°). The study examined the variability in the positioning of proximal interphalangeal joints during maximum metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal flexion, coinciding with maximum distal interphalangeal extension movements. The focal points of our observations were the asymmetrical and symmetrical arches formed by these joints. This study provides valuable hand parameters in young adults, which can be utilized in various applications such as prosthetic design, ergonomic product development, and hand-related research. The results highlight the significance of considering individual factors when assessing hand morphology and function.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.484-492
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• 2022

This paper presents a simple and robust under-actuated robotic finger mechanism that enables self-adaptive grip, fingertip pinch, and caging grasp functions. In order to perform daily activities using hands, the fingers should be able to perform adaptive gripping and pinching motion, and the caging grasp function is required to realize natural gripping motions and improve grip reliability. However, general commercial prosthetic hands cannot implement all three functions because they use under-actuation mechanism and simple mechanical structure to achieve light-weight and high robustness characteristic. In this paper, new mechanism is proposed that maintains structural simplicity and implements all the three finger functions with simple one degree-of-freedom control through a combination of a four-bar linkage mechanism and a wire-driven mechanism. The basic structure and operating principle of the proposed finger mechanism were explained, and simulation and experiments using the prototype were conducted to verify the gripping performance of the proposed finger mechanism.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.242-249
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• 2019

Forearm electromyography (EMG) generated by wrist movements has been widely used to develop an electrical prosthetic hand, but EMG generated by finger movements has been rarely used even though 20% of amputees lose fingers. The goal of this study is to improve the classification performance of different finger movements using a deep learning algorithm, and thereby contributing to the development of a high-performance finger-based prosthetic hand. Ten participants took part in this study, and they performed seven different finger movements forty times each (thumb, index, middle, ring, little, fist and rest) during which EMG was measured from the back of the right hand using four bipolar electrodes. We extracted mean absolute value (MAV), root mean square (RMS), and mean (MEAN) from the measured EMGs for each trial as features, and a 5x5-fold cross-validation was performed to estimate the classification performance of seven different finger movements. A long short-term memory (LSTM) model was used as a classifier, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) that is a widely used classifier in previous studies was also used for comparison. The best performance of the LSTM model (sensitivity: 91.46 ± 6.72%; specificity: 91.27 ± 4.18%; accuracy: 91.26 ± 4.09%) significantly outperformed that of LDA (sensitivity: 84.55 ± 9.61%; specificity: 84.02 ± 6.00%; accuracy: 84.00 ± 5.87%). Our result demonstrates the feasibility of a deep learning algorithm (LSTM) to improve the performance of classifying different finger movements using EMG.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.217-226
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• 2006

Grasping and manipulation by hands can be considered as one of inevitable functions to achieve the performances desired in humanoid operations. When a humanoid robot manipulates an object by his hands, each finger should be well-controlled to accomplish a precise manipulation of the object grasped. So, the trajectory of each joint required for a precise finger motion is fundamentally necessary to be planned stably. In this sense, this paper proposes an effective joint motion planning method for humanoid fingers. The proposed method newly employs a bio-mimetic concept for joint motion planning. A suitable model that describes an interphalangeal coordination in a human finger is suggested and incorporated into the proposed joint motion planning method. The feature of the proposed method is illustrated by simulation results. As a result, the proposed method is useful for a facilitative finger motion. It can be applied to improve the control performance of humanoid fingers or prosthetic fingers.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.193-204
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• 2016

This paper presents an anthropomorphic finger prosthesis for amputees whose proximal phalanx is mutilated. The finger prosthesis to be proposed is able to make the amputees to perform the natural motion such as flexion/extension as well as self-adaptive grasping motion as if normal human finger does. The mechanism of finger prosthesis with three degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) consists of two five-bar and one four-bar linkages. Two passive components composed of torsional spring and mechanical stopper and only one active joint are employed in order to realize an underactuation. Each passive component is installed into the five-bar linkage. In order to activate the finger prosthesis, it is required for the user to flex and extend the remaining proximal phalanx on the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, not an electric motor. Thus the finger prosthesis conducts not only the natural motion according to his/her intention but also the grasping motion through the deformation of springs by the object for human finger-like behavior. In order to reveal the operation principle of the proposed mechanism, kinematic analysis is performed for the linkage design. Finally both simulations and experiments are conducted in order to reveal the design feasibility of the proposed finger mechanism.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.876-881
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• 2003

This study focused on to design and toanalysis of a myoelectronic hand. We considered a low frequency factor in human life and to quantify low frequency which a human body responded to using a 1-axis ant a 3-axis accelerometer. The dynamic myoelectronic hand are important for tasks such a continuous prosthetic control and a EMG signal recognition, which have not been successfully mastered by the most neural approached To control myoelectronic hand, classifying myoelectronic patterns are also important. Experimental results of FEM are 110㎫ on Thumb, 200㎫ on Index finger, 220㎫ on Middle finger 260㎫ on Ring finger and 270㎫ on Little finger. Experimental results of accelerometer are 1.4-0.4(m/s2) ,(5-20(〔Hz〕) in Feeding activity and 0.4-0(m/s2) (0-10〔Hz〕) in Lifting activity. Considering these facts, we suggest a new type myoelectronic hand.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.234-242
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to verify the practical effectiveness of an interphalangeal coordination-based joint motion planning method for humanoid finger operations. For the purpose, several experiments have been performed and comparative experimental results are shown. Through the experimental works, it is confirmed that according to the employed joint motion planning method, the joint configurations for a finger's trajectory can be planned stably or not, and consequently the actual joint torque command for controlling the finger can be made moderately or not. Finally, this paper analyzes that the interphalangeal coordination-based joint motion planning method is practically useful for implementing a stable finger manipulation. It is remarkably noted that the torque pattern by the method is well-balanced. Therefore, it is expected that the control performance of humanoid or prosthetic fingers can be enhanced by the method.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.18-28
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• 2023

This study introduces a smart wrist band system with pressure measurements using wrist skin curvature variation due to finger motion. It is easy to wear and take off without pre-adaptation or surgery to use. By analyzing the depth variation of wrist skin curvature during each finger motion, we elaborated the most suitable location of each Force Sensitive Resistor (FSR) to be attached in the wristband with anatomical consideration. A 3D depth camera was used to investigate distinctive wrist locations, responsible for the anatomically de-coupled thumb, index, and middle finger, where the variations of wrist skin curvature appear independently. Then sensors within the wristband were attached correspondingly to measure the pressure change of those points and eventually the finger motion. The smart wrist band was validated for its practicality through two demonstrative applications, i.e., one for a real-time control of prosthetic robot hands and the other for natural human-computer interfacing. And hopefully other futuristic human-related applications would be benefited from the proposed smart wrist band system.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2024

This paper presents an under-actuated robotic hand inspired by the ligamentous structure of the human hand for a prosthetic application. The joint mechanisms are based on the concept of a tensegrity structure formed by elastic strings. These rigid bodies and elastic strings in the mechanism emulate the phalanx bones and primary ligaments found in human finger joints. As a result, the proposed hand inherently possesses compliant characteristics, ensuring robust adaptability during grasping and when interacting with physical environments. For the practical implementation of the tensegrity-based joint mechanism, we detail the installation of the strings and the routing of the driving tendon, which are related to extension and flexion, respectively. Additionally, we have designed the palm structure of the proposed hand to facilitate opposition and tripod grips between the fingers and thumb, taking into account the transverse arch of the human palm. In conclusion, we tested a prototype of the proposed hand to evaluate its motion and grasping capabilities.