• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.37-41
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• 2007

Purpose: Hemiplegic patients usually present with difficulties in maintaining their balance. Balance retraining is a major component of a rehabilitation program for patients with neurological impairments. This study compared the effects of prorpioceptive exercise and visual feedback program on the limits of stability (LOS) in chronic hemiplegia patients. Methods: Thirty subjects (mean age $57.0{\pm}9.8$) were recruited. The subjects were divided into a proprioceptive group and a visual group. The subjects for the proprioceptive group participated in the proprioceptive exercise program for 4 weeks, and the visual group were treated with visual feedback training using a Balance Master. Results: At the 4 week follow-up test, the LOS in the proprioceptive group improved significantly in all directions (p<0.05). However, improvement was only observed in the forward direction in the visual feedback group. Therefore, the proprioceptive control approach improves the LOS in chronic hemiplegia patients. Conclusion: These results suggest that compared with physical therapy alone using a proprioceptive control approach to hemiplegia, there was no additional benefit of visual feedback training, such as Balance Master, when administrated in combination with other physical therapy interventions.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2004

Hemiplegic patients usually present with difficulty maintaining balance. Balance retraining is the major component of rehabilitation program for patients with neurological impairment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prorpioceptive exercise program on the improvement of balance in the patients with chronic hemiplegia. Thirty subjects (mean age $57.0{\pm}9.8$) were recruited and the subjects were divided into a proprioceptive group and a visual group. The subjects for the proprioceptive group were participated in the proprioceptive exercise program for 4 weeks, and the visual group were treated visual feedback training using Balance Master. At 4 week follow-up test, Berg Balance Scale significantly improved 1.1 points (p<.01), Timed Up & Go test improved 4.2 second (p<.01), and weight distribution during sit to stand also improved 5.0% (p<.01). As a result of this study, the proprioceptive control approach improved dynamic balance in the patients with chronic hemiplegia. It is suggested that there was no benefit of visual feedback training like as Balance Master when administrated in combination with other physical therapy interventions, compared with physical therapy alone using proprioceptive control approach to hemiplegia.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.236-241
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the effects of aquatic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern exercise on the balance, gait ability, and depression in patients with chronic stroke. Methods: Thirty patients with chronic stroke were assigned randomly to an experimental (n=15) or control (n=15) group. The experimental group performed aquatic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern exercise. The control group performed ground proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern exercise. Training was conducted once a day for 30 minutes, five days per week for six weeks. The balance ability was measured using the Berg balance scale. The gait ability was measured using the 10 Meter walk test. Depression was measured using the Beck depression inventory. Results: As a result of a comparison within groups, the experimental and control group showed a significant difference for balance, gait ability, and depression after the experiment (p<0.05). In a comparison between the two groups, the experimental group, in which aquatic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern exercise was applied, showed more significant changes in balance, gait ability, and depression than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on these results, aquatic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern exercise effectively improved the balance, gait ability and depression in patients with chronic stroke.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.51-63
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to provide definition of proprioception, foundations and roles of neuroanatomy, and systemical review of proprioceptive activities in sensory integration intervention. Proprioception exists in muscle, ligaments, joints and skin and it plays important role in controling body movements and interacting with environment during child development. Proprioception interacting with tactile and vestibular systems contributes to the change of muscle tone, postural control, refinements of planning and praxis. Children who are deficit in proprioceptive processing would seek hypo-responsive proprioceptive input or avoid hyperactive one. Outcome of poor proprioceptive input would cause the problems of praxis and postural control. Because proprioception provides information about the position and movement of body and limb it is important for development of body scheme and motor planning. It also influences the arousal and emotional tone. Sensory integration intervention which provides rich proprioceptive activities will improve the level of arousal and enhance motor planning.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.393-402
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• 2021

In animals, proper locomotion is crucial to find mates and foods and avoid predators or dangers. Multiple sensory systems detect external and internal cues and integrate them to modulate motor outputs. Proprioception is the internal sense of body position, and proprioceptive control of locomotion is essential to generate and maintain precise patterns of movement or gaits. This proprioceptive feedback system is conserved in many animal species and is mediated by stretch-sensitive receptors called proprioceptors. Recent studies have identified multiple proprioceptive neurons and proprioceptors and their roles in the locomotion of various model organisms. In this review we describe molecular and neuronal mechanisms underlying proprioceptive feedback systems in C. elegans, Drosophila, and mice.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2023

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of underwater and ground proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation lower extremity pattern exercise on trunk control and lower extremity muscle activity of chronic stroke patients. Design: Pretest-posttest design: single blind. Methods: The subjects were 28 patients (experimental group, n=14 or control group, n=14) diagnosed with chronic stroke. The experimental group performed underwater proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation lower extremity pattern exercise. The control group performed ground proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation lower extremity pattern exercise. Training was conducted once a day for 30 minutes, five days per week for six. Trunk control was measured using the Trunk Impairment Scale. Lower extremity muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography. Results: As a result of comparison within groups, the experimental and control group showed significant difference for trunk control after the experiment (p<0.05). In comparison between two groups, the experimental group showed more significant difference in trunk control than the control group (p<0.05). In comparison within groups, the experimental group showed significant difference for lower extremity muscle activity after the experiment (p<0.05). In comparison between two groups, the experimental group showed more significant difference in lower extremity muscle activity than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on these results, underwater proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation lower extremity pattern exercise effectively improved the trunk control and lower extremity muscle activity of chronic stroke patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.53-59
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of proprioceptive exercise on the body alignment of elderly women. Method: The experimental group consisted of twenty elderly women who participated in proprioceptive exercise for 8 weeks. The subjects were measured using Global Posture System equipment for assessing their body alignment. Body alignment was measured at the ear, shoulder joint, knee joint and calcaneocuboid joint on the sagittal plane, and the left and right acromion process positions, the ASIS and the medial malleoulus on the coronal plane. The body alignment data was used to assess the changes before and after proprioceptive exercise. The data of the experimental group was compared and analyzed using the Wilcoxon singed-rank test between before and after proprioceptive exercise. The Mann-Whithney test was used to compare the experimental group and the control group. Result: The result of this study was that the body alignment of the experimental group at the ear and knee joint on the sagittal plane was significantly in alignment with the line of gravity (p<0.05) before and after proprioceptive exercise. The body alignment was statistically different (p<0.05) between the experimental group and the control group on the frontal plane and sagittal plane. Conclusion: This study showed that proprioceptive exercise does affect the body alignment in elderly women. This indicates that there is interaction that plays a crucial role for proprioceptive stimuli and the body alignment.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.19-29
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• 2008

Background : Ankle inversion sprains are one of the most common injuries in sports and activities of daily living that mostly concern physically active individuals. In most researches, proprioceptive deficit, muscle weakness and/or absent coordination have been regarded as a contributing factors. Despite the high incidence of ankle sprain and instability, therapeutic approaches to properly manage the symptoms have rarely been investigated. This study aimed to identify the effect of proprioceptive exercise program that is easy to integrate in normal training program. Methods : Subjects were randomly allocated to control group and experimental group consisting of 11 and 10 patients, respectively. The conservative treatment for the control group consisted of hot packs, ultrasound and TENS. In addition, the experimental group performed 7 exercises to enhance proprioceptive function of ankle joint. The therapeutic intervention of the controland experimental groups was performed a total of 20 exercise sessions, averaging 50 hour each, 5 times per week for 4 weeks. To compare the two groups, the level of ankle disability was assessed by using the ankle injury score scale in pre- and post-treatment. Results : On assessment of post-treatment, there were statistically significant differences in the scores of all sub-items, except for ankle laxity and range of motion, and the total score of ankle injury score scale between the two groups(p<0.05). In comparison between pre- and post-treatments, the significant difference in the scores of all sub-items and total score didn't appear for the control group, while the scores of most sub-items and total score of the experimental group were shown the statistically significant difference(p<0.05). Conclusion : The findings suggest that the proprioceptive exercise program is more effective for relieving ankle disability than conservative treatment therefore, the program to improve proprioceptive function should be recommended for prevention and rehabilitation of recurrent ankle inversion injuries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.123-132
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• 2020

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of both lower extremities proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training with functional electrical stimulation on the balance and gait of stroke patients. METHODS: Ten patients with stroke were divided randomly into two groups of five patients each who met the selection criteria. The training was conducted five times a week, for 60 minutes. The experimental group received both lower extremities proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training with functional electrical stimulation while the control group received general physical therapy with functional electrical stimulation. RESULTS: The timed Up-and-Go (TUG) test result was statistically significant after the intervention in the experimental group (p<.041). Berg Balance Scale (BBS) assessment was statistically significant after the intervention in the experimental group (p<.047) and between the experimental and control groups (p<.012). The cadence assessment was statistically significant after intervention in the experimental group (p<.031) and between the experimental and control groups (p<.015). The stride length assessment was not statistically significant after intervention in the experimental group and between the experimental and control groups. Gait velocity assessment was statistically significant after the intervention in the experimental group (p<.031) and between the experimental and control groups (p<.015). CONCLUSION: Both lower extremities proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training with functional electrical stimulation had positive effects on the balance and gait of stroke patients.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2006

Objectives: To review recent findings from physiologic research about the nature of proprioceptive spinal reflex, proposed explanation for mechanisms of musculoskeletal problems associated with propriceptive dysfunction and techniques controlling this problem. Methods: MEDLINE databases were searched using various combinatins of the keywords proprioception, spinal reflex, somata-somatic reflex, spinal manipulation, muscle spindle, Golgi-tendon organ, along with searching the related articles and textbooks. Results and Conclusion: Proprioceptors(muscle spindle, Golgi-tendon organs) monitor the position of joints, tension in tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction. Disturbed activity of proprioceptive spinal reflex can cause chronic state of increased muscle stiffness, pain, deficiencies both in muscle coordination and propioception, and so on. All kinds of techniques that control proprioceptive primary afferent neurons can affect the motor control system and evoke changes in the neuromuscular system.