• 대한교통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한교통학회 1995년도 제27회 학술발표회
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• pp.101-113
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• 1995

The objective of this research is to test the feasibility of developing a statewide truck traffic forecasting methodology for Wisconsin by using Origin-Destination surveys, traffic counts, classification counts, and other data that are routinely collected by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT). Development of a feasible model will permit estimation of future truck traffic for every major link in the network. This will provide the basis for improved estimation of future pavement deterioration. Pavement damage rises exponentially as axle weight increases, and trucks are responsible for most of the traffic-induced damage to pavement. Consequently, forecasts of truck traffic are critical to pavement management systems. The pavement Management Decision Supporting System (PMDSS) prepared by WisDOT in May 1990 combines pavement inventory and performance data with a knowledge base consisting of rules for evaluation, problem identification and rehabilitation recommendation. Without a r.easonable truck traffic forecasting methodology, PMDSS is not able to project pavement performance trends in order to make assessment and recommendations in the future years. However, none of WisDOT's existing forecasting methodologies has been designed specifically for predicting truck movements on a statewide highway network. For this research, the Origin-Destination survey data avaiiable from WisDOT, including two stateline areas, one county, and five cities, are analyzed and the zone-to'||'&'||'not;zone truck trip tables are developed. The resulting Origin-Destination Trip Length Frequency (00 TLF) distributions by trip type are applied to the Gravity Model (GM) for comparison with comparable TLFs from the GM. The gravity model is calibrated to obtain friction factor curves for the three trip types, Internal-Internal (I-I), Internal-External (I-E), and External-External (E-E). ~oth "macro-scale" calibration and "micro-scale" calibration are performed. The comparison of the statewide GM TLF with the 00 TLF for the macro-scale calibration does not provide suitable results because the available 00 survey data do not represent an unbiased sample of statewide truck trips. For the "micro-scale" calibration, "partial" GM trip tables that correspond to the 00 survey trip tables are extracted from the full statewide GM trip table. These "partial" GM trip tables are then merged and a partial GM TLF is created. The GM friction factor curves are adjusted until the partial GM TLF matches the 00 TLF. Three friction factor curves, one for each trip type, resulting from the micro-scale calibration produce a reasonable GM truck trip model. A key methodological issue for GM. calibration involves the use of multiple friction factor curves versus a single friction factor curve for each trip type in order to estimate truck trips with reasonable accuracy. A single friction factor curve for each of the three trip types was found to reproduce the 00 TLFs from the calibration data base. Given the very limited trip generation data available for this research, additional refinement of the gravity model using multiple mction factor curves for each trip type was not warranted. In the traditional urban transportation planning studies, the zonal trip productions and attractions and region-wide OD TLFs are available. However, for this research, the information available for the development .of the GM model is limited to Ground Counts (GC) and a limited set ofOD TLFs. The GM is calibrated using the limited OD data, but the OD data are not adequate to obtain good estimates of truck trip productions and attractions .. Consequently, zonal productions and attractions are estimated using zonal population as a first approximation. Then, Selected Link based (SELINK) analyses are used to adjust the productions and attractions and possibly recalibrate the GM. The SELINK adjustment process involves identifying the origins and destinations of all truck trips that are assigned to a specified "selected link" as the result of a standard traffic assignment. A link adjustment factor is computed as the ratio of the actual volume for the link (ground count) to the total assigned volume. This link adjustment factor is then applied to all of the origin and destination zones of the trips using that "selected link". Selected link based analyses are conducted by using both 16 selected links and 32 selected links. The result of SELINK analysis by u~ing 32 selected links provides the least %RMSE in the screenline volume analysis. In addition, the stability of the GM truck estimating model is preserved by using 32 selected links with three SELINK adjustments, that is, the GM remains calibrated despite substantial changes in the input productions and attractions. The coverage of zones provided by 32 selected links is satisfactory. Increasing the number of repetitions beyond four is not reasonable because the stability of GM model in reproducing the OD TLF reaches its limits. The total volume of truck traffic captured by 32 selected links is 107% of total trip productions. But more importantly, ~ELINK adjustment factors for all of the zones can be computed. Evaluation of the travel demand model resulting from the SELINK adjustments is conducted by using screenline volume analysis, functional class and route specific volume analysis, area specific volume analysis, production and attraction analysis, and Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) analysis. Screenline volume analysis by using four screenlines with 28 check points are used for evaluation of the adequacy of the overall model. The total trucks crossing the screenlines are compared to the ground count totals. L V/GC ratios of 0.958 by using 32 selected links and 1.001 by using 16 selected links are obtained. The %RM:SE for the four screenlines is inversely proportional to the average ground count totals by screenline .. The magnitude of %RM:SE for the four screenlines resulting from the fourth and last GM run by using 32 and 16 selected links is 22% and 31 % respectively. These results are similar to the overall %RMSE achieved for the 32 and 16 selected links themselves of 19% and 33% respectively. This implies that the SELINICanalysis results are reasonable for all sections of the state.Functional class and route specific volume analysis is possible by using the available 154 classification count check points. The truck traffic crossing the Interstate highways (ISH) with 37 check points, the US highways (USH) with 50 check points, and the State highways (STH) with 67 check points is compared to the actual ground count totals. The magnitude of the overall link volume to ground count ratio by route does not provide any specific pattern of over or underestimate. However, the %R11SE for the ISH shows the least value while that for the STH shows the largest value. This pattern is consistent with the screenline analysis and the overall relationship between %RMSE and ground count volume groups. Area specific volume analysis provides another broad statewide measure of the performance of the overall model. The truck traffic in the North area with 26 check points, the West area with 36 check points, the East area with 29 check points, and the South area with 64 check points are compared to the actual ground count totals. The four areas show similar results. No specific patterns in the L V/GC ratio by area are found. In addition, the %RMSE is computed for each of the four areas. The %RMSEs for the North, West, East, and South areas are 92%, 49%, 27%, and 35% respectively, whereas, the average ground counts are 481, 1383, 1532, and 3154 respectively. As for the screenline and volume range analyses, the %RMSE is inversely related to average link volume. 'The SELINK adjustments of productions and attractions resulted in a very substantial reduction in the total in-state zonal productions and attractions. The initial in-state zonal trip generation model can now be revised with a new trip production's trip rate (total adjusted productions/total population) and a new trip attraction's trip rate. Revised zonal production and attraction adjustment factors can then be developed that only reflect the impact of the SELINK adjustments that cause mcreases or , decreases from the revised zonal estimate of productions and attractions. Analysis of the revised production adjustment factors is conducted by plotting the factors on the state map. The east area of the state including the counties of Brown, Outagamie, Shawano, Wmnebago, Fond du Lac, Marathon shows comparatively large values of the revised adjustment factors. Overall, both small and large values of the revised adjustment factors are scattered around Wisconsin. This suggests that more independent variables beyond just 226; population are needed for the development of the heavy truck trip generation model. More independent variables including zonal employment data (office employees and manufacturing employees) by industry type, zonal private trucks 226; owned and zonal income data which are not available currently should be considered. A plot of frequency distribution of the in-state zones as a function of the revised production and attraction adjustment factors shows the overall " adjustment resulting from the SELINK analysis process. Overall, the revised SELINK adjustments show that the productions for many zones are reduced by, a factor of 0.5 to 0.8 while the productions for ~ relatively few zones are increased by factors from 1.1 to 4 with most of the factors in the 3.0 range. No obvious explanation for the frequency distribution could be found. The revised SELINK adjustments overall appear to be reasonable. The heavy truck VMT analysis is conducted by comparing the 1990 heavy truck VMT that is forecasted by the GM truck forecasting model, 2.975 billions, with the WisDOT computed data. This gives an estimate that is 18.3% less than the WisDOT computation of 3.642 billions of VMT. The WisDOT estimates are based on the sampling the link volumes for USH, 8TH, and CTH. This implies potential error in sampling the average link volume. The WisDOT estimate of heavy truck VMT cannot be tabulated by the three trip types, I-I, I-E ('||'&'||'pound;-I), and E-E. In contrast, the GM forecasting model shows that the proportion ofE-E VMT out of total VMT is 21.24%. In addition, tabulation of heavy truck VMT by route functional class shows that the proportion of truck traffic traversing the freeways and expressways is 76.5%. Only 14.1% of total freeway truck traffic is I-I trips, while 80% of total collector truck traffic is I-I trips. This implies that freeways are traversed mainly by I-E and E-E truck traffic while collectors are used mainly by I-I truck traffic. Other tabulations such as average heavy truck speed by trip type, average travel distance by trip type and the VMT distribution by trip type, route functional class and travel speed are useful information for highway planners to understand the characteristics of statewide heavy truck trip patternS. Heavy truck volumes for the target year 2010 are forecasted by using the GM truck forecasting model. Four scenarios are used. Fo~ better forecasting, ground count- based segment adjustment factors are developed and applied. ISH 90 '||'&'||' 94 and USH 41 are used as example routes. The forecasting results by using the ground count-based segment adjustment factors are satisfactory for long range planning purposes, but additional ground counts would be useful for USH 41. Sensitivity analysis provides estimates of the impacts of the alternative growth rates including information about changes in the trip types using key routes. The network'||'&'||'not;based GMcan easily model scenarios with different rates of growth in rural versus . . urban areas, small versus large cities, and in-state zones versus external stations. cities, and in-state zones versus external stations.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.21-43
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• 2008

The task network which is formed of different individuals can be recognized as a social network. Therefore, the way to communicate with people inside or outside the network has considerable influence on their outcome. Moreover, the position on which a member stands in a network shows the different effects of the information systems supporting communication with others. In this paper, it is to be studied how personal CMC (computer-mediated communication) tools affect the mission that those who work for a network perform through diverse task networks. Especially, we focused on synchronicity of CMC. On this score, the perspective of Media Synchronicity Theory was taken that had been suggested by criticizing Media Richness Theory. It is the objective, from this perspective, to find which characteristics of networks make the value of IT supporting synchronicity high. In the research trends of social networks, there have been two traditional perspectives to explain the effect of network: embeddedness and diversity ones. These differ from the aspect which type of social network can provide much more economic benefits. As similar studies have been reported by various researchers, these are also divided into the bonding and bridging views which are based on internal and external tie, respectively, Size, density, and centrality were measured as the characteristics of personal task networks. Size means the level of relationship between members. It is the total number of other colleagues who work with a specific member for a certain project. It means, the larger the size of task network, the more the number of coworkers who interact each other through the job. Density is the ratio of the number of relationships arranged actually to the total number of available ones. In an ego-centered network, it is defined as the ratio of the number of relationship made really to the total number of possible ones between members who are actually involved each other. The higher the level of density, the larger the number of projects on which the members collaborate. Centrality means that his/her position is on the exact center of whole network. There are several methods to measure it. In this research, betweenness centrality was adopted among them. It is measured by the position on which one member stands between others in a network. The determinant to raise its level is the shortest geodesic that represents the shortest distance between members. Centrality also indicates the level of role as a broker among others. To verify the hypotheses, we interviewed and surveyed a group of employees of a nationwide financial organization in which a groupware system is used. They were questioned about two CMC applications: MSN with a higher level of synchronicity and email with a lower one. As a result, the larger the size of his/her own task network, the smaller its density and the higher the level of his/her centrality, the higher the level of the effect using the task network with CMC tools. Above all, this positive effect is verified to be much more produced while using CMC applications with higher-level synchronicity. Among the a variety of situations under which the use of CMC gives more benefits, this research is considered as one of rare cases regarding the characteristics of task network as moderators by focusing ITs for the operation of his/her own task network. It is another contribution of this research to prove empirically that the values of information system depend on the social, or comparative, characteristic of time. Though the same amount of time is shared, the social characteristics of users change its value. In addition, it is significant to examine empirically that the ITs with higher-level synchronicity have the positive effect on productivity. Many businesses are worried about the negative effect of synchronous ITs, for their employees are likely to use them for personal social activities. However. this research can help to dismiss the concern against CMC tools.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.85-103
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• 2012

ISMP는 정보시스템 구축 사업 제안요청서의 요구사항을 명확하게 작성하는 활동이다. 목표시스템 개념을 다소 피상적으로 기술하는 기존 제안요청서 작성 방식과는 달리, 관련 업무 및 정보기술 현황을 체계적으로 파악하고, 이용자 요구사항을 상세 분석하며, 제안요청서에 목표시스템의 기능 및 요건을 구체적으로 정의한다. 이처럼 제안요청서 명확성을 높임으로써 해당 사업의 규모 및 복잡도를 정확하게 산출할 수 있고, 여러 제안업체가 제시한 제안서를 공정하게 평가할 수 있다. 무엇보다 이 분야의 고질적 난제로 제기되는 문제, 즉, 갑과 을 사이의 오해와 갈등, 요구사항의 빈번한 변경, SW 개발자들의 과도한 업무 부담 등을 해결할 수 있다. 널리 보급된다면 장기적으로 SW 개발 생산성 및 IT 서비스 산업의 경쟁력 향상에 기여할 수 있다. 이 연구는 최초로 ISMP를 도입한 2개 시범사업을 대상으로 그 수행 내용, 수행 성과, 문제점 및 성공요인을 분석한 사례 연구이다. 실제 현장의 ISMP 수행 절차를 확인하고, 제안요청서의 요구사항을 어떻게 기술하는지를 살펴보았다. ISMP 제안요청서에 대한 만족도는 기존 제안요청서 방식에 비하여 발주기관과 수주업체에서 모두 높게 나타났다. ISMP에 대한 이해 및 수행 경험 부족으로 인하여 제안요청서 작성의 어려움, 업무 증가 부담 등과 같은 문제점도 발생하였지만, 전반적으로 목표시스템 범위 정립, 현업부서와 개발부서간 정보 공유 및 협력 증진, 발주기관과 수주업체 사이의 의사소통 원활, 요구사항 변경 감소 등 긍정적 효과가 발생하였다. 실무담당자 대상 실행연구(action research) 방식의 심층 인터뷰를 수행한 결과, ISMP 수행 성공요인으로서 ISMP 필요성에 대한 사전공감대 형성, CEO와 CIO의 지원에 의한 ISMP 수행 자원 확보, 요구사항 상세화 수준의 일관성있는 적용 등 3개 요인을 도출하였다. 이 사례연구 결과는 ISMP 도입을 계획하고 있는 발주기관과 IT서비스 업체에게 유용한 현장정보를 제공하며, IT서비스 경쟁력 분야 연구자들에게는 향후 연구방향에 대한 의미 있는 시사점을 제시할 것이다.

• 지질공학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.171-186
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• 2013

본 연구는 대전지역 기존 지하수중 우라늄 및 라돈-222와 같은 자연방사성 물질의 농도가 높은 것으로 알려진 한 지점을 선정하여 121 m 심도의 연구용 시추공을 확보하여 심도별 지하수내 우라늄 및 라돈-222의 산출특성 밝히고, 시추코어를 이용하여 우라늄의 기원에 대한 지화학적 상관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 더블패커를 이용하여 시추공내 심도별로 6개 지하수 시료를 채취하여 화학성분 분석, 우라늄과 라돈-222의 함량을 분석하였다. 분석결과 지하수의 pH는 중성내지는 알카리성이며, 화학성분상 $Ca-HCO_3(SO_4+Cl)$ 유형에 속한다. 그리고 우라늄과 라돈-222의 농도는 각각 169~1,020 ppb와 $9,190{\pm}96{\sim}32,800{\pm}180$ pCi/L를 보여 심도별 뚜렷한 농도차이를 보이며, 모두 미국 EPA 권고치를 초과하였다. 지하수내 우라늄은 지하 45~50m 심도에서 가장 높은 함량을 보인다. 이 구간 지하수는 약알카리성의 산환환경이며 높은 $HCO_3$의 함량으로 우라늄 용존에 유리한 환경으로 보인다. 지하수내 우라늄의 형태는 우라닐탄산염화합물{$(UO_2CO_3)^0$ 혹은 $(UO_2HCO_3)^+$}이 우세한 것으로 보인다. 라돈-222 함량은 심도가 깊어질수록 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 시추코어에 의한 지질주상도특성을 보면 모암은 복운모화강암이며 페그마타이트가 수 곳에서 확인되었고, 중성질 암맥이 100 m 내외에서 확인되었다. 암석내 우라늄과 토륨의 함량은 0.372~47.4 ppm과 0.388~11.2 ppm의 범위를 보여 기존 국내에서 보고된 함량보다 높은 값을 보인다. 암석현미경 관찰 및 전자현미분석결과 방사성원소를 함유하는 광물로는 장석과 흑운모내 포획된 모자나이트, 인회석, 녹염석 광물로 확인되었으며, 광물내 주요성분을 치환하여 주로 존재한다.

• 대한지역사회작업치료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2020

목적 : 본 연구는 6주 동안 적용된 양측저작 운동이 지역사회 거주 노인의 교합력과 깨물근의 부피 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 지역사회 거주 노인 29명을 모집하였다. 모든 참가자는 구강용 저작 운동 목적으로 개발된 기구를 이용하여 양측저작 운동을 수행하였다. 저작 운동은 등척성과 등장성 운동으로 구분되어 수행되었으며, 하루 약 20분, 주 5회, 6주 동안 적용되었다. 평가는 휴대용 초음파 장비와 교합력 측정계를 이용하여 3주 간격으로 총 3회에 걸쳐 깨물근의 부피와 최대 교합력을 측정하였다. 결과 : 저작근 부피 변화를 측정한 결과, 중재 전 7.51±0.43. 3주 후 7.63±0.44, 6주 후 7.83±0.46로 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(F=3.819, p<.05). 사후검증 결과, 중재 전과 6주 후 사이에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=.023). 최대 교합력 변화를 측정한 결과, 중재 전 265±9.22. 3주 후 268±9.57, 6주 후 271.59±10.16로 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(F=3.031, p<.05). 사후검증 결과, 중재 전과 6주 후 사이에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=.048). 결론 : 본 연구는 6주 동안의 양측저작 운동이 노인의 깨물근 부피와 교합력 향상에 효과적임을 확인하였다. 그러므로 양측저작 운동은 구강 기능 향상을 위한 치료적 운동방법으로 적용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.4-12
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• 1982

1. 이 실험은 미국 Dept. of Navy의 위촉(委囑)을 받아 School of Forestry, Yale University에서 실시중인 열대산(熱帶産) 재목(材木)이 물리적(物理的) 기계적(機械的) 성질(性質) 연구계획(硏究計劃)의 일부(一部)로써 동대학(同大學) 목재공예연구실(木材工藝硏究室)에서 실시(實施)하였다. 2. 이 실험은 연구소에 장치(裝置)된 적은 실험설비를 이용(利用)하여 일정(一定)한 관계습도(關係濕度)(21%, 53%, 61% 그리고 83%등(等))를 조절하면서 各 관계습도(關係濕度) 밑에서 각(各) 시험편을 가질 수 있는 평형합수량(平衝含水量) equilibrium moisture content와 hysteresis loop 즉 relative humidity moisture content curve을 결정(決定)하기 위하여 실시하였다. 3. 이 실험을 통(通)하여 목적(目的)한 바 열대재(즉(卽) Ocotea, Tabebuia 그리고 Hymenaea)의 관계 습도에 따라 equilibrium moisture content와 이때에 일어나는 hysteresis loop를 알게 되었으며 각(各) 수종의 관계습도에 따른 equilibrium moisture content는 Table 4과 같으며 hysteresis loop 관계(關係)는 Fig. 2.3.4와 같다. 4. 이 실험을 통(通)하여서도 과거(過去) 모는 실험결과에서 보는 것과 같이 각(各) 수종에 따라 같은 관계습도에서 가질 수 있는 equilibrium moisture content에 상당(相當)한 차이(差異)를 볼 수 있었으며 그 차이(差異)는 관계습도가 높을수록 큰 경향(傾向)을 띠우고 따라서 hysteresis loop의 shape 에도 각기(各其) 그 고유(固有)한 특징(特徵)을 볼 수 있다. 5. 대기중(大氣中)에 있는 큰 재목(材木)이 가질 수 있는 평형함수량(乎衝含水量)(E M C) 은 Table 6와 같으며 이것 역시(亦是) 적은 시험편(試驗片)으로 시험(試驗)하여 얻은 결과(結果)와 같이 나무 종류(種類)에 따라 차이(差異)가 있고 그 차이(差異)는 관계습도(關係濕度)가 높으면 높을수록 크다는 것을 알게 되었다. 6. 재목(材木)의 생산지(生産地)가 다르면 즉 남방(南方) 열대지역(熱帶地方)에서 생산(生産)하는 것과 온대지방(溫帶地方)에서 생산(生産)되는 나무사이에는 나무 종류(種類)가 달라서 직접(直接) 비교(比較)는 안되나 나무 종류별(種類別)로 보면 역시(亦是) 이와같은 목재(木材)의 물리적(物理的) 성질(性質)에 확실(確實)히 차이(差異)가 있었다는 것을 알게 되었다.(참조(參照) Table 5) 7. 이 실험결과를 발표(發表)함에 있어 친(親)히 충고(忠告) 지도(指導)하여 주신 Wangaard와 Dickinson 양(兩) 교수님과 재과(材科) 주선(周旋)에 수고(受苦)를 아끼지 않고 전심(全心) 도와 주신 Mr. R. C. Claneh 씨(氏)등에게 충심(衷心)으로 감사(感謝)의 뜻을 표(表)하는 바이다.

• 기술경영경제학회:학술대회논문집
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• 기술경영경제학회 1997년도 제11회 하계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.222-223
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• 1997

인공씨감자 대량생산기술 상업화 사례는 모방 중심의 연구개발풍토 하에서 드물게 찾아볼 수 있는 출연(연)에 뿌리를 둔 Technology push형의 창조형 혁신사례이다. 본 논문은 모방형 연구개발풍토에서의 창조형 기술혁신사례를 분석함으로써 창조적 혁신의 성공요인을 발굴하여 지식창조 지향의 연구관리 모형 제시를 시도하였다. 출연(연)에 뿌리를 둔 Technology push형 혁신은 연구자 관점의 연구개발단계와 기업가 관점의 기업화 단계로 구분된다. 연구자 관점의 연구개발단계에서는 연구자의 고집과 집념 그리고 상사의 후원에 의해서 창의적인 아이디어가 살아남아 가능성 있는 기술로 발전할 수 있었으며, 연구성과에 대한 언론보도 및 외부세계의 관심과 기대, 민간기업의 참여는 연구자에게 심리적 압박(pressure)을 제공하나 연구자의 몰입을 촉진하는 효과를 가져왔다. 현장문제에 대한 몸으로의 체험 그리고 지식창조 체험은 중요한 암묵적 지식(tacit knowledge)이며, 연구자의 연구몰입을 가속화시켰다. 기업가 관점의 기업화 단계에서는 선진외국에서 검증된 기술을 도입개량하는데 익숙해 있고 새로운 창조형 혁신 경험이 없는 개발도상국의 입장에서 법적, 제도적, 사회적 요인 등 많은 장애요인이 등장하였다. 결국 새로운 개념의 혁신 추진과정에서 나타나는 많은 장애요인을 극복할 수 있는 지속적인 노력이 중요하였으며, 연구자의 기업가 정신(entrepreneurship), 참여기업의 기업화 의지와 노력이 중요하게 작용하였다. 또한 Technology push형 기술혁신에서 나타나는 소비자의 수용성을 제고시킬 수 있는 개선노력이 중요하다. 한편 Technology Push형 연구는 실용화까지 많은 시행착오 함께 약 10여년이라는 긴 시간이 필요하게 되는데, 장기간의 연구개발재원을 어떻게 조달하느냐가 창조적 기술혁신 성패의 관건이다. 이 과정에서 angel과 promoter의 역할이 중요하다.물질(hydrophilic components)은 30~33%정도의 분포를 보였고, 전염소 및 전오존 공정을 거친 처리수에서는 각각 62.2-62.8%, 43.9~49.0% 및 50~ 55%, 40~57% 정도의 분포를 보였다. 그리고 웅집-침전을 거친 처리수에서는 그 분포가 77~82%, 24-48%였다. 전주리 공정을 통하여 소수성 물질(byoghobic components)의 분포가 감 소하는 것을 볼 때 전염소 및 전오존 처리가 용존유기물의 응집에는 오히려 역 효과를 나타내는 것으로 판단된다. 것으로 판단된다.여 황토 2g에 대하여 Hieltijes and Lijklema 방법에 의해 Adsorbed-p, Nonapatite inorganic-P(NAI-P), Apatite-p, Organic-P로 구분하여 분석하고, 총인(Total Phosphorus)을 Standard Methods에 따라 Persulfate digestion후 0.45 m membrane 여지 여과하여 여액에 대해 PO3-4-P의 농도를 Ascorbic Acid 법으로 측정한 결과, NAI-P가 가장 큰 비율을 차지하였고, 부원료로 첨가된 금속 양이온 중 Fe3-이온이 흡착에 기여하는 정도가 가장 큰 것으로 평가되었다.다당류 T-AS의 보체 활성화 기작은 classical과 alternative complement pathway의 양 경로를 통해 활성화 되었다. T-AS 분획은 mouse내의 특정 혈청단백을 증가시켰으며, 항체 생성능의 증가가 관찰되어 effect T 세포의 활성화가 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. T-AS는 생체내 투여시에 대식세포의 탐식능이 증진되었으며, 대식세포 기능 저해제에 의한 대식세포의 기능 저해 현상이 회복되었다. 이와 같은 결과들로부터, T-AS의 항암 활성은 활성화된 보체 성분 및 당 수용체들이 존재하는 대식세포의 개입을 시사한다.가능성과 그 방법의 모색에 관심을 갖게 되었으며

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.21-38
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• 2012

Until recently, successful implementation of ERP systems has been a popular topic among ERP researchers, who have attempted to identify its various contributing factors. None of these efforts, however, explicitly recognize the need to identify disparities that can exist between organizational information requirements and ERP systems. Since ERP systems are in fact "packages" -that is, software programs developed by independent software vendors for sale to organizations that use them-they are designed to meet the general needs of numerous organizations, rather than the unique needs of a particular organization, as is the case with custom-developed software. By adopting standard packages, organizations can substantially reduce many of the potential implementation risks commonly associated with custom-developed software. However, it is also true that the nature of the package itself could be a risk factor as the features and functions of the ERP systems may not completely comply with a particular organization's informational requirements. In this study, based on the organizational memory mismatch perspective that was derived from organizational memory theory and cognitive dissonance theory, we define the nature of disparities, which we call "mismatches," and propose that the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems is one of the primary determinants in the successful implementation of ERP systems. Furthermore, we suggest that customization efforts as a coping strategy for mismatches can play a significant role in increasing the possibilities of success. In order to examine the contention we propose in this study, we employed a survey-based field study of ERP project team members, resulting in a total of 77 responses. The results of this study show that, as anticipated from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, the mismatch between organizational information requirements and ERP systems makes a significantly negative impact on the implementation success of ERP systems. This finding confirms our hypothesis that the more mismatch there is, the more difficult successful ERP implementation is, and thus requires more attention to be drawn to mismatch as a major failure source in ERP implementation. This study also found that as a coping strategy on mismatch, the effects of customization are significant. In other words, utilizing the appropriate customization method could lead to the implementation success of ERP systems. This is somewhat interesting because it runs counter to the argument of some literature and ERP vendors that minimized customization (or even the lack thereof) is required for successful ERP implementation. In many ERP projects, there is a tendency among ERP developers to adopt default ERP functions without any customization, adhering to the slogan of "the introduction of best practices." However, this study asserts that we cannot expect successful implementation if we don't attempt to customize ERP systems when mismatches exist. For a more detailed analysis, we identified three types of mismatches-Non-ERP, Non-Procedure, and Hybrid. Among these, only Non-ERP mismatches (a situation in which ERP systems cannot support the existing information needs that are currently fulfilled) were found to have a direct influence on the implementation of ERP systems. Neither Non-Procedure nor Hybrid mismatches were found to have significant impact in the ERP context. These findings provide meaningful insights since they could serve as the basis for discussing how the ERP implementation process should be defined and what activities should be included in the implementation process. They show that ERP developers may not want to include organizational (or business processes) changes in the implementation process, suggesting that doing so could lead to failed implementation. And in fact, this suggestion eventually turned out to be true when we found that the application of process customization led to higher possibilities of failure. From these discussions, we are convinced that Non-ERP is the only type of mismatch we need to focus on during the implementation process, implying that organizational changes must be made before, rather than during, the implementation process. Finally, this study found that among the various customization approaches, bolt-on development methods in particular seemed to have significantly positive effects. Interestingly again, this finding is not in the same line of thought as that of the vendors in the ERP industry. The vendors' recommendations are to apply as many best practices as possible, thereby resulting in the minimization of customization and utilization of bolt-on development methods. They particularly advise against changing the source code and rather recommend employing, when necessary, the method of programming additional software code using the computer language of the vendor. As previously stated, however, our study found active customization, especially bolt-on development methods, to have positive effects on ERP, and found source code changes in particular to have the most significant effects. Moreover, our study found programming additional software to be ineffective, suggesting there is much difference between ERP developers and vendors in viewpoints and strategies toward ERP customization. In summary, mismatches are inherent in the ERP implementation context and play an important role in determining its success. Considering the significance of mismatches, this study proposes a new model for successful ERP implementation, developed from the organizational memory mismatch perspective, and provides many insights by empirically confirming the model's usefulness.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권47호
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• pp.217-239
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• 2017

본 연구는 만화애니메이션학과 대학생들의 DISC 행동유형을 측정하여 개인의 차이를 이해하고 학생들의 강점을 최대화시킬 수 있도록 지원하며 교육의 효율성을 높이고 핵심역량을 극대화함에 목적이 있다. 또한 행동유형별 전공만족도와 대학생활만족도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인하였다. 만화애니메이션학과 학생들의 DISC유형은 I형(사교형)이 41.7%로 가장 많았고 가장 적은 유형은 S형(안정형)으로 10%이었다. 연구대상자의 만족도 평균은 교수들의 조언에 대한 만족도가 3.83으로 가장 높게 나타났으며 교육내용 전공 적합성이 3.71과 교과 내용 흥미가 3.68로 높게 나왔고 행정서비스나 복지시설 만족도가 2.56으로 낮게 나타났다. DISC 행동 유형에 따른 만족도는 학과 만족도와 학교 분위기 만족도, 행정 및 복지시설 만족도에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 전공만족도와 대학생활만족도에서는 가장 만족도가 높은 유형은 I형(사교형)이고, 가장 낮은 유형은 C형(분석형)으로 나타났다. 특히 I형(사교형)이 가장 많은 비중을 차지하므로 전체적으로 밝은 분위기가 연출될 수 있겠지만 산만하고 일의 정확도가 다소 떨어질 수 있으므로 중간 점검이 필수적이며 두 번째로 많은 비중을 차지하는 C형(신중형)은 내성적이고 스트레스가 많은 성향으로 적극적인 소통과 정확한 조언으로 대학생활을 긍정적으로 유지할 수 있도록 도와야 한다. 행동 유형의 특성은 정확한 진로 탐색과 졸업 후 업무와도 연결이 되므로 학생 스스로도 본인의 행동 유형을 인지하고 교수들은 유형별 선호하는 환경이나 작업형태를 파악하여 매칭 한다면 취업률과 직업 유지율에도 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것이다. 또한 학과의 소그룹 형태의 프로젝트나 작품 활동에서도 학생들의 DISC의 행동유형 적절하게 잘 구성한다면 유익한 리더십과 팔로우십으로 프로젝트 성공률을 높일 수 있으며 학과의 분위기도 향상시키어 중도 탈락률을 감소시키고 학과의 응집력을 높일 수 있을 것이다. 행동 유형 파악으로 서로 다음을 인정하고 수용하는 것이 중요하며 유형이 다르므로 배척하거나 제외하는 오류를 범하면 안 될 것이며 만화애니메이션학과 교수는 학생들의 행동유형별 특성과 장단점을 잘 파악하여 교수법으로 활용하고 유형별 맞춤 상담을 한다면 교수와 학생 간의 신뢰도와 충성심을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.240-247
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• 2001

The history of rehabilitation of disabilities in Korea began with the foreigners and missionaries who were interested in it after Korean War. In 1981, Disabled Persons Welfare Act was enacted and the 88 Paralympics brought the nations attention to the welfare and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. Since then, the facilities and the services for the disabled persons have expanded rapidly and the rehabilitation treatment and nursing intervention are drawing more attention. Against this background, the survey on the current status of disabilities, welfare service, facilities, and rehabilitation nursing was conducted. The results of this survey are as follows. 1. According to the 2000 census of disabilities, the number of persons with disabilities in Korea is estimated at 1,449,500, or 3.09% of the entire Korean population, 0.74% up from 2.35% in 1995. 2. Disability Types in 2000 The 2000 census showed that the persons with disabilities numbered 1,449,496 out of the total population and 1,024,371 persons are registered for disability, making up 70.7% of the estimated disabled population. Among them, physically disabled persons accounted for the largest 41.7% (605,127) and mentally retarded persons stood at the smallest 9% (13,481). 3. Percentage of Disability Presence The survey showed that more than 90% of disability were acquired. However, 44.8% of mental disability and 61.4% of hearing/speaking disability were not acquired after birth. This means that these disabilities happened by congenital cause or birth accident. 4. Yearly Figure of Registered Disabled Persons In 1989, 218,601 persons registered for disability and, in 2000, the number increased by 4.7 times to 1,024,371. These figures are different from the actual number of disabled persons. According to the 1995 census, 1,053,486 were disabled persons but only 378,323registered for disability. And, in the 2000 census, 1,024,371 out of the 1,449,496 of disabled persons registered for disability. 5. Welfare Service for Persons with Disability 62.6% of the total disabled people are registered and physically disabled persons accounted for the highest percentage of 96.7%. 26.5% of non-registered disabled people said that they didnt know the registration procedure. The rest of them replied that they didnt think they were disabled or that registration didnt seem to give any benefits. 6. Welfare Policies for Disabled Persons The welfare benefits given to the disabled are as follows: Issuance of disabled sign for car drivers, Permission to use LPG fuel, Communication fee reduction, Tax exemption related to cars, Reduction of public facility fees, Household allowance, Tax reduction or exemption, Medical allowance and education subsidy for children, and Housing. 7. Current Condition of Welfare Facilities by Disability Type The welfare institutions for disabilities numbered 188 in total and they can accommodate 16,823 persons. Categories of these institutions are physical disability(37), visual disability(10), hearing/speaking disability(14), mental retardation(59), and sanatoriums(68). 8. Human Resource of Rehabilitation of Disabilities Advanced education programs include rehabilitation nursing in its curriculum and this was selected as the program of Korean Academic Society of Nursing in 1990. In November 1997, Korean Academic Society of Rehabilitation Nursing was launched and many academic meeting and seminars were held. This organization is also making efforts to develop the education program for qualified rehabilitation nursing professionals and to develop the standards of rehabilitation nursing practice. In the professionals of the rehabilitation, there are rehabilitation specialist, physical therapist, speech therapist, occupational therapist. It is needed to come up with the measures to supply stable human resources following the demand of disabled persons and to recognize the private certificates for rehabilitation professionals as official ones after reviewing the education and training programs of private institutions. 9. Rehabilitation Nursing 1) Rehabilitation nursing was taught as an independent subject in 11 undergraduate programs and 9 graduate programs. 2) Research on rehabilitation nursing in Korea were 24 experimental research and 11 non-experimental research. The intervention of experimental research were mostly education and exercise rehabilitation programs. 3) In the three rehabilitation hospitals, nursing is divided into two categories, direct nursing and education & counseling. Direct nursing includes tracheostomy or nasogastric tube care, urination and defication, skin care, pain control, complication prevention and care, prevention of injury from a fall, etc.