Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Chronic gut inflammation is recognized as a risk factor for tumor development, including CRC. American ginseng is a very commonly used ginseng species in the West. Methods: A genetically engineered $Apc^{Min/+}$ mouse model was used in this study. We analyzed the saponin composition of American ginseng used in this project, and evaluated its effects on the progression of high-fat-diet-enhanced CRC carcinogenesis. Results: After oral ginseng administration (10-20 mg/kg/d for up to 32 wk), experimental data showed that, compared with the untreated mice, ginseng very significantly reduced tumor initiation and progression in both the small intestine (including the proximal end, middle end, and distal end) and the colon (all p < 0.01). This tumor number reduction was more obvious in those mice treated with a low dose of ginseng. The tumor multiplicity data were supported by body weight changes and gut tissue histology examinations. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that compared with the untreated group, ginseng very significantly reduced the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-$1{\alpha}$ (IL-$1{\alpha}$), IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in both the small intestine and the colon (all p < 0.01). Conclusion: Further studies are needed to link our observed effects to the actions of the gut microbiome in converting the parent ginsenosides to bioactive ginseng metabolites. Our data suggest that American ginseng may have potential value in CRC chemoprevention.
This study empirically analyzes changes in production patterns of farmers by agricultural disaster insurance. The aim of this project is to achieve stability of farm management by paying insurance in case of a natural disaster. However, it causes farmers to change production patterns in the direction of increasing production, and leads the crop price to drop. This can be explained by producers' risk reduction through the disaster insurance. The empirical analysis is based on IV approach with using two stage least squares method. The first stage estimates by difference-in-differences methodology indicate that the production of insurable crops increases more about 80,000ton on average than that of non-insurable crops. In addition, to solve the endogeneity problem caused by general supply and demand model, I use the first stage estimates and find that the price index of the crops drops about 2.3% according to the production increase by 10,000ton. The credibility of these results is also attained by various robustness checks. These findings suggest that it is necessary for government to analyze the whole economy which consists of producer and consumer welfare when it determines the policy. Besides, it implies that it is essential to develop a new market to cope with the unintended effect.
Hong, Sang Bum;Seo, Bum Kyoung;Cho, Dong Keun;Jeong, Gyeong Hwan;Moon, Jei Kwon
Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
/
v.37
no.4
/
pp.202-207
/
2012
The radioactivity inventory significantly affects all steps of decommissioning projects including planning, cost estimation, risk assessment, waste management and site remediation. The decommissioning project of the KRR-2 was completed in 2009 and a large amount of activated concrete waste was generated. The bioshield concrete, containing minute amount of impurity elements, was activated by neutron reaction during the operation of the reactor. A variety radionuclides was generated in the concrete, including $^3H$, $^{14}C$, $^{55}Fe$, $^{60}Co$$^{63}Ni$, $^{134}Cs$, $^{152}Eu$ and $^{154}Eu$. In this paper, the comparison between the calculated results and previous measured results was carried out to estimate the inventory of the bioshield concrete of the KRR-2. The combined computer codes of MCNP5 and ORIGEN 2.1 for calculation of the distribution of neutron flux, cross-section and generation of radionuclides were used. The results were shown that 99.8% of the total radioactivity of $^3H$, $^{55}Fe$, $^{60}Co$ and $^{152}Eu$ in the bioshield concrete 12 years after shutdown. The effects on the variation of inventory were analysed depending on the operation periods and the cooling times in the bioshield concrete.
From the economic point of view the fishing port is the complex of installations on land, organized to serve the fishing fleet and its cargo, and is the main link in the production chain of all components of the fishing industry, with the aim of achieving the planned targets with the minimum cost. Fishing port investment decisions have had significant impact on the development aims of Korean fisheries. Fishing port investments in Korea are made mostly by public or semipublic port authorities. Such investments should be judged not purely on the basis of financial profitability but rather on the extent to which they serve the development aims of the fishing industry. This makes the economic appraisal process more complex and presents certain problems in correctly quantifying the economic costs and benefits of the fishing port projects. This study concentrates more on the theoretical economic appraisal models than on the purely financial aspects of fishing port investments and points out the difference between the two approaches. In the result, there is clearly an element of judgment as to whether or not a shadow price needs to be used in estimating economic benefits and costs. From this viewpoint, some attempts are made to provide definitions of the possible economic benefits and costs, and methods for estimating and evaluating them in Part III and IV. Especially queueing theory is applied in the calculation of economic benefits. When a project is contemplated and analysis shows it to Lave a positive NPV, one question that arises is whether it should be implemented now or delayed. In this paper, the first year rate of return method is regarded as a more concise way of solving the timing of investment, At the end of Part IV, risk analysis of fishing port investments is considered. It can be handled in a number of ways, ranging from informal judgment to complex statistical analyses involving large-scale computer models, This paper recommends that evaluators of fishing port investments use the sensitivity analysis indicating exactly how much NPV will change in response to a given change in an input variable, other things held constant. Decisions regarding the amount of capacity to provide must be made in fishing port investments. Providing too much service would involve excessive capital costs. On the other hand, not providing enough service capacity would cause the waiting line of fishing vessels to become excessively long at times. Therefore, in Part V, the optimal number of berths and berth productivity in fishing port are defined as follows: Minimize E(TC) = E(WC)+E(SC) The minimum of this function is the solution and that is the optimal number of berth and berth productivity in fishing port.
Kim, Myung-Un;Lee, Jong-Sik;Lee, Jea-Sauk;Chun, Jae-Youl
Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
/
2008.11a
/
pp.587-590
/
2008
Typically, General contractor in the construction industry can not plan their own of the amount of orders received, and because of the size of wide fluctuations in the amount of annual orders received for equipment or personnel to full-time employment has limits. Therefore, with a vertical division of labor between specialist trades which distributed the risk and the intention to improve the efficiency of production will be. For this reason, the production structure of the general subcontracting relationships are formed. In this way, Depending on the structure of production outsourced management of the project is the impact on the successful completion. Nevertheless, most construction companies do not achieve effective an organized cooperation until now. This study is to understand the actual conditions an organized cooperation between general contractor and specialist trades, and is look at ways to improve with find the complement. This paper is a preliminary study of the leading research based on the present condition of the cooperating companies considered to be the cause. A result of Analysis, the actual conditions in cooperation of the construction industry is staying in an external form of organizational cooperation And were not effective utilization of the organization for the cooperation a production. Specialist trades have had to register as partners for the amount of orders received, the level of practical cooperation was almost no activity to improve a production. in each step an organized cooperation in the construction industry, to improve productivity construction and to create of economic value for the cooperation of production is required.
An, Youn-Joo;Jeong, Seung-Woo;Kim, Tae-Seung;Lee, Woo-Mi;Nam, Sun-Hwa;Baek, Yong-Wook
Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
/
v.13
no.6
/
pp.62-71
/
2008
Soil quality standards (SQS) are necessary to protect the human health and soil biota from the exposure to soil pollutants. The current SQS in Korea contain only sixteen substances, and it is scheduled to expand the number of substances. Chemical ranking and scoring (CRS) system is very effective to screen the priority chemicals for the future SQS in terms of their toxicity and exposure potential. In this study, several CRS systems were extensively compared to propose the assessment factors that required for the screening of soil pollutants The CRS systems considered in this study include the CHEMS-1 (Chemical Hazard Evaluation for Management Strategies), SCRAM (Scoring and Ranking Assessment Model), EURAM (European Union Risk Ranking Method), ARET (Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics), CRSKorea, and other systems. The additional assessment factors of CRS suitable for soil pollutants were suggested. We suggest soil adsorption factor as an appropriate factor of CRS system to consider chemical transport from soil to groundwater. Other factors such as soil emission rate and cases of accident of soil pollutants were included. These results were reflected to screen the priority chemicals in Korea, as a part of the project entitled ‘Setting the Priority of Soil Contaminants'.
Animal welfare is of considerable importance to European consumers and citizens, this being most recently confirmed in EU barometer studies. Researchers and others have long proposed that animal-based measures (measures taken on animals, e.g. their health and behaviour) can provide a valid indicator of animal welfare; since welfare is a characteristic of the individual animal. Therefore, a welfare assessment can be essentially based on animal-based measures, but with use of resource measures to provide the capacity to assess 'risk factors'. The first goal of this project was to develop a welfare monitoring system that enables assessment of welfare status through standardised conversion of welfare measures into accessible and understandable information. The acquired information on one hand provides feedback to animal unit managers about the welfare status of their animals, and on the other, information on the welfare status of animal-related products for consumers and retailers. The second goal of Welfare $Quality^{(R)}$ was to improve animal welfare by minimising the occurrence of harmful behavioural and physiological states, improving human-animal relationships, and providing animals with safe and stimulating environments. The different measurable aspects of welfare to be covered are turned into welfare criteria. The criteria reflect what is meaningful to animals as understood by animal welfare science. Once all the measures have been performed on an animal unit, a bottom-up approach is followed to produce an overall assessment of animal welfare on that particular unit: first the data collected (i.e. values obtained for the different measures on the animal unit) are combined to calculate criterion-scores; then criterion-scores are combined to calculate principle-scores; and finally the animal unit is assigned to a welfare category according to the principle-scores it obtained.
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) was first introduced in Korea early 1990's, and Korean government has put a lot of efforts for flourishing it in the entire nation. Regardless of these efforts, private participation is not active enough to accelerate ITS implementation in Korea. Expert group made every endeavor to analyze the current situation, and found out some phenomena. It may be summarized as two folds. Firstly, private sector has a lack of confidence on the future ITS market. Budget in the strategic plan is the only publication and guide that private sector can refer to, and it merely indicates deployment costs. Secondly, direction and procedure of R&D are not well defined. It implies that private sector takes too much risk when they invest for R&D. This research, therefore, focuses on the first issues. Concretely, the goal of the project was to establish and analyze the model for estimation the future ITS market side. Author reviewed both quantitative and qualitative models, and concluded that diffusion model in qualitative model was suitable for ITS market estimation. According to model calibration. it is estimated that 14 trillion Won was the market size in 2020 under normal condition. Impact of this result may seduce Information Technology(IT) related private companies into ITS market. Although this research couldn't cover various topics, it nay dedicate in boosting ITS in Korea. Also, it will be a good starting point for further study for the advancement of ITS.
Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
/
v.7
no.2
/
pp.153-163
/
2005
This paper presents two case studies for tunnelling in Bangkok: a subway tunnel site and a flood diversion tunnel site. The first case study is related to ground displacement response for dual tunnel Bangkok MRT subway. The MRT subway project of Bangkok city consists of dual tunnels about 20 km long with 18 subway stations. The tunnels are seated in the firm first stiff silty clay layer between 15-22 m in depth below ground surface. The behavior of ground deformation response based on instrumentation is presented. The back analysis based on plain strain FEM analysis is also presented and agrees with field performance. The shear strain of FEM analysis is in the range of 0.1-1% and in accordance with the results of self boring pressuremeter tests. Meanwhile, the second case study is related to the EPB tunnelling bored underneath through underground obstruction. The Premprachakorn flood diversion tunnel is the shortcut tunnel to divert the flood water in rainy season into the Choapraya river. The tunnel was bored by means of EPB shield tunnelling in very stiff silty clay layer at about 20-24 m in depth. During flood diversion tunnel bored underneath the existing Bangkok main water supply tunnel and pile foundation of the bridge, instrumentation was monitored and compared with predicted FEM analysis. The prevention risk potential by means of predicting damage assessment is also presented and discussed.
Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
/
v.38
no.7
/
pp.377-386
/
2016
The purposes of this research are to examine soil pollution in the nation and to explore the contaminated soil management of the public housing agency in public land for residential development. In so doing, the primary and secondary data were utilized, the former made use of the public data annually released by the Korea Ministry of Environment, and the latter relied on a self-administerd questionnaire survey conducted in the staff of the public housing agency, particularly those in charge of soil contamination in large-scale land, housing and urban development projects. The findings reveal that the national concentrations of 21 inorganic and organic soil contaminants (e.g., Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, F, P, PCB, CN, Phenol, BTEX, TPH, TCE, PCE, Benzo(a)pyrene, and pH) in the land were extracted to be well below the risk level designated by the statutory guidance while industrial areas had them at a relatively modest level. In addition, the survey results indicate that the public housing agency didn't establish specific and clear guidelines for soil pollution and its remediation in the residential land development, so that contaminated sites have been primarily remediated by outsourcing companies. As the unexpected occurrence of contaminated sites causes the incurring expenses added to total project budget, the provision of both professional training and on-site manuals with the sufficient information on techniques and methods of soil contamination is critical to promptly and systematically deal with soil pollution.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.