• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 1990

A study on 11 $\alpha$-hydroxylation of progesterone by using Rhizopus nigricans was carried out to produce efficiently 11 $\alpha$-hydroxyprogesterone which is an essential intermediate of corticosteroids synthesis. Firstly, medium was optimized in view of bioconversion yield and cell growth. Glucose and casamino acid were selected as carbon and nitrogen source and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen which maximize bioconversion yield was determined to be 2:1. Secondly, the addition time of progesterone and dispersion method were studied. When progesterone dispersed with 0.01% (v/v) Tween 80 was added at 12-14 hr of cultivation, higher bioconversion yield was obtained. When 20g/$\ell$ of progesterone was added, the yield reached 70% under optimized conditions.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.278-282
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• 1990

Diffusion and partition of progesterone into the polyacrylamide gel was examined. Diffusion coefficient of progesterone decreased down to an asymptotic value as the concentration of the organic solvents in the diffusing medium increased. However the partition coefficient diminished steadily. Crosslinking density in the gel didn't affected the diffusion coefficient considerably but lowered the partition coefficient due to the contraction of pore volume of the gel. Progesterone showed higher diffusion coefficient as well as partition coefficient in the polyurethane than in the polyacrylamide gel, which seems to be ascribed to the difference in hydrophobicity, pore volume and pore size of the polymer matrix.

• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.604-608
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• 2002

The effects of progesterone on the acrosome reaction, as well as the effects of RU486 on the progesterone-induced acrosome reaction in capacitated boar spermatozoa, were investigated. Progesterone, a major steroid that is secreted by the cumulus cells of oocyte, clearly induced the acrosome reaction in a dose-dependent manner in capacitated boar spermatozoa, even though it failed to show similar effects in non-capacitated spermatozoa. RU486, a potent antiprogestin, significantly reduced the effects of progesterone on the progesterone-induced acrosome reaction; however, when treated alone, it showed no inhibitory effects on the acrosome reaction. The inhibitory effects of RU486 were also shown to be dose-dependent. These results imply that in addition to the well-known inducer of the acrosome reaction, zona pellucida, progesterone can also induce the acrosome reaction through its specific receptors on spermatozoa after the spermatozoa undergo capacitation.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.347-356
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• 1994

A simpled and sensitive microplate enzyme immunoassay(EIA) was developed for the determination of progesterone concentration in serum, based on progesterone monoclonal antibody as anti-progesterone, horseradish peroxidase(HRP) as enzyme-label and tetramethylbenzidine(TMB) as substrate. The assay has a sensitivity of 5 pg-120pg/well and intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for progesterone standard curve (1.0ng~10.0ng/ml) were ranged 2.5~9.9% and 1.7.8.0%, respectively, determination coefficient of the regressio equation of our standard curve(R2=0.990$\pm$0.007) were high, and this is the same level as that of commercial kit(Hormonost Bio-Lab, Germany, R2=0.98~0.99). The progesterone concentration of serum determined by both kits (Work & Bio-Lab) were significantly correlated (r=0.95, P<0.01) although a little higher value were resulted in our kit than that of commercial kit. It generally is these results indicated that the microplate-EIA can be cused for the determination of progesterone in serum, as well as, for the determination of the early pregnancy diagnosis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.364-367
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to compare the plasma progesterone concentrations during gestation in 4 breeds of companion bitches. When Day 0 was timed the first male acceptance, plasma progesterone were 1.8 ± 0.4 ng/ml (Mean ± SD) at Day 0 and increased constantly with 58.5 ± 8.9 ng/ml a peak at Day 20. Thereafter plasma progesterone concentrations was decreased below 1.0 ng/ml with 0.7 ± 0.2 g/ml at Day 65. There were no statistically significant differences of plasma progesterone concentrations in the each day of gestation and in litter size among the companion bitches (p < 0.01). These results indicated that the plasma progesterone concentrations was useful method for estimating optimal breeding time, ovulation time, the time of onset of parturition, properly planned elective cesarean section and abortion time in companion bitches.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3041-3044
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• 2014

The aim of this work was to analyze methylation of the promoter sites of the ESR1 and PGR genes and to determine correlations with immunohistochemical expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in ductal and lobular breast cancers. An observational, descriptive, molecular study was conducted on 20 ductal and 20 lobular breast cancer samples with immunohistochemical determination of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression. The methylation analysis of ESR1 and PGR promoter sites was carried-out by methylation-specific PCR. For correlation analysis, Kendall's tau coefficient was determined. Positive correlations were found between estrogen and progesterone receptors, estrogen receptor and unmethylated progesterone receptor, progesterone receptor, and unmethylated progesterone receptor. Negative correlations were found between estrogen receptor and methylated progesterone receptor, progesterone receptor and methylated progesterone receptor, methylated and unmethylated estrogen receptor, and methylated and unmethylated progesterone receptor. The results suggest that methylation of promoter sites of ESR1 and PGR is a relatively uncommon event in ductal and lobular breast cancer, and also suggest that the determination of epigenetic states of ESR1 and PGR could represent an alternative or complement to the histopathological expression analysis.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 1996

Plasma progesterone concentrations were measured by using radjoimmunoassay for early diagnosis of pregnancy in Cheju-native mares. A total of 226 pony mares were examined for pregnancy during breeding and non breeding seasons. Plasma progesterone levels 20~23 days after the onset of oestrus were 4.67+O.67ng /rnl and O.55+O.O4ng /ml for mares becornrning pregnant and not pregnant after the estrus, respectively, and there was a significant differences (p<0.01) between the two groups. Progesterone concentration of pregnant mares gradually increased in 30 days andreached a peak (10.3ng /ml) during the third month of gestation. However, the concentration decresed to the base line (1.llng /rnl) at 7 months and gradually increased again as foaling approached (2.lng /ml). Early diagnosis for pregnancy of Cheju mares by progesterone level at 20~23 days after onset of oestrus was 88% accurate when 4.6ng /ml was used to classify mares as pregnancy and below 1.3ng /rnl was used to determine nonpregnant mares. However, the accuracy of the diagnosis was improved to 96% when a progesterone level of above 2ng /mi was used to classify mares for pregnancy. Diagnosis for pregnancy was 69.6% accurate when mares were classified as pregnancy by horse owners during breeding season. The progesterone levels of pregnant and non-pregnant mares during non-breeding season varied greatly between individual animals, Plasma progesterone levels of pregnant animals ranged from 3.5ng /mi to above 6.2ng /mi whereas similar values were observed in non-pregnant animals. Radioirnrnunoassay technicjues can be applied for the early pregnant diagnosis of Cheju native mares when progesterone levels are measured during the early gestation period (18~23 days after onset of oestrus). However, progesterone concentration of mares in non-breeding season is conisidered unsuitable as a indicator of pregnant diagnosis.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.233-241
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• 1996

Previous studies have shown that glucocorticoid suppresses microsomal epoxide hydrolase(EH) gene expression and that EH expression is altered during pregnancy. The effects of progesterone on the expression of rat EH and certain glutathione S-transferase(GST) genes were examined in this study. Northern RNA blot analysis revealed that progesterone was effective in increasing hepatic EH mRNA levels at 12 h to 48 h after treatment with a maximal 9-fold increase being noted at 12 h time point. Nonetheless, multiple daily treatment with progesterone rather caused minimal relative increases in EH mRNA levels. GST Ya and Yb1/2 mRNA levels were also transiently elevated at 12 h after progesterone treatment, followed by gradual decreases from the maximal Increases at day 1, 2 and 5 post-treatment. These changes in EH and GST mRNA levels were noted only at a relatively high dose of progesterone. Furthermore, immunoblot analyses showed that rats treated with progesterone for 5 days failed to show EH or GST induction, indicating that progesterone-induced alterations in EH and GST mRNA levels do not reflect bona fide induction of the detoxifying enzymes. Concomitant progesterone treatment of rats with the known EH inducers including ketoconazole and clotrimazole failed to additively nor antagonistically alter EH mRNA levels. In contrast, dexamethasone substantially reduced ketoconazole- or clotrimazole-inducible EH expression. These results showed that progesterone stimulates the EH, GST Ya and Yb1/2 gene expression at early times followed by marked reduction in the RNA levels from the maximum after multiple treatment and that the changes in mRNA do not necessarily reflect induction of the proteins.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.420-425
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• 2007

Purpose:The mechanism of scar formation is not fully understood. Fibroblast is an important cell in wound healing process. We experienced a patient who was taking progesterone orally. Upper blepharoplasty was performed on her but, wound healing was delayed. We hypothesized that progesterone was the cause of delayed wound healing and fibroblast proliferation inhibition. We investigated the effect of progesterone in vitro on human dermal fibroblasts to study the effects on fibroblast proliferation. Methods: Human dermal fibroblasts from four persons were cultured initially. Progesterone is mixed to them at various concentrations, and fibroblast cell count was measured by MTT assay method at 570 nm. We confirmed that progesterone has some inhibitory effect on fibroblast proliferation and maximal inhibitory concentration of progesterone was determined. Then fibroblasts from a total of nineteen persons were cultured and the effects of progesterone were studied. Results: The initial study showed the maximal inhibitory concentration of progesterone to be $50{\mu}g/ml$. The main study showed that progesterone had 70.9% inhibitory effect on human dermal fibroblast in vitro. Conclusion: Progesterone has inhibitory effect on cultured human dermal fibroblast proliferation in vitro.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.291-300
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• 1998

This study was carried out to elucidate the effect of progesterone, estradiol 17 beta and cholesterol in follicular fluid on sperm chemotaxis for fertilization. By inducing swim-up migration through sucrose layer into bMSS containing progesterone, estradiol 17 beta and/or cholesterol, their effects on sperm migration and sperm movement were examined. And the results obtained were as follows; 1. Progesterone inhibited sperm migration and movement, but significantly attracted capacitated-sperm at the level of 50 $\mu$g/ml. 2. Estradiol 17 beta inhibited sperm migration and movement, but didn＇t significantly inhibit migration of capacitated-sperm at the level of 10$\mu$g/ml. 3. Cholesterol significantly stimulated sperm migration and movement at the level of 50$\mu$g/ml, but didn＇t attact capacitated-sperm. 4. Progesterone and estradiol 17 beta reduced the effect of cholesterol stimulating sperm migration and movement. But estradiol 17 beta and cholesterol didn＇t reduce the effect of progesterone attracting capacitated-sperm. In conclusion, progesterone of 50$\mu$g/ml in bMSS attracted the capacitated-sperm, cholesterol of 50$\mu$g/ml stimulated sperm migration and movement, but estradiol 17 beta of 10$\mu$g/ml didn＇t affect sperm swim-up separation.