• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2012년도 학술발표회
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

Throughout much of the world, many ecological problems have arisen in watersheds where a significant portion of stream flows are diverted to support agriculture production. Within endorheic watersheds (watersheds whose terminus is a terminal lake) these problems are magnified due to the cumulative effect that reduced stream flows have on the condition of the lake at the stream's terminus. Within an endorheic watershed, any diversion of stream flows will cause an imbalance in the terminal lake's water balance, causing the lake to transition to a new equilibrium level that has a smaller volume and surface area. However, the total mass of Total Dissolved Solids within the lake will continue to grow; resulting in a significant increase in the lake's TDS concentration over time. The ecological consequences of increased TDS concentrations can be as limited as the intermittent disruption of productive fisheries, or as drastic as a complete collapse of a lake's ecosystem. A watershed where increasing TDS concentrations have reached critical levels is the Walker Lake watershed, located on the eastern slope of the central Sierra Nevada range in Nevada, USA. The watershed has an area of 10,400 sq. km, with average annual headwater flows and stream flow diversions of 376 million $m^3/yr$ and 370 million $m^3/yr$, respectively. These diversions have resulted in the volume of Walker Lake decreasing from 11.1 billion m3 in 1882 to less than 2.0 billion $m^3$ at the present time. The resulting rise in TDS concentration has been from 2,560 mg/l in 1882 to nearly 15,000 mg/l at the current time. Changes in water management practices over the last century, as well as climate change, have contributed to this problem in varying degrees. These changes include the construction of reservoirs in the 1920s, the pumpage of shallow groundwater for irrigation in the 1960s and the implementation of high efficiency agricultural practices in the 1980s. This paper will examine the impacts that each of these actions, along with changes in the region's climate, has had on stream flow in the Walker River, and ultimately the TDS concentration in Walker Lake.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.135-160
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• 2018

본 논문은 핵확산 방지를 위해 경제제재가 행해진 이란과 이라크의 사례를 분석하여 대북제재의 효과에 대해 조망해 보고자 한다. 30년 이상 지속된 대이란 제재의 경우, 초기에는 이란 경제에 미치는 영향이 미미했으나 2011년 이후 미국과 유럽연합 등의 제재 강화는 원유 수출 감소, 그에 따른 정부 예산 감소를 초래해 핵동결 협상에 이르게 했다. 13년간 지속됐던 대이라크 제재는 심각한 기아 및 질병문제를 야기했기 때문에 유엔이 석유 수출 일부를 허용하고 그 비용으로 식량을 구입 할 수 있게 하나 기아 문제는 여전했다. 유엔 석유식량 프로그램은 오히려 후세인의 불법자금 조성 및 식량 통제권 강화 등으로 후세인 정권 유지에 도움을 주었다. 2016년까지 행해진 대북제재는 북한 경제에 미미한 영향을 미쳤으나 식량난은 지속되어 왔고, 어린이 영양실조 상태가 심각한 상황이다. 트럼프의 제재 강화 이후, 최근 북한이 북미 정상회담 등에 참여하기로 한 결정은 제재가 권위주의 정권 지도자의 정책 변화에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 보여주어 경험적 선행연구와는 다른 사례로 남을 수 있는 가능성이 제기되고 있다. 미국의 선제 타격 가능성 또한 북한 체제를 더 위태롭게 하고 있으니, 북한은 조속한 비핵화 선언을 통해 제재 해제를 추구해야 할 것이다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.520-529
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• 2017

In Korea, the largest agricultural lands are paddy fields which have poor infiltration and drainage properties. Recently, Korean government pursuits cultivating upland crops in paddy fields to reduce overproduced rice in Korea. In order to succeed this policy, it is critical to set criteria suitability classification for upland crops cultivating in paddy field soils. The objective of this study was developing guideline of suitability classification for sesame cultivation in paddy field soils. Yields of sesame cultivated in paddy field soils and soil properties were investigated at 40 locations at nationwide scale. Soil properties such as topography, soil texture, soil moisture contents, slope, and drainage level were investigated. The guideline of suitability classification for sesame was determined by multi-regression method. As a result, sesame yields had the greatest correlation with topography, soil moisture content, and slope. Since sesame is sensitive to excessive soil moisture content, paddy fields with well drained, slope of 7-15% and mountain foot or hill were best suit for cultivating sesame. Sesame yields were greater with less soil moisture contents. Based on these results, area of best suitable paddy field land for sesame was 161,400 ha, suitable land was 62,600 ha, possible land was 331,600 ha, and low productive land was 1,075,500 ha. Compared to existing suitability classification, the new guideline of classification recommended smaller area of best or suitable areas to cultivate sesame. This result may suggest that sesame cultivation in paddy field can be very susceptible to soil moisture contents.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.385-391
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• 2022

The relevance of the published study lies in the fact that since the introduction of the first Global Distribution System, new information and communication technologies have constantly been changing the tourism industry. In the context of a current digital environment, travel agencies can't avoid participating in digital transformation processes aimed at rethinking operational models, skills, and organisational structures in the regions. This publication aims to present and provide a critical overview of digitalisation processes in tourism development in the regions of the Russian Federation, as well as to reflect on the challenges to the widespread digitalisation processes in the regional tourism sector. The subject of research is digitalisation processes, as they radically transform the modern tourism industry, in the regions as well. The pragmatic research paradigm was considered the most appropriate for the study of tourism digitalisation processes in the regions, as it does not require the selection of a specific theoretical basis for data collection. The pragmatic approach forms an alternative to classical theoretical approaches and serves as a particular type of grounded theory, combining both inductive and deductive methods. No software was used for the inductive part of the analysis. The deductive part was conducted using the qualitative data analysis software Nvivo 11. Given the wide diversity of interested parties in the regional tourism digital area, a stratified purposive sampling method was preferred due to its ability to adequately represent the full picture of the phenomenon under study. The selection and stratum criteria were chosen to maximise the representation of different perspectives in the regional tourism digital area. The novelty of the study is due to the digitalisation processes, with an implication of new needs, while opening up promising opportunities for more productive tourism business in the regions of the Russian Federation. Currently, e-tourism in the Russian Federation has become a subject of lively debate among scholars and practitioners. However, the involvement of advanced digitalisation technologies in the field of information processes in the regions of the Russian Federation is of a very sporadic character.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.514-520
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• 1992

건답휴립직파재배에서 파종양식(산파, 조파, 적파)과 파종량(4, 6, 8kg / 10a)에 따른 벼의 생육과 수량성에 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 직파재배용으로 육성중인 밀양 9005를 1991년 5월 12일에 파종하여 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 최고분얼수는 산파와 조파에서 적파보다 많았다. 파종량간에는 산파와 조파에서는 파종량 6kg일 때 최고분얼수가 가장 많았으며, 적파에서는 파종량이 증가할수록 최고분얼수도 증가하였다. 2. 파종양식간에 입묘수, 간장, 수장, 유효경화율은 차이가 없었으나, 출수기는 적파와 조파보다 1일 지연되었다. 출수기의 엽면적지수와 건물중은 산파에서 다를 파종양식보다 높았으며, 투광율은 조파와 적파에서 산파보다 더 높았다. 파종량간에는 파종량이 증가할수록 입묘수는 증가했지만, 출수기, 출수기의 엽면적지수와 건물중, 간장, 유효경비율은 파종량간에 차이가 없었다. 3. 파종양식간에 지상부길이, bending moment 및 생체중은 차이가 없었고 좌석중은 산파>조파>적파 순으로 낮았다. 도복지수는 파종량간에 차이가 없었고, 도복도 발생하지 않았다. cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin 등 간기의 세포벽구성물질은 파종양식과 파종량간에 교호작용이 있었다. 4. 단위면적 수수와 영화수, 천립중, 수량과 수확지수는 파종양식간에 차이가 없었다. 수당 영화수는 적파에서 산파와 적파보다 다소 높았다. 파종량간에는 수수, 수당 및 단위면적당 영화수, 등숙율, 수확지수 등은 차이가 없었으나 수량은 6kg/10a 파종량에서 4 및 8kg /10a 파종량에서 보다 높았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.806-817
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• 2014

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of providing different levels of a supplement on the nutritional characteristics and productive performance of heifers on pasture during the rainy-dry transition and dry season in Brazil or tropical area. Thirty crossbred heifers with predominance of Zebu breed were used in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of a mineral supplement and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 kg/animal/d of a protein supplement containing 300 g crude protein (CP)/kg of dry matter (DM). In the rainy-dry transition season there was quadratic effect of the protein supplementation (p<0.10) on daily weight gain (DWG). A linear relationship (p<0.10) was found between increasing supplement intake and intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), non fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Coefficients of apparent digestibility of CP, EE, and NFC increased linearly (p<0.10) with increasing supplement levels, but there was no effect on the DM apparent digestibility (p>0.10); the microbial efficiency (g CPmic/kg TDN) and the relationship of microbial nitrogen flow with nitrogen intake (g/g nitrogen intake) were negative linear profiles. In the dry season, the descriptive pattern least squares means showed a trend of stabilization of DWG from the supply of 0.98 kg of protein supplement; the intakes of DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, and TDN showed increasing linear relationship (p<0.10) with protein supplement levels; the means of apparent digestibility coefficients of the different dietary fractions presented a linear-response-plateau (LRP); the microbial nitrogen flow (g/d) showed positive linear profile (p<0.10) for supplementation levels. It is concluded that supplementation improves the productive performance of grazing heifers and that 1.0 kg/d of supplement per animal gives the maximum increment of weight gain.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.2535-2548
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• 1972

Instead of fertilizing the lands they moved to find other fertile lands and lived a feudal life agriculture and various machincs played a main role in the land reclamation. The best method of land clearing, the time and capacity in the operation and the effect of growing crops should systematically analized prior to the time of 3rd Five-year Economic Development(1972-1976) in order to cultivate 210,000ha of wasteland or the modernization of our country. The present study was investigated to find out a new working-system of mechanical land clearing and development of fertile soil. The results are as follows: 1) The first stage of productive power increases when weeds were mixed soil in the land clearing work in order to supply organic materials and to make soil swollen instead of burning or just removing. 2) The equipments such as bulldozers, harrows, power tillers and so on should be prepared in order to do a systematic work in the land clearing. 3) The work of pulling-up roots is dependent upon the forms of roots spreading under the ground. The work of the pulling-up of the straight roots was most difficult. But before the roots are pulling-up we do not know the forms of roots. 4) The cutting of soil from upside to under side land clearing method (II) Spent 6 hr 7 min 43 sec per 1 Danbo in doing land clearing and control method spent 4 hr 52 min 30 sec per 1 Danbo in doing land cearing. No significant difference could be found between II treatment type and I treatment type. 5) The volume of soil carried by bulldozer $270.38m^3$ per 1 Danbo in I type and in II type, $368.58m^3$ per 1 Danbo or about 36% increased in II type then in I type. But that is not a significant difference when considering the whole productive power of soil. 6) The land clearing of terrace by bulldozers cannot escape making the embankment slope of about $45^{\circ}$, and 25.3% should be decreased in the area. It is recommended to make use of the embankment slope by planting grass for cows. 7) The time of retary tilling increased 2.3 times or 1 hr 42 min 22 sec per 1 Danbo compared to the timesrequired in the harrowing. Because it mixed the Organic matter on ground and the harrowing of subsoil. 8) The havest of pasture growing on the land reclamation in natural slope is as follows. (a) The none fertilizers with reclaimed block of productivity decresed 1/10 than that of the farmland. Therefore the none fer tilizing in the cultivated pasture is unprofitable. (b) The havest of the manured IV treatment block was the best not only in the kinds of fertilizers but also in the kinds of pasture grass.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 1971

몇가지 미량원소(微量元素)(Mn, Cu, Zn, B)를 혼합(混合)한 시판(市販) 규산질비료(珪酸質肥料)의 추답토양(秋畓土壤)에 대(對)한 개량제(改良劑)로서의 효과(效果)와 인산질비료(燐酸質肥料)의 비효(肥效) 증진(增進)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 1. 개량제(改良劑)로서의 시용(施用) 효과(效果)가 현저(顯著)하였다. 대조구(對照區)의 정조수량(精粗收量) 462kg/10a에 비하여 개량제처(改良劑處) 이구(理區)는 560kg/10a 로 이는 천립중(千粒重), 등숙비(登熟比), 임실률(稔實率) 및 수당입수(穗當粒數)가 개량제(改良劑)의 처리(處理)에 의(依)해 각각(各各) 증가(增加)한 때문인 것 같다. 2. 개량제(改良濟)의 처리(處理)에 의(依)해 인산(燐酸)의 비효(肥效)가 증대(增大)되는 경향(傾向)이었다. 인산(燐酸)의 시비량(施肥量) 증가(增加)에 의(依)해 천립중(千粒重), 임실률(稔實率), 등숙비(登熟比)가 증가(增加)되었으며 특(特)히 대조구(對照區)의 임실률(稔實率)이 크게 증가(增加)되었다. 3. 인산(燐酸)의 시용(施用)은 수도(水稻)의 생육(生育)을 촉진(促進)하고 개량제(改良劑)의 시용(施用)은 생육(生育)을 억제(抑制)하는 경향(傾向)이 었으며 결과적(結果的)으로 개량제(改良劑)의 시용(施用)에 의(依)해 무효분얼(無效分蘖)의 발생(發生)이 억제(抑制)되었다. 4. 개량제(改良劑)의 시용(施用)에 의(依)해 식물체중(植物體中)의 규산(珪酸)과 망강의 함량(含量)은 증가(增加)하고 인산(燐酸), 동(銅), 아연(亞鉛)의 함량(含量)은 감소(減少)되었다.

• 한국노년학
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.953-970
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• 2009

독립적이고 생산적인 노년기를 조망하는 성공적 노화라는 패러다임은 활기찬 인간관계 및 생산적 활동을 통한 적극적인 사회참여를 요구한다. 그러나 국내의 성공적 노화 연구에서는 배우자와 자녀관계를 넘어선 사회관계 및 사회활동에 관한 논의가 부족한 편이다. 본 연구는 성공적 노화와 관련하여 노인들이 다양한 사회활동들을 어떻게 인식하고 있는가를 설명하고자 한다. 즉 성공적 노화에 있어서 사회활동은 얼마나 중요하게 인식되는가, 여러 활동에 대한 인식의 공통성은 어떻게 유형화할 수 있는가, 이러한 인식은 연령층에 따라 다르게 나타나는가, 사회활동의 유형 인식에 영향을 미치는 개인의 특성과 환경적 조건은 무엇인가를 설명한다. 이를 위한 연구방법으로, 2008년 7월 10일~8월 23일에 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 대면적 면접조사로 수집된 전국만 20세 이상 성인 1,000명 중에서 50세 이상 613명의 응답 자료를 분석하였다. 응답자들은 예비 노인, 전기 노인, 후기 노인으로 세분되어 사회활동과 관련된 인식을 비교하였다. 분석결과, 노인들은 기본적으로 성공적 노화를 위해서 사회활동에 참여해야 한다고 보지만, 개별 활동들의 중요성에 대한 인식은 차이를 보인다. 연령층별로 비교해 보면 특정한 활동을 강조하기보다 생애주기에 따라서 개인의 욕구와 동기에 따라 활동의 중요성이 바뀐다. 또한 여러 사회활동들에 대한 인식은 크게 생산적 활동과 관계적 활동의 범주로 분류되며, 연령층에 따라서 생산적 활동 또는 관계적 활동으로 인식되는 활동의 내용들이 다르게 연관되어 있다. 생산적 또는 관계적 활동의 선호는 성별, 거주지, 배우자유무, 자녀와 동거여부에 따라 다르며, 연령, 학력수준, 건강, 경제력은 유의하지 않은 반면 노후계획과 노동을 중시하는 태도는 일관되게 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 특성은 사회활동 관련 정책 및 프로그램 체계에 반영되어야 할 것이며, 생산성을 중시하는 사회 활동의 강조는 정작 관계적 동기를 지향하는 노인층의 욕구와 괴리될 수 있다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.500-508
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• 2024

Objective: Due to current selection practices for increased egg production and peak persistency, the production profile, age at maturity, and body weight criteria for commercial layers are constantly changing. Body weight and age at the time of photostimulation will thus always be the factors that need to be adequately addressed among various production systems. The current study was carried out to determine the effects of pullets' body weight (low, medium, and heavy) on their performance, welfare, physiological response, and hormonal profile. Methods: With regard to live weight, 150 16-week-old pullets were divided into three groups using a completely randomized design (CRD) and held until the 50th week. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the data under the CRD, and the least significant difference test was used to distinguish between treatment means. Results: In comparison to the medium and light birds, the heavy birds had higher body weight at maturity, an earlier age at maturity, and higher egg weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, egg yolk index, breaking strength, egg surface area, egg shape index, egg volume, and hormonal profile except corticosterone. However, the medium and light birds had lower feed consumption rates per dozen eggs and per kilogram of egg mass than the heavy birds. Light birds showed greater body weight gain, egg production, and egg specific gravity than the other categories. At 20 weeks of age, physiological response, welfare aspects, and catalase were non-significant; however, at 50 weeks of age, all these factors-aside from catalase-were extremely significant. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that layers can function at lower body weights during photostimulation; hence, dietary regimens that result in lighter pullets may be preferable. Additionally, the welfare of the birds was not compromised by the lighter weight group.