• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2021

This study examined the perception and production of eight English fricatives /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/ by thirty Chinese English majors and thirty Chinese middle school students through a fricative identification test, an intelligibility test, and a goodness rating test and focused on error patterns and the perception-production relationship. The results showed that substitution errors occurred frequently in the perception and production of English fricatives by both the English majors and the middle school students. Further, the error patterns were attributed to various influencing factors such as the negative transfer from Chinese consonant inventory, hypercorrection or overcompensation mistakes, deficiency of L2 teaching, and acoustic similarities. Significant overall correlations were found between the fricative perception and production by the two subject groups but were not manifested in all the eight fricatives, indicating that Chinese learners' perceptual competence of target fricatives was not necessarily tied to their productive excellence of those sounds in all cases. Furthermore, precedences of perception over production were incompletely manifested in the eight fricatives, which suggested that perception might not always be a necessary prerequisite for production. Additionally, subject group and vowel context differences were observed. The English majors performed better than the middle school students, both perceptually and productively, and the subjects' performances in perception and production varied when vowel contexts changed.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2021

모국어 습득과 달리 제2언어 또는 외국어 습득 분야에서는 발화와 인지의 관계가 연구마다 다르게 나타나고 있다는 점에서 본 연구는 영어를 외국어로 배우는 한국 EFL 대학생들의 영어 모음의 발화와 인지 테스트의 사례연구를 통해서 인지와 발화의 관계를 심도 있게 고찰하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 이를 위해 19명의 수도권의 대학생을 대상으로 미국영어 모음에 대한 발화와 인지 테스트를 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 통해서 발화와 인지의 선행관계와 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 첫 번째 연구문제인 미국영어 모음에 대한 발화와 인지의 선행관계는 전체 모음의 결과에서 발화와 인지 정확도 사이의 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으므로 인지 선행론이나 발화 선행론에 대한 증거가 되지 못했다. 개별 모음에서는 [ɛ], [α], [ɔ], [u] 모음들의 발화와 인지 정확도 차이만 유의하게 나타났으며 나머지 모음들의 발화와 인지 정확도의 차이는 유의하지 않았으므로 발화와 인지의 선행 관계는 모음에 따라서 다르다고 볼 수 있다. 두 번째 연구문제인 미국영어 모음에 대한 발화와 인지 사이의 상관관계는 전체 모음 뿐 만 아니라 개별 모음들에서도 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 인지 정확도가 높다고 해서 발화 정확도가 높거나, 거꾸로 발화 정확도가 높다고 해서 인지 정확도가 높을 만큼의 발화와 인지 사이에 밀접한 관계를 보여주지 못했다. 언어습득은 인지와 발화를 통합하는 과정이고, Flege와 동료들이 보고한 것처럼 L2 경험이 많을수록 발화와 인지 능력이 밀접하게 관련되어 발전한다는 점을 고려하면, 영어 경험이 상대적으로 적은 EFL 학생을 대상으로 한 본 연구 결과는 발화와 인지 사이의 상관관계는 언어 습득 단계에 따라서 발화와 인지가 서로 연결되는 방향으로 변화한다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 영어교육현장에 접목하는 시도가 있었다.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제52호
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• pp.61-84
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• 2004

This study investigates the Korean native speakers' English liquid perception and production. Perception and production experiments were each conducted twice before and after a short period of explicit learning process of phonetic characteristics of English liquids. The results showed that correlation between perception and production varied depending on factors. In both perception and production, word-final position was the most difficult, and cluster position was the easiest. A considerable improvement was observed in word-initial and medial positions in production, whereas no improvement was achieved in word-final position, especially in production. This study is also concerned with the formant structures of Korean native speakers' production of English liquids in order to see what acoustic features are highly correlated with Korean native speakers' production accuracy of English liquids. The results showed that F2 did not show a high correlation while F3 was a strong correlate of the production accuracy.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2007년도 한국음성과학회 공동학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.285-287
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• 2007

The primary goal of this study is to find out how the effect of speaking rate has some influence on the production and perception across languages. Through both experiments of production and perception, an English native speaker changes both production and perception simultaneously. Especially the production of the temporal features changes relatively fast. On the contrary, Chinese and Korean speakers changes their production rather than perception by following the speaking rate.

• 음성과학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.105-119
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine Korean students' production and perception of word-final stop voicing in light of their overseas experience. Subjects were English native speakers, Korean university students with residence experience in America, Korean university students without residence experience in America, and Korean elementary school students. They participated in both production and perception tests. Results showed that the students' production and perception with residence experience in America appeared quite similar to those of the English native speakers. In the production tests, we noticed somewhat different results in temporal and frequency features. The one-year residence in America had some influence on their frequency features, but not the temporal features in the word final stop production. That difference could be seen in the perception tests, too. We could not find any difference in the identification test of the final release environment between the Korean university students who had studied abroad and those who didn't. Rather the difference could be found in the cue influence test in both the final release and non-release environments.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2010

This study investigates the perception and production of English front vowels focusing on the distinction in /i/ vs /I/ and /$\varepsilon$/ vs /$\ae$/ by sixty-one Korean speakers. The first portion of this study focused on the perceptional discrimination by the subjects of two sets of English vowel contrasts, /i/ vs /I/ and /$\varepsilon$/ vs /$\ae$/. In the second portion of the study, the production of these vowels by the same subjects who had participated in the perceptional discrimination test was examined acoustically and subsequently compared with that of the control group comprised of native English speakers. The major results indicate that: (1) In perception tests, Korean subjects can discriminate between /i/ and /I/ relatively well, while many of them were not able to discriminate between /$\varepsilon$/ and /$\ae$/; (2) the Korean subjects, however, have difficulty producing a distinct version of these front vowels; and, (3) The relationship between the perception and production is not significant. These results were analyzed with the concept of "under-differentiation" and "reinterpretation of distinction," as well as how phonetic differences influenced the production and discrimination of front vowels by Korean speakers.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.163-174
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• 2014

Korean L2 speakers have many problems learning the pronunciation of English words. One of these problems is vowel epenthesis. Vowel epenthesis is the insertion of vowels into or between words, and Korean learners of English typically do this between successive consonants, either within clusters, or across syllables, word boundaries or following final coda consonants. The aim of this study was to investigate whether individual differences in vowel epenthesis are more closely related to the perception and production of segments (vowels and consonants) and prosody or if they are relatively independent from these processes. Subjects completed a battery of production and perception tasks. They read sentences, identified vowels and consonants, read target words likely to have epenthetic vowels (e.g., abduction) and demonstrated stress recognition and epenthetic vowel perception. The results revealed that Korean second-language learners (L2) have problems with vowel epenthesis in production and perception, but production and perception abilities were not correlated with one another. Vowel epenthesis was strongly related to vowel production and perception, suggesting that problems with segments may be combined with L1 phonotactics to produce epenthesis.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2014

This article represents a first step in a large study aimed at elucidating the relationship between production and perception involved in sound change of /o/ in (Seoul) Korean. In this paper we present the results of a production study and a perception experiment. For the production study we examined vowel production data of 20 young adult speakers, measuring the first and second formants, then conducted a discriminant analysis based on those values. In terms of their F1-F2 values, the distribution of /o/ and /u/ were close, and even overlapping in some circumstances, which is consistent with the literature. This tendency was more apparent among the female speakers than the males. Moreover, with the females' distributions, /o/ was frequently categorized as /u/, suggesting that the direction of the sound change is indeed increasing from /o/ to /u/. Next, to investigate the effects of this proximity on perception, we used the production data of five randomly selected speakers from the production study as stimuli for a perception experiment in which 21 young adult native speakers of (Seoul) Korean performed a vowel identification task and provided a Goodness rating on a 5-point scale. We found that while rates of correctness were high, when these correctness scores were weighted by the Goodness rating, these "weighted correctness" scores were lower in some cases, indicating a degree of confusion in distinguishing between the two vowels.

• 한국어교육
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the aspect of production and perception of Korean vowels /${\Lambda}$/ and /o/ and to discuss the correlation between production and perception of the two vowels. For this purpose, two separate experiments were conducted. 19 Chinese learners and 20 Korean native speakers produced Korean vowels /${\Lambda}$/ and /o/. Production experiments indicated that Koreans and Chinese female groups revealed common features in production, showing that they all pronounced /${\Lambda}$/ and /o/ in a distinguishable manner in the acoustic space. On the other hand, the Chinese male group failed to show that they could pronounce two vowels distinctively. The Chinese male group seemed to be confused in vowel height between the two vowels. A perception experiment was carried out on a continuum consisting of 11 synthesized stimuli. The perceptual judgment from referred Chinese and Korean subjects showed that Koreans and Chinese female groups had the same phonological boundaries (stimulus '04') for the two vowels on the continuum. However, the Chinese male group made perceptual criterion on stimulus '03'. These results confirmed that there was strong correlation between the aspect of production and perception.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.527-534
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• 2014

영어 철자 는 5 가지의 영어 모음 [ɑ, eɪ, æ, ɔ, ə]로 실현되는데, 영어를 외국어로 배우는 한국 학생들이 영어 철자 를 어떻게 인지하고 발음하는지 살펴보기 위해서 31명의 한국 대학생들을 대상으로 철자 를 포함한 28개의 영어 단어들에 대하여 인지 테스트와 발화 테스트를 사전과 사후로 나눠서 실시하였다. 전체적인 결과에서는 사전과 사후에서 모두 발화의 정확도가 인지보다 조금 높았으며 상승의 정도도 발화가 조금 높게 나왔다. 인지에서는 목표 모음이 [ɑ]와 [eɪ]인 경우 높은 정확도를 보였고 발화에서는 목표 모음이 [ɑ]와 [ɔ]인 경우 높은 정확도를 보였다. 목표 모음이 비강세 모음 [ə]인 경우에는 발화와 인지에서 모두 정확도가 가장 낮아서 테스트 참여 학생들이 가장 어려워하는 모음으로 밝혀졌다. 인지와 발화에서 모두 사전 정확도보다 사후 정확도가 유의하게 상승되어 훈련의 효과를 보인 모음은 [eɪ]와 [æ]이었으며, [ɔ]는 유의 수준을 약간 초과하여 향상되었다. 반면에 [ɑ]의 사후 정확도는 사전보다 의미 있게 높아지지 않았고, [ə]의 경우 사후 인지 정확도는 사전보다 크게 높아지지 않았으나 사후 발화 정확도는 사전보다 유의하게 상승되어서 인지보다는 발화에서 훈련의 효과를 보여 주었다. 철자 와 관련된 영어 모음의 우세한 오류 패턴은 인지와 발화에서 모두 목표 모음이 [æ], [ɑ], 또는 [eɪ]로 대치되는 것으로, 철자 가 [ɑ]로 표준화되어 나타나는 철자의 영향 이외에도 [æ]와 [eɪ]로도 인지하고 발화하는 오류를 흔히 일으키는 것을 보여준다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 교육적인 함축점도 논의하였다.